Resumo O marisco branco é um bivalve de areia que habita as praias dissipativas do sul do Brasil até a costa norte da Argentina. Nas últimas décadas, as populações desta espécie têm sido afetadas por eventos de mortalidade maciça, sobrepesca e outras atividades antropogênicas. A produção de juvenis em cativeiro permitiria a realização de estudos de viabilidade para restaurar o estoque natural, assim como a produção em sistemas de aquicultura. Dada a escassez de estudos sobre a manutenção desta espécie em cativeiro, um sistema de cultivo e um protocolo de manejo foram desenvolvidos e testados. Mariscos branco selvagens (comprimento total ≥50 mm) foram utilizados em uma série de ensaios de 14 dias de duração. A sobrevivência foi maior nos mariscos que podiam ser enterrados na areia. Um marcador de tinta permanente coberto com uma fina camada de adesivo de endurecimento rápido provou ser um método confiável para marcar os mariscos. A manutenção dos mariscos neste sistema resultou em alta sobrevivência e crescimento, aumento do fator de condição e do diâmetro do ovócito, e um relativo avanço do desenvolvimento gonadal.

Abstract The yellow clam is a sand-burrowing bivalve that inhabits the dissipative beaches from southern Brazil to the north coast of Argentina. In the last decades, populations of this species have been impacted by mass mortality events, overfishing and other anthropogenic activities. The production of juveniles in captivity would allow feasibility studies to be carried out to restore the natural stock as well as the production in aquaculture systems. Given the scarcity of studies on the maintenance of this species in captivity, a culture system and a management protocol were developed and tested. Wild-caught clams (total length ≥50 mm) were used in a series of 14 day-long trials. Survival was higher in clams that were allowed to bury into the sand. A permanent ink marker covered with a thin layer of a quick-hardening adhesive proved to be a reliable method to tag clams. The maintenance of yellow clams in this system resulted in high survival and growth, increases in the condition factor and oocyte diameter, and a relative advancement of gonadal development.

Primary aldosteronism is nowadays considered the cause of 8 to 12 % cases of hypertension. The increase in its prevalence is due to changes in diagnostic criteria. Initial screening is performed in the laboratory by obtaining the aldosterone to plasma renin activity ratio, for which strict preanalytical conditions are required, including; supine or upright posture; interaction of therapeutic drugs which may alter results; sample extraction and conservation, among others. Given the high variability in the measurement of plasma renin activity and its complexity (RIA), the use of the aldosterone to renin concentration ratio is proposed (where renin concentration is determined by an automated immunoassay), although no consensus has been reached in this matter. The screening method is essential to primarily identify those patients who should be further studied, and it influences the statistics on actual prevalence of primary aldosteronism. Once cutoff values have been determined for each laboratory, patients with positive screening results must be further submitted for confirmation tests, such as salt-loading test or fludrocortisone suppression test, in which the autonomous secretion of aldosterone is confirmed. Then, the cause of the excessive aldosterone production must be determined. The most common are aldosterone producing adenoma and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Early diagnosis allows for the correct treatment, minimizing comorbidities caused by hypertension and by vascular and cardiac remodelation due to the excess of aldosterone. Classic treatment for hypertension is not always useful in patients with primary aldosteronism; this is why it is important to know how to diagnose the underlying pathology.

El aldosteronismo primario se considera actualmente el causante de un 8 a 12 % de los casos de hipertensión arterial. El aumento de su prevalencia es consecuencia de cambios en los criterios diagnósticos. El tamizaje inicial se realiza en el laboratorio determinando la relación aldosterona/actividad de renina plasmática, para lo que se requieren estrictas condiciones preanalíticas; condiciones de reposo o deambulación, evitando interferencias de drogas terapéuticas que pueden afectar el resultado, de obtención y de conservación de la muestra, entre otras. Debido a la alta variabilidad en la medición de la actividad de renina plasmática, (radioinmunoensayo operador dependiente), se está proponiendo el uso de la relación aldosterona/concentración de renina, (donde la concentración de renina se determina por un método automatizado) aunque aún no hay consenso. El método de tamizaje es fundamental para el inicio del estudio de un paciente e influye en la prevalencia actual. Una vez establecidos los valores de corte para cada laboratorio, los pacientes con tamizajes positivos deben ser sometidos a pruebas confirmatorias, por ejemplo sobrecarga con sodio, o supresión con fludrocortisona, para evidenciar la secreción autónoma de aldosterona. Una vez confirmada se debe diferenciar la causa; las principales son adenoma productor de aldosterona e hiperplasia adrenal bilateral. El diagnóstico temprano permite el tratamiento correcto, evitando comorbilidades causadas por la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y remodelaciones vasculares y cardíacas por el exceso de aldosterona. Los tratamientos clásicos para la HTA no siempre son de utilidad en el aldosteronismo primario, por ello es importante el diagnóstico de la patología.

The present work describes the study of the growth and the cytotoxic and antitumor activities of the extracts of the marine microorganisms Streptomyces acrymicini and Streptomyces cebimarensis, the latter a new strain. Both microorganisms were collected from coastal marine sediments of the north coast of São Paulo state. Growth was performed in a shaker and in a bioreactor using Gym medium and the broths of both microorganisms were extracted with ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Three extracts, two organic and one aqueous, from each microorganism were obtained and tested for cytotoxic and antitumor activity using the SF-295 (Central Nervous System), HCT-8 (Colon) cell lines, and the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. The growth methods were compared and show that, although the shaker presented reasonable results, the bioreactor represents the best choice for growth of these microorganisms. The biological activity of the different extracts was evaluated and it was demonstrated that the growth methodology may influence the secondary metabolite production and the biological activity.

Descreveu-se um surto de yersiniose em uma criação de pampo Trachinotus marginatus estudado no Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande. A enfermidade manifestou-se por transtornos natatórios, exoftalmia com panoftalmite e pela clássica boca vermelha, nome pelo qual se denomina "enfermidade da boca vermelha" (EBV). Na necropsia, foram observados focos de hemorragia peritoneal, esplenomegalia e hepatomegalia. Microscopicamente, foi observada panoftalmite com infiltrados inflamatórios densos que afetavam quase todas as estruturas oculares. Esses infiltrados estavam constituídos por granulócitos, linfócitos, macrófagos e células granulares eosinofílicas. No exsudado, observaram-se estruturas pequenas, pouco coradas, de aspecto bacteriano Gram negativo. O estudo imuno-histoquímico, que se utilizou de um anticorpo monoclonal anti-Yersinia ruckeri, resultou positivo. Este é o primeiro surto conhecido de yersiniose em Trachinotus marginatus no Brasil.

In the "Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande" the rearing of Trachinotus marginatus (pompano) is studied, and in one of these rearing a yersioniosis outbreak occured. The disease was manifested by swimming disturbances, exophthalmiawith panophthalmitis and the classic red mouth, (red mouth disease (RMD). The necropsies revealed focus of peritoneal hemorrhage, esplenomegalyand hepatomegaly.Microscopically a panophthalmitis with dense inflammatory infiltrates was observed, which affected almost all ocular structures. These infiltrates were constituted by granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages and eosinophylicgranular cells (ECG), in the exudatessmall structures less colored with Gram negative bacteria aspect were observed. The immunohistochemical, which used a monoclonal antibody anti- Yersinia ruckeri waspositive. The RMD is caused by enterobacteriaGram negative, which affects both freshwater and saltwater fish, with predominance in salmonids. This is the first known yersiniosis outbreak in Trachinotus marginatus in Brazil and it is necessary to keep this disease in mind at the moment of rearing fish of this species.