Abstract This article describes the performance and progress of South Korea's commercial diplomacy in Mexico based on the study of its country brand. This research seeks to be a contribution to the study of the bilateral relations of Korea and Mexico. Through surveys and two semi-structured interviews, conducted with the Korean Trade-Investment Promotion Agency (Kotra) and Dr. Eduardo Luciano Tadeo, in which they sought to identify the importance of the Mexican market for Korea in order to establish a direct relationship between the concepts of commercial diplomacy and country brand and how from its application it can be a preamble to a free trade agreement. This research is descriptive, exploratory, mixed and starts with a theoretical review of the concepts of commercial diplomacy and country brand. It is concluded that Korea has had a positive influence through its country brand and the joint support of other cultural, social and educational policies, generating favorable conditions to develop its objectives of commercial expansion in Mexico, which is the door not only to the Latin American market, but also to the North American, being a strategic enclave within the continent.

Resumen En este artículo se describe el desempeño y avance de la diplomacia comercial de Corea del Sur en México a partir del estudio de su marca país. Esta investigación busca ser un aporte para el estudio de las relaciones bilaterales de Corea y México. A través de encuestas y dos entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas a la Korean Trade-Investment Promotion Agency (Kotra) y al doctor Eduardo Luciano Tadeo, en las que se buscó identificar la importancia del mercado mexicano para Corea con el fin de establecer una relación directa entre los conceptos de diplomacia comercial y marca país y cómo a partir de su aplicación puede ser un preámbulo a un tratado de libre comercio. Esta investigación es descriptiva, exploratoria, mixta y parte de una revisión teórica de los conceptos de diplomacia comercial y marca país. Se concluye que Corea ha tenido una influencia positiva a través de su marca país y el apoyo en conjunto de otras políticas culturales, sociales y educativas, generando condiciones favorables para desarrollar sus objetivos de expansión comercial en México, que es la puerta no sólo al mercado latinoamericano, sino también al norteamericano, al ser un enclave estratégico dentro del continente.

Abstract During the last decades, as a result of greater control and management exercised by the central government in China, some shifts and developments have taken place across the Tibetan landscape and population. Nonetheless, at the same time some social conflicts and opposing expectations have been inherited due to the meeting between the implementation of new policies and geographicaladministrative divisions relative to the old customs and social order retained by the nomad tribes. This document integrates a range of ethnographic studies on land governance, dispute resolution, and the maintenance of social order in the Tibetan region of Amdo. For this purpose, we draw from politics and law the definition of autonomy and how it has been institutionalized in China. The document illuminates the constructive negotiation process that occurs between government officials at the local level and those who have the moral authority and power within these groups to solve disputes and build a local “moral” order.

Resumen De la mano del Gobierno central, en las últimas décadas se ha suscitado una serie de desarrollos tanto en el paisaje como en la población tibetana. No obstante, al mismo tiempo se han heredado algunos conflictos sociales y expectativas opuestas a causa del encuentro entre las nuevas políticas y divisiones geográficas administrativas en relación con las viejas costumbres y el orden social retenido por las tribus nómadas en el Tíbet. En el presente documento se integra una variedad de estudios etnográficos sobre la gobernanza de la tierra, la solución de disputas, y el mantenimiento del orden en la región tibetana de Amdo. Para esto, se rescata desde la política y el orden jurídico la definición de autonomía y la manera como se ha institucionalizado en China. Se ilumina sobre la negociación constructiva que ocurre entre los agentes del Gobierno a nivel local y aquellos que tienen poder y autoridad moral reconocida dentro de estos grupos para resolver disputas y construir un orden local “moral”.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to verify the correlation between oropharyngeal dysphagia and quality of life in elderly people in the late phase after stroke. Methods: a retrospective cross-sectional study, whose data were obtained by analyzing a database composed of 30 elderly people in the late phase after stroke. All participants underwent clinical and instrumental evaluation of swallowing through the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. The quality of life related to swallowing was analyzed using the Quality of Life in Swallowing Disorders protocol. Data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and Spearman's correlation test (p ≤ 0.05). Results: the clinical evaluation showed that most individuals had mild oropharyngeal dysphagia, while the protocol applied in the instrumental evaluation showed swallowing with functional limitations. There was a positive correlation between burden, eating desire, eating duration, and mental health with the severity of oropharyngeal dysphagia, both by clinical and instrumental evaluation; and between the symptom’s frequency and the severity of dysphagia by clinical evaluation. Conclusion: there was a correlation between the severity of oropharyngeal dysphagia and the quality of life of elderly people in the late phase after stroke.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a correlação entre disfagia orofaríngea e qualidade de vida em idosos após a fase tardia do Acidente Vascular Encefálico. Métodos: estudo transversal retrospectivo, cujos dados foram obtidos pela análise de um banco de dados, composto por 30 idosos acometidos por Acidente Vascular Encefálico, em fase tardia. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a avaliação clínica e instrumental da deglutição, por meio da videoendoscopia da deglutição. A qualidade de vida relacionada à deglutição foi analisada pelo protocolo Quality of Life in Swallowing Disorders. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e ao teste de correlação de Spearman (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: a avaliação clínica evidenciou que a maioria dos indivíduos apresentou disfagia orofaríngea leve, enquanto a escala aplicada na avaliação instrumental demonstrou deglutição com limitações funcionais. Houve correlação positiva entre fardo, desejo de se alimentar, duração da alimentação e estado mental com a gravidade da disfagia orofaríngea, tanto pela avaliação clínica quanto instrumental; e entre a frequência dos sintomas e a gravidade da disfagia pela avaliação clínica. Conclusão: houve correlação entre a gravidade da disfagia orofaríngea e a qualidade de vida de idosos após a fase tardia do Acidente Vascular Encefálico.

