ABSTRACT The auditory brainstem response (ABR) by evoked potentials is a widespread auditory pathway assessment technique. This is largely applied due to its cost-effectiveness, practicality and ease of use. In contrast, it requires a trained professional to carry out the analysis of the results. This motivates several research efforts to increase the independence of the diagnostician. To this end, the present work shows the ability of three signal classification tools to differentiate ABR studies of normal hearing subjects from those who may have some pathology. As a starting point, the PhysioNet short term auditory evoked potentials databases are used to calculate the features later applied to construct the dataset. The features used are diverse classes of permutation entropy, fractal dimension, the Lyapunov exponent and the zero crossing rate. To ensure more accurate results, a Montecarlo simulation of one thousand trials is employed to train the classifiers and test the results. The goodness of the classification is performed upon the basis of the computation of quality parameters, such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), the F1 score coefficient and the accuracy. In all the cases the methodology proposed gives high performance results that encourage the line of research of the present work.

We report a 68-year-old woman with a history of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, who had immediate skin reactions associated with the use of pirfenidone in two opportunities. In the evaluation by immunology, an allergy to pirfenidone was diagnosed. Given the urgent need for the drug, a desensitization procedure was started. The dose of the medication was increased progressively, previous premedication with cetirizine, ranitidine and montelukast. After this procedure the patient was able to tolerate the treatment with pirfenidone without cutaneous reactions.

Resumo Este estudo concentrou-se no desenvolvimento e na preparação de membrana de microfiltração, com base em pó de argila natural da Tunísia de baixo custo, depositado em suporte cerâmico macroporoso. O depósito foi aplicado pela técnica de dip-coating, seguida de processo de secagem e sinterização a 700 °C. Os resultados revelaram que a membrana obtida foi caracterizada por boa adesão entre a camada da membrana e o suporte cerâmico, diâmetro médio de poros de 0,34 μm e porosidade de 39%. Esta membrana foi aplicada no tratamento de efluente gerado pela estação de tratamento de esgoto de Sfax, Tunísia. Os desempenhos em termos de fluxo e eficiência do permeado foram determinados para reduzir o teor de poluentes expresso em termos de turbidez, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO5) e matéria em suspensão (MES). Os resultados mostraram um valor de retenção de MES de cerca de 15% e turbidez e taxa de retenção de DBO de 99% e ~100%, respectivamente.

Abstract This study focused on the development and preparation of a microfiltration membrane, based on a low-cost natural Tunisian clay powder, deposited on macro-porous ceramic support. The deposit was made through a dip-coating technique, followed by a drying process and sintering at 700 °C. Results revealed that the obtained membrane was characterized by a good adhesion between the membrane layer and the ceramic support, an average pore diameter of 0.34 mm, and a porosity of 39%. This membrane was applied in the treatment of wastewater generated by the wastewater treatment plant of Sfax, Tunisia. The performances in terms of permeate flux and efficiency were determined in order to reduce the pollutant content expressed in terms of turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and suspended matter (MES). Results showed an MES retention value of about 15%, and turbidity and BOD5 retention rate of 99% and ~100%, respectively.

Resumo A hidroxiapatita (HAp) é um biomaterial cerâmico com ampla aplicação na regeneração óssea. Pode ser obtida por diferentes rotas e diferentes precursores. Neste estudo, a síntese da HAp foi realizada por precipitação e tratamento térmico subsequente utilizando diferentes precursores de cálcio: hidróxido de cálcio de origem sintética e óxido de cálcio obtido da casca do ovo. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Por MEV, foram observadas variações do tamanho dos cristais e da concentração de aglomerados. Análises por FTIR e DRX comprovaram a formação de HAp e como os precursores (mineral e biológico) influenciaram a microestrutura. O processo de decomposição térmica do óxido de cálcio obtido da casca do ovo mostrou-se mais efetivo para a síntese da hidroxiapatita, resultando em morfologia e microestrutura mais estáveis.