Resumo Introdução: Indivíduos com fissura palatina podem apresentar disfunção velofaríngea após a palatoplastia primária e necessitam de um secundário devido à insuficiência velofaríngea. Nesses casos, o obturador faríngeo pode ser usado temporariamente enquanto se aguarda uma cirurgia secundária. Objetivo: Investigar o resultado do tratamento da hipernasalidade com o uso de obturador faríngeo em pacientes com histórico de fissura palatina que apresentam insuficiência velofaríngea após a palatoplastia primária. Nossa hipótese é que o uso do obturador faríngeo seja uma abordagem eficaz para eliminar a hipernasalidade relacionada à insuficiência velofaríngea em pacientes com fissura palatina Método: Participaram do estudo 30 indivíduos falantes do Português Brasileiro (15 homens e 15 mulheres) com fissura palatina operada, de 6 a 14 anos de idade (média: 9 anos; DP = 1,87 anos). Todos os pacientes receberam obturador faríngeo para o tratamento da insuficiência velofaríngea, enquanto aguardavam vaga para a cirurgia secundária. A análise perceptivo-auditiva da fala, realizada nas condições com e sem obturador faríngeo, foi realizada por três ouvintes, quanto à presença e ausência da hipernasalidade. Resultados: 70% dos pacientes eliminaram a hipernasalidade de fala com o uso do obturador faríngeo, enquanto 30% não eliminaram. A comparação foi estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001). Conclusão: O uso temporário do obturador faríngeo é uma abordagem efetiva para eliminar a hipernasalidade decorrente da insuficiência velofaríngea.

Abstract Introduction: Individuals with cleft palate can present with velopharyngeal dysfunction after primary palatoplasty and require a secondary treatment due to insufficiency. In these cases, the pharyngeal bulb prosthesis can be used temporarily while awaiting secondary surgery. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the outcome of treatment of hypernasality with pharyngeal bulb prosthesis in patients with history of cleft palate presenting with velopharyngeal insufficiency after primary palatal surgery. We hypothesized that the use of the pharyngeal bulb prosthesis is an effective approach to eliminate hypernasality related to velopharyngeal insufficiency in patients with cleft palate. Methods: Thirty speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (15 males and 15 females) with operated cleft palate, ages ranging from 6 to 14 years (mean: 9 years; SD = 1.87 years), participated in the study. All patients were fitted with a pharyngeal bulb prosthesis to manage velopharyngeal insufficiency while they were awaiting corrective surgery to be scheduled. Auditory-perceptual analysis of speech recorded in the conditions with and without pharyngeal bulb prosthesis were obtained from three listeners who rated the presence or absence of hypernasality for this study. Results: Seventy percent of the patients eliminated hypernasality while employing the pharyngeal bulb prosthesis, while 30% still presented with hypernasality. The comparison was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The use of the pharyngeal bulb prosthesis is an effective approach to eliminate hypernasality related to velopharyngeal insufficiency.

Resumo Introdução: A deformidade dentofacial (DDF) e o modo respiratório podem alterar a postura de cabeça. Entretanto as modificações da postura de cabeça após a cirurgia ortognática são controversas e não foram encontrados estudos que apontassem relação entre a postura de cabeça e o modo respiratório em adultos com DDF. Objetivo: Identificar as principais alterações na postura de cabeça em adultos jovens com DDF, verificar se a cirurgia ortognática altera o modo respiratório e a postura de cabeça e se o modo respiratório está associado com a postura de cabeça. Métodos: Foram avaliados 25 jovens adultos, os quais foram divididos no grupo deformidade dentofacial (DDF; n = 15; x̅ = 28 anos) e grupo controle com harmonia dentofacial (GC; n = 10; equilibrados por gênero e idade com o grupo de estudo). O modo respiratório foi analisado de acordo com o protocolo de avaliação miofuncional orofacial e a postura de cabeça foi avaliada por meio da biofotogrametria. Para o grupo DDF, as avaliações foram realizadas antes e após a cirurgia ortognática (pré e pós-DDF). Resultados: Para o grupo DDF, o modo respiratório se modificou após a cirurgia ortognática (p = 0,003), porém com diferença em relação ao GC (p = 0,027). Não houve modificação na postura de cabeça após a cirurgia ortognática, porém observou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos pós-DDF e GC para a inclinação de cabeça (p = 0,017). Não observou-se relação entre o modo respiratório e a postura de cabeça (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Após a cirurgia ortognática, notou-se melhora espontânea da respiração na amostra estudada. Não foi possível verificar modificações na postura de cabeça e associação entre modo respiratório e postura de cabeça.

Abstract Introduction: Dentofacial deformity (DFD) and the breathing mode can change the head posture. However, head posture changes after orthognathic surgery are controversial, and no studies were found on the relationship between the head posture and breathing mode in adults with DFD. Objective: To identify the main head posture changes in young adults affected by DFD, to verify if orthognathic surgery modifies the breathing mode and head posture, and if the breathing mode is associated with the head posture. Methods: Twenty-five young adults were assessed and divided in dentofacial deformity group (DFD; n = 15; x̅ = 28 years) and control group with dentofacial harmony (CG; n = 10; balanced by gender and age with the study group). Breathing mode was evaluated according to the orofacial myofunctional evaluation protocol, and biophotogrammetry was used in the head posture analyses. For the DFD group, the evaluations were performed pre and post the orthognathic surgery (pre- and post-DFD). Results: For the DFD group, the breathing mode modified after orthognathic surgery (p = 0.003), but with difference from GC (p = 0.027). No changes were found in head posture after orthognathic surgery, but significant difference was seen between post-DFD and GC for head inclination (p = 0.017). No relationship was observed between breathing mode and head posture (p > 0.05). Conclusion: After orthognathic surgery, a spontaneous improvement of breathing was seen in the sample. It was not possible to verify changes in head posture and association with breathing mode and head posture.

Abstract The tongue participates in the oral phase of swallowing by pushing the food bolus toward the oropharynx. This relationship between tongue function and swallowing is little addressed addressed in individuals with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Objective: To analyze the association of functional tongue conditions on swallowing in individuals with TMD. Methodology: After approval by the Institutional Review Board, the study was conducted on 30 individuals of both sexes, aged 18 to 28 years, with TMD, and not treated for the disorder. Tongue function was assessed as to the mobility, pressure, and oral motor control. Swallowing was analyzed by clinical assessment during ingestion of solid (wafer biscuit) and liquid (water). Data regarding mobility and swallowing were collected using the orofacial myofunctional evaluation protocol. Tongue pressure was measured by the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument, during elevation, protrusion, swallowing, and resistance test. The oral motor control was assessed by the oral diadochokinesis (DDK) test by rapid and repeated emissions of syllables “ta” and “ka”. Data were statistically analyzed by the Spearman correlation coefficient, at a significance level of 5%. Results: Relationships were found between tongue function and swallowing for the following aspects: mobility (r=0.741), pressure in protrusion (r=-0.366), swallowing of saliva (r=-0.499), mean DDK rate in emissions “ta” (r=-0.424) and “ka” (r=-0.446), and mean DDK period in emissions “ta” (r=0.424) and “ka” (r=0.446). Thus, the greater the change in tongue mobility, the lower the tongue pressure in protrusion and swallowing of saliva, the lower the emissions per second, the longer the mean time between vocalizations, and the worse the swallowing of individuals with TMD. Conclusion: The functional conditions of the tongue regarding mobility, pressure, and oral DDK were associated with swallowing in individuals with TMD.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo visou validar o Protocolo de Avaliação Miofuncional Orofacial MBGR para adultos com DTM. Método Participaram 30 adultos, sendo 15 com DTM (deslocamento de disco com redução segundo o Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) e 15 Controles. O processo de validação envolveu a validade de conteúdo, de critério e de construto, além da concordância inter e intra-avaliador, sensibilidade e especificidade. Considerou-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Foram confirmadas as validades de conteúdo, visto que o Protocolo MBGR abarca todas as questões funcionais presentes em indivíduos com DTM; de critério, com correlações significantes entre o MBGR e AMIOFE; e de construto, diferenciando indivíduos com e sem DMO quanto à dor à palpação e mobilidade mandibular, com correlação significante entre a avaliação clínica do MBGR e o uso do algômetro digital, bem como confirmação do exame instrumental para a classificação do modo respiratório. A força de concordância variou de pobre a muito boa para a análise interavaliador e de razoável a muito boa para intra-avaliador. Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade foram elevados. Conclusão O Protocolo MBGR mostrou-se válido para aplicação em adultos com DTM com deslocamento de disco com redução e controles, contemplando todos os aspectos que possibilitam a análise das condições oromiofuncionais nesses indivíduos.