Abstract The hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a ceramic biomaterial with wide application in the bone regeneration. It can be obtained by different routes and different precursors. In this study, the synthesis of HAp was carried out by precipitation and subsequent thermal treatment using different calcium precursors: calcium hydroxide from synthetic origin and calcium oxide obtained from the eggshell. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. By SEM, variations of the crystal size and the concentration of agglomerates were observed. FTIR and XRD analyses proved the formation of HAp and how the (mineral and biological) precursors affected the microstructure. The thermal decomposition process of the calcium oxide obtained from the eggshell showed to be more effective for the synthesis of the hydroxyapatite, resulting in more stable morphology and microstructure.

In this paper we integrate the knowledge with a focus on production systems, are incorporated into the analysis the physical and economic results, the impact of technology, the size of the risk and the economic sustainability of the systems. It identifies and analyzes technological proposals for representative farming systems livestock homogeneous area of north central Entre Rios and Corrientes south central. First, capital income earned by family livestock systems affects the welfare of the family. There are differences rave production and economic results by incorporating the recommended technology. However, based on the current market situation and considered estimates of variability in yields and selling prices, the strategic incorporation of livestock systems technology would not improve their economic sustainability.

En este trabajo se integran los conocimientos con un enfoque de sistemas de producción; se incorporan en el análisis los resultados físicos y económicos, el impacto tecnológico, la dimensión del riesgo y la sustentabilidad económica de los sistemas. Se identifican y analizan propuestas tecnológicas para sistemas ganaderos representativos de la zona ganadera homogénea del centro norte de Entre Ríos y centro sur de Corrientes. En primer lugar, el ingreso al capital que obtienen los sistemas ganaderos familiares condiciona el bienestar de la familia. Se observan diferencias muy favorables en los resultados productivos y económicos al incorporar la tecnología recomendada. A pesar de ello, con base en la situación de mercado actual y en las estimaciones consideradas de variabilidad en rendimientos y precios de venta, la incorporación estratégica de tecnología en los sistemas ganaderos no mejoraría la sustentabilidad económica de los mismos.

El propósito del artículo consiste en explicar los discursos liberales y realistas que han sustentado la Política de Seguridad Internacional de Canadá (PSIC) durante la posguerra fría. En especial, se ofrecen evidencias orientadas a demostrar que los gobiernos canadienses se debaten inevitablemente entre valores cosmopolitas e intereses estratégicos, al formular sus respectivas políticas de seguridad internacional. Luego de considerar, en el seno de la literatura sobre la PSIC, cómo se han estudiado las orientaciones liberales y realistas de esta política, se explican los discursos liberales y realistas específicos que han configurado las políticas de seguridad internacional de los gobiernos de Jean Chrétien (1993-2003), Paul Martin (2003-2006) y Stephen Harper (2006). Como una consideración final, se pretende dilucidar el modo progresivo en el que los distintos gobiernos canadienses han venido adoptando los intereses y valores cosmopolitas de Estados Unidos en materia de seguridad internacional.

The purpose of the article is to explain the liberal and realist discourses that underpinned the Canadian International Security Policy (CISP) during the post-Cold War. In particular, it offers evidence to show that Canadian governments inevitably debate between cosmopolitan values and strategic interests in formulating their respective policies of international security. After considering how liberal and realist orientations of this policy have been studied in the literature on CISP, it explains the specific liberal and realist discourses that have shaped international security policies of the governments of Jean Chrétien (1993-2003), Paul Martin (2003-2006) and Stephen Harper (2006 -). As a final consideration, it intends to elucidate the progressive way in which the various Canadian governments have been adopting the United States' cosmopolitan values and interests regarding international security.

This study was designed to assess the influence of resistance training on salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels and hormone profile in sedentary adults with Down syndrome (DS). A total of 40 male adults with DS were recruited for the trial through different community support groups for people with intellectual disabilities. All participants had medical approval for participation in physical activity. Twenty-four adults were randomly assigned to perform resistance training in a circuit with six stations, 3 days per week for 12 weeks. Training intensity was based on functioning in the eight-repetition maximum (8RM) test for each exercise. The control group included 16 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched adults with DS. Salivary IgA, testosterone, and cortisol levels were measured by ELISA. Work task performance was assessed using the repetitive weighted-box-stacking test. Resistance training significantly increased salivary IgA concentration (P=0.0120; d=0.94) and testosterone levels (P=0.0088; d=1.57) in the exercising group. Furthermore, it also improved work task performance. No changes were seen in the controls who had not exercised. In conclusion, a short-term resistance training protocol improved mucosal immunity response as well as salivary testosterone levels in sedentary adults with DS.