ABSTRACT Purpose This study aimed at validating the MBGR Orofacial Myofunctional Assessment Protocol (MBGR Protocol) for adults with Temporal Mandibular Disorders (TMD). Methods The study sample was composed of 30 adults: 15 with TMD (disc displacement with reduction according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) and 15 control individuals. The validation process encompassed the content, criterion, and construct of the protocol, as well as its inter- and intra-rater agreement levels and sensitivity and specificity values, considering a 5% statistical significance level. Results The following validities were confirmed: of content, as the MBGR Protocol covers all functional issues present in patients with TMD; of criterion, with significant correlations between the MBGR and Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores (OMES) protocols; of construct, differentiating individuals with and without Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders (OMD) as for pain on palpation and mandible range of motion, with significant correlation between the MBGR clinical evaluation and that using a digital algometer, as well as confirmation of the instrumental assessment for the breathing mode classification. Agreement ranged from poor to very good and from reasonable to very good for the inter- and intra-rater power analyses, respectively. High sensitivity and specificity values were observed. Conclusion The MBGR Protocol proved to be valid for use in adults presented with TMD with disc displacement with reduction and controls, covering all aspects that enable the analysis of OMD in these individuals.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of unconventional medicine grows in the population; but doctors have low level of knowledge of them, despite their interest, due to the questions from their patients regarding their risks and benefits. Yet, it is unknown what the instruments are and how many are they to assess the quality of research on these medications. Objective: To identify and to describe the tools used to assess the quality of research in unconventional medicine in order to know progress and origin of limitations. Method: An information search was carried out in scientific databases; collecting a total of 200, only 75 were considered adequate; although, only 12 answered the research question. The analysis comprised some of PRISMA recommendations. Results: Twelve instruments were found that guide and evaluate the quality of research in non-conventional medicine, nine of them are CONSORT extensions. China, South Korea and India are the countries that promote standardization of their traditional medicine, which represents a large part of alternative and complementary medicine from other parts of the world. Conclusions: It is required to follow specific procedures for assessing the quality of research in non-conventional medicine in order to find the most appropriate criteria for evaluating their efficacy and safety.

RESUMEN Introducción: El uso de las medicinas no convencionales (MNC) crece en la población; sin embargo, los médicos tienen un bajo nivel de conocimiento acerca de ellas, a pesar de su interés, debido a las preguntas que reciben de sus pacientes con respecto a sus riesgos y beneficios. No obstante, se desconoce cuántos y cuáles son los instrumentos que evalúan la calidad de la investigación de estas medicinas. Objetivo: Identificar las herramientas que se utilizan para evaluar la calidad de la investigación en medicinas no convencionales a fin de conocer sus avances y origen de sus limitaciones. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda de información en bases de datos científicas; acopiándose un total de 200 de estos, solo 75 fueron considerados adecuados; aunque, solo 12 respondieron a la pregunta de investigación. El análisis acogió algunas de las recomendaciones PRISMA. Resultados: Se encontraron 12 instrumentos que guían y evalúan la calidad de la investigación en medicinas no convencionales, 9 de ellas son extensiones CONSORT. China, Corea del Sur y la India son los países que promueven la estandarización de su medicina tradicional, la cual representa gran parte de las medicinas alternativas y complementarias de otras partes del mundo. Conclusiones: Se requiere seguir procedimientos específicos para la evaluación de la calidad de la investigación en medicinas no convencionales con el fin de encontrar los criterios más apropiados para la evaluación de su eficacia y seguridad.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo encontrar las variables financieras y no financieras estadísticamente relevantes para la previsión de quiebra de las empresas del sector de la construcción civil. Los modelos logit y probit previsionales de quiebra se convirtieron en instrumentos útiles y eficaces en la verificación de las variables financieras que señalan mayores peligros y anticipan situaciones críticas en las empresas. Se observa que los ratios que demuestran mayor poder de previsión son el endeudamiento, la solvencia, la rentabilidad del capital, la rentabilidad del activo y la autonomía financiera. En cuanto a las variables no financieras, se concluye que la exportación y el número de funcionarios son determinantes en la previsión de quiebra de una empresa del sector de la construcción. El artículo contribuye a la literatura, pues presenta variables no financieras como determinantes en la previsión de quiebra en el sector de la construcción civil en Portugal.

RESUME L'objectif de ce document est de rechercher les variables financières et non financières statistiquement pertinentes pour les prévisions de faillite des entreprises du secteur de la construction civile. Les modèles de faillite logit et probit sont devenus des instruments utiles et efficaces pour la vérification des variables financières qui indiquent des dangers plus importants et anticipent les situations critiques dans les entreprises. On peut constater que les ratios qui montrent le plus grand pouvoir prédictif sont l'endettement, la solvabilité, la rentabilité du capital, la rentabilité des actifs et l'autonomie financière. En ce qui concerne les variables non financières, on conclut que l'exportation et le nombre de fonctionnaires sont des facteurs déterminants dans les prévisions de faillite d'une entreprise du secteur de la construction. L'article contribue à la littérature car il présente les variables non financières comme des facteurs déterminants dans les prévisions de faillite dans le secteur de la construction civile au Portugal.

ABSTRACT This paper is aimed to identify statistically relevant financial and non-financial variables for bankruptcy prediction in civil construction firms. Logit and probit bankruptcy prediction models became useful and effective instruments in the verification of financial variables that indicate greater risks and anticipate critical situations for companies. Results show that the ratios with the greatest predictive power are indebtedness, solvency, capital profitability, asset profitability and financial autonomy. As for non-financial variables, exports and the number of employees are determinants in the bankruptcy forecast of a company within the construction sector. This work's contribution to related literature is the presentation of non-financial variables as determinants in bankruptcy prediction within the Portuguese civil construction sector.

RESUMO O presente artigo tem como objetivo encontrar as variáveis financeiras e não financeiras estatisticamente relevantes para a previsão de falência das empresas do setor da construção civil. Os modelos logit e probit previsionais de falência tornaram-se instrumentos úteis e eficazes na verificação das variáveis financeiras que sinalizam maiores perigos e antecipam situações críticas nas empresas. Verifica-se que os rácios que demonstram maior poder de previsão são o endividamento, a solvabilidade, a rendibilidade do capital próprio, a rendibilidade do ativo e a autonomia financeira. Relativamente às variáveis não financeiras, conclui-se que a exportação e o número de funcionários são determinantes na previsão de falência de uma empresa do setor da construção. Este artigo contribui para a literatura, pois apresenta variáveis não financeiras como determinantes na previsão de falência no setor da construção civil em Portugal.

Abstract Objectives: The esthetic and functional results of orthognathic surgery of severe dentofacial deformities are predictable, however there are differences regarding the effects on stomatognathic system. The aim was to investigate the effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) on the masticatory function in individuals with dentofacial deformity submitted to orthognathic surgery (OGS). Material and Methods: Forty-eight individuals (18-40 years) were evaluated, 14 undergoing OMT (treated group-TG), 10 without this treatment (untreated group-UTG) and 24 in a control group with normal occlusion; for clinical aspects the data of an individual was missed (n=46). Chewing was performed using the Expanded protocol of orofacial myofunctional evaluation with scores (OMES-E). Muscle tone and mobility were also analyzed before (P0), three (P1) and six months (P2) after OGS. Surface electromyography of the masseter and temporalis muscles was performed, considering the parameters amplitude and duration of act and cycle, and the number of masticatory cycles. The OMT consisted of ten therapeutic sessions along the postoperative period. The results were compared using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: TG showed higher scores in P1 and P2 than P0; for the masticatory type the scores in P2 were significantly higher than P0. In addition, the proportion of individuals with adequate tone of lower lip and adequate tongue mobility for TG increased significantly from P1 and P2 in relation to P0. The EMG results showed a decrease in act and cycle duration in P2 in relation to P0 and P1 for the TG; furthermore the values were close to controls. An increase in the number of cycles from P0 to P2 was also observed, indicating faster chewing, which may be attributed to an improvement of balanced occlusion associated with OMT. Conclusion: There were positive effects of OMT on the clinical and electromyography aspects of chewing in individual submitted to orthognathic surgery.

RESUMO Objetivo: Apresentar valores para a pressão da língua em adultos jovens brasileiros, considerando provas específicas e possíveis diferenças quanto ao gênero e tipo de prova. Método: Foram avaliados 51 voluntários de 18 a 28 anos, ambos os gêneros, com boa relação dento-oclusal e sem alterações de fala. Utilizou-se o Iowa Oral Performance Instrument na avaliação da pressão da língua (Kilopascal) durante as provas de elevação, protrusão, deglutição e lateralização, além do teste de resistência (segundos). Na análise dos resultados foi utilizado o ANOVA, seguido do teste de comparações múltiplas Tukey, adotando o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os valores obtidos, respectivamente para homens e mulheres, na prova de elevação foram 63,94±12,92 e 50,27±15,29, na protrusão 60,22±13,62 e 44,30±12,95, na deglutição 33,94±12,06 e 34,27±13,25, na lateralização à direita 44,15±10,47 e 31,85±8,46, na lateralização à esquerda 43,15±10,22 e 29,55±8,91, e no teste de resistência 24,85±10,95 e 17,35±6,71. Os homens apresentaram valor maior nas provas de protrusão e de lateralização; os valores das provas de protrusão e elevação não diferiram entre si para o gênero masculino, mas foram maiores que a lateralização e a deglutição em ambos os gêneros; não houve diferença na prova de lateralização em relação ao lado em ambos os gêneros. Conclusão: Valores de pressão da língua em adultos jovens brasileiros foram determinados para provas específicas; o gênero influenciou nos valores das provas de protrusão e lateralização; os valores obtidos nas provas de elevação e protrusão foram maiores que na lateralização e deglutição.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To present the measures for tongue pressure in Brazilian young adults, considering specific tasks, and to verify the differences regarding gender and according to the tasks. Methods: Fifty-one volunteers aged 18 to 28 years, of both genders with normal occlusion and without speech disorders were evaluated. We used the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument in the evaluation of tongue pressure (kilopascal) during specific tests of elevation, protrusion, swallowing, and lateralization, in addition to the endurance test (seconds). The analysis was conducted using analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey's multiple comparison test, adopting a 5% significance level. Results: The values obtained for men and women in the tests were as follows: elevation, 63.94±12.92 and 50.27±15.29; protrusion, 60.22±13.62 and 44.30±12.95; swallowing, 33.94±12.06 and 34.27±13.25; lateralization on the right, 44.15±10.47 and 31.85±8.46; lateralization on the left, 43.15±10.22 and 29.55±8.91; and endurance test: 24.85±10.95 and 17.35±6.71, respectively. The values were higher in men compared with women for the protrusion and lateralization tasks. The measures of the protrusion and elevation tasks did not differ for men but were higher in both genders than those of the lateralization and the swallowing tests. There was no difference in lateralization according to side in both the genders. Conclusion: The measures for the tongue pressure in Brazilian young adults were determined by specific tasks. Gender influenced the pressure of the tongue values for the protrusion and lateralization tasks. Elevation and protrusion tasks measures were higher than those of the lateralization and swallowing tasks.

Objective: Identify the clinical gingival characteristics of carriers tooth fixed prostheses of patients attending at the Teaching Dental Clinic (UPCH) in 2012. Methods: A retrospective design was conducted with a universe of clinical records of patients with fixed prosthesis. Results: Of the 196 clinical histories evaluated, we found: 250 fixed prostheses, which consisted of 339 pillars of fixed prostheses between types: single crowns (63.2%) and bridge abutments (36.8%). Higher prevalence of male patients (53.06%) gender was found, with an average age of 42.61 years. In univariate descriptive analysis highest prevalence was found in the posterior parts (45.2%), moderate gingival status (51.6%), absence of plaque retention (50.4%), absence of tooth mobility (90.3 %) and poor condition of fixed prostheses (71.7%). In bivariate analysis, statistically significant relationship (p <0.05) between the variables type of prosthesis-plaque-retaining, type of prosthesis-mobility, state prosthesis-gingival index and state prosthesis-plaque-retaining was found; on the other hand was no relationship between the variables type of prosthesis-gingival index and gender-gingival index was found. Conclusions: There is a relationship between periodontal status and the presence of fixed prosthesis, which is expressed through the high prevalence of moderate gingivitis and plaque retention presence of abutment teeth for fixed prosthesis.

Objetivo: Identificar las características clínicas gingivales de las piezas portadoras de prótesis fijas (PF) de pacientes que acudieron a la Clínica Dental Docente de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, para ser atendidos por alumnos de pregrado, el año 2012. Material y métodos: Estudio de diseño retrospectivo con un universo conformado por historias clínicas de pacientes portadores de prótesis fijas. Resultados: De las 196 historias clínicas evaluadas, se encontraron: 250 prótesis fijas, las cuales tuvieron un total de 339 pilares, entre los tipos: coronas unitarias (63,2%) y pilares de puente (36,8%). Existió mayor prevalencia de pacientes de género masculino (53,06%), con una edad media de 42.61 años. El análisis descriptivo univariado de los datos mostró mayor prevalencia de piezas pilares posterosuperior (45,2%), gingivitis moderado (51,6%), ausencia de retención de placa (50,4%), ausencia de movilidad dentaria (90,3%) y estado malo de la prótesis fija (71,7%). El análisis bivariado, encontró relación estadísticamente significativa (p < 0.05) entre las variables: tipo de prótesis - retención de placa, tipo de prótesis - movilidad, estado de prótesis - índice gingival y estado de prótesis - retención de placa. Por otro lado, no se encontró relación entre las variables: tipo de prótesis - índice gingival y género e índice gingival. Conclusiones: Se encontró relación entre el estado periodontal y la presencia de prótesis fija, lo cual se expresa a través en la alta prevalencia de gingivitis moderada y presencia de retención de placa en las piezas pilares de las prótesis fijas.

Qualitative research, descriptive exploratory, aimed to know the perception of blood transfusion recipients as to the process. The research was carried out at a blood bank in a city in southern Brazil, and the data were analyzed using the Collective Subject Discourse. Were interviewed using a semistructured instrument, eleven patients, men and women between 30 and 95 years, post-surgical recovery of cardiac surgery, underwent blood transfusion. Four central ideas emerged: loss and blood replacement; Preservation of life; Recognition of the transfusion process; and transfusion safety. The perception about the change that post-transfusion begin to live from the transfusion process raises a reframing of life itself. This study showed that transfused patients perceive the transfusion process as a means of survival, and even having knowledge about the process and their meanings, there is the permanence of fears and anxieties that can be minimized by the multidisciplinary team.

Investigación cualitativa, de tipo exploratorio descriptivo, con el objetivo de conocer la percepción de los receptores de transfusiones de sangre en cuanto al proceso. La investigación se llevó a cabo en un banco de sangre en una ciudad en el sur de Brasil, y los datos fueron analizados utilizando el Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Fueron entrevistados mediante un instrumento semi-estructurado, once pacientes, hombres y mujeres de entre 30 y 95 años de recuperación post-quirúrgica de la cirugía cardíaca, se sometió a una transfusión de sangre. Cuatro ideas centrales surgieron: la pérdida y reemplazo de sangre; La preservación de la vida; Reconocimiento del proceso de transfusión; y seguridad de las transfusiones. La percepción sobre el cambio que después de la transfusión comenzar a vivir desde el proceso de transfusión plantea una reformulación de la vida misma. Este estudio mostró que los pacientes transfundidos perciben el proceso de transfusión como un medio de supervivencia, e incluso tener conocimiento sobre el proceso y sus significados, no es la permanencia de los temores y ansiedades que pueden minimizarse por el equipo multidisciplinario.

Pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória descritiva, que objetivou conhecer a percepção dos receptores sanguíneos quanto ao processo transfusional. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma unidade de hemoterapia de um município da região sul do Brasil e os dados foram analisados por meio do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Foram entrevistados, por meio de instrumento semiestruturado, onze pacientes, homens e mulheres entre 30 e 95 anos, em recuperação pós-cirúrgica de cirurgia cardíaca, submetidos à transfusão sanguínea. Emergiram quatro Ideias Centrais: Perda e reposição sanguínea; Preservação da vida; Reconhecimento do processo transfusional e Segurança transfusional. A percepção sobre a mudança que os pós-transfundidos começam a vivenciar a partir do processo transfusional traz à tona uma ressignificação da própria vida. Este estudo mostrou que os pacientes transfundidos percebem o processo transfusional como uma alternativa de sobrevivência e, mesmo tendo conhecimento sobre o processo e seus significados, permanecem receios e angústias que podem ser minimizados pela equipe multiprofissional.

Pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória descritiva, que objetivou conhecer a percepção dos receptores sanguíneos quanto ao processo transfusional. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma unidade de hemoterapia de um município da região sul do Brasil e os dados foram analisados por meio do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Foram entrevistados, por meio de instrumento semiestruturado, onze pacientes, homens e mulheres entre 30 e 95 anos, em recuperação pós-cirúrgica de cirurgia cardíaca, submetidos à transfusão sanguínea. Emergiram quatro Ideias Centrais: Perda e reposição sanguínea; Preservação da vida; Reconhecimento do processo transfusional e Segurança transfusional. A percepção sobre a mudança que os pós-transfundidos começam a vivenciar a partir do processo transfusional traz à tona uma ressignificação da própria vida. Este estudo mostrou que os pacientes transfundidos percebem o processo transfusional como uma alternativa de sobrevivência e, mesmo tendo conhecimento sobre o processo e seus significados, permanecem receios e angústias que podem ser minimizados pela equipe multiprofissional.

Qualitative research, descriptive exploratory, aimed to know the perception of blood transfusion recipients as to the process. The research was carried out at a blood bank in a city in southern Brazil, and the data were analyzed using the Collective Subject Discourse. Were interviewed using a semistructured instrument, eleven patients, men and women between 30 and 95 years, post-surgical recovery of cardiac surgery, underwent blood transfusion. Four central ideas emerged: loss and blood replacement; Preservation of life; Recognition of the transfusion process; and transfusion safety. The perception about the change that post-transfusion begin to live from the transfusion process raises a reframing of life itself. This study showed that transfused patients perceive the transfusion process as a means of survival, and even having knowledge about the process and their meanings, there is the permanence of fears and anxieties that can be minimized by the multidisciplinary team.

Investigación cualitativa, de tipo exploratorio descriptivo, con el objetivo de conocer la percepción de los receptores de transfusiones de sangre en cuanto al proceso. La investigación se llevó a cabo en un banco de sangre en una ciudad en el sur de Brasil, y los datos fueron analizados utilizando el Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Fueron entrevistados mediante un instrumento semi-estructurado, once pacientes, hombres y mujeres de entre 30 y 95 años de recuperación post-quirúrgica de la cirugía cardíaca, se sometió a una transfusión de sangre. Cuatro ideas centrales surgieron: la pérdida y reemplazo de sangre; La preservación de la vida; Reconocimiento del proceso de transfusión; y seguridad de las transfusiones. La percepción sobre el cambio que después de la transfusión comenzar a vivir desde el proceso de transfusión plantea una reformulación de la vida misma. Este estudio mostró que los pacientes transfundidos perciben el proceso de transfusión como un medio de supervivencia, e incluso tener conocimiento sobre el proceso y sus significados, no es la permanencia de los temores y ansiedades que pueden minimizarse por el equipo multidisciplinario.

Objectives. To estimate the rate of neonatal mortality and to describe neonatal deaths in 2011 in hospitals of the Ministry of Health at Huanuco and Ucayali (Peru). Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study from September to November 2012 in Huanuco and Ucayali. Records of neonatal deaths in 2011 were reviewed from provincial municipalities, regional health directorates and four referral hospitals. To calculate mortality rates, we used the most reliable information sources by region. Reviewing 185 medical records in hospitals allowed us to describe the root causes of neonatal deaths. Results. In 2011, 10,886 live births and 158 neonatal deaths were reported in Huanuco, with a rate of 14.5 deaths per 1000 live births. In Ucayali, 11,441 live births and 138 neonatal deaths were reported, with a rate of 12.1 deaths per 1000 live births. Most hospital neonatal deaths occurred in the first 7 days of life (87%), in preterm infants (73.9%) and with low birth weight (67%). The most common underlying causes of neonatal deaths were infection (31.4%), congenital malformation (22.2%) and prematurity (18.9%). Conclusions. Neonatal mortality rate in the studied regions was higher than the national average. The results suggest the need for effective and comprehensive interventions during pregnancy, childbirth and the early postnatal period; this last period is the most vulnerable in the neonate

Objetivos. Estimar la tasa de mortalidad neonatal y describir las defunciones neonatales ocurridas en el 2011 en hospitales del Ministerio de Salud de las regiones Huánuco y Ucayali, Perú. Materiales y Métodos .Estudio transversal realizado de septiembre a noviembre de 2012 en Huánuco y Ucayali. Se revisaron los registros de las defunciones neonatales ocurridas en el 2011 en municipalidades provinciales, direcciones regionales de salud y cuatro hospitales de referencia. Para el cálculo de las tasas de mortalidad se utilizaron las fuentes de información más confiables por región. La revisión de 185 historias clínicas en los hospitales permitió describir las causas básicas de las muertes neonatales. Resultados. En el 2011 se reportaron en Huánuco 10 886 recién nacidos vivos y 158 muertes neonatales, con una tasa de 14,5 muertes por 1000 nacidos vivos. En Ucayali, se reportaron 11 441 recién nacidos vivos y 138 muertes neonatales, con una tasa de 12,1 muertes por 1000 nacidos vivos. La mayoría de muertes neonatales hospitalarias ocurrieron en los primeros 7 días de vida (87%), en neonatos prematuros (73,9%) y con bajo peso al nacimiento (67%). Las causas básicas más frecuentes en las muertes neonatales fueron: infección (31,4%), malformación congénita (22,2%) y prematuridad (18,9%). . Conclusiones La tasa de mortalidad neonatal en las regiones estudiadas fue superior a la media nacional. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de intervenciones efectivas e integrales durante el embarazo, parto y periodo posnatal temprano; siendo este último periodo el de mayor vulnerabilidad en el neonato