The assessment of fat mass (FM) is of great interest for people with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) given that morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease are greater and occur earlier in this group. Furthermore, it may play a key role improving physical performance in athletes with SCI. For the reasons already mentioned, the current study was designed to compare different methods for assessing FM in athletes with SCI. A secondary objective was to identify a predictive equation for FM in this group that is easily reproducible elsewhere. A total of 8 male athletes with complete SCI at or below the 5th thoracic level (T5) competing in a national league volunteered for this study. The percentage of FM was assessed by three different methods: conventional anthropometry (Siri equation), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and densitometry (DEXA). This research was conducted in full accordance with ethical principles, including the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (version, 2002). Furthermore, the present protocol was approved by an Institutional Ethics Committee. Mean percentage of FM assessed by DXA was 28.76±9.16%. Moreover, Bland-Altman plots suggested conventional anthropometry and BIA underestimated fat mass percentage in this group. Lastly, a predictive equation for fat mass was established as follows: FM (%)=1.9197 (triceps skinfold thickness (mm))+6.5063. It was concluded that both conventional anthropometry and BIA underestimated fat mass in athletes with chronic SCI. Furthermore, a predictive equation of fat mass was recommended for this group due to its low cost and wide availability in any clinical setting.

La determinación del porcentaje de masa grasa en pacientes con lesión medular crónica (LMC) resulta de interés por la alta morbimortalidad cardiovascular que presenta este grupo. En el caso de deportistas, además, permitiría optimizar su rendimiento deportivo. Por consiguiente, el presente estudio se planteó como primer objetivo comparar diferentes métodos de estudio del porcentaje de masa grasa de deportistas con LMC. Y como objetivo secundario, identificar alguna ecuación que permita predecir los niveles de masa grasa de manera más económica, sencilla, rápida y no invasiva. Se diseño un estudio observacional y transversal en el que participaron voluntariamente 8 deportistas varones con LMC a nivel o por debajo de T5 que compiten a nivel nacional. El porcentaje de masa grasa corporal de los participantes se determinó mediante tres metodologías: densitometría (DEXA), antropometría convencional (Ecuación de Siri) e impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA). Este protocolo fue aprobado por un Comité de Ética Institucional. El porcentaje de masa grasa presentado por jugadores de baloncesto en silla de ruedas tras someterse al método de referencia (DEXA) fue del 28,76±9,16%. El análisis de concordancia de Bland-Altman entre métodos sugiere que tanto la antropometría convencional como la BIA subestiman el porcentaje de masa grasa de deportistas con LMC. la ecuación de predicción obtenida fue: Masa Grasa (%)= 1,9197 (pliegue tríceps (mm)) + 6,5063. Tanto las técnicas antropométricas convencionales como la propia BIA subestiman la masa grasa en deportistas con LMC. Asimismo se ha identificado una ecuación de regresión para la predicción del porcentaje de masa grasa de bajo coste y aplicable en cualquier entorno.

The current study was conducted to identify potential correlations between abdominal fat mass obtained by DXA and several parameters obtained by anthropometric conventional techniques as well as lipid profile in postmenopausal women with MS. This historical cohort study included a total of 1326 postmenopausal women aged > 45 years old who had routinely undergone DXA to measure their bone mineral density between January 2006 and January 2011. The regions of interest envisaged in our study by using DXA were the lumbar regions L1-L4 and L4-L5. At the same time, they underwent a complete medical examination including personal medical history assessment, biochemical blood analysis, blood pressure measurements and anthropometrical evaluation. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed attending to the criteria established by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NECP-ATP-III). This protocol was approved by an Institutional Ethics Committee. Several significant correlations were found between DXA and indices of body fat distribution as well as lipid profile. The strongest correlations were found between fat mass L1-L4 and waist circumference (r= 0.77; p= 0.0016) and levels of HDL-cholesterol (r= -0.58; p= 0.0290). It was concluded that waist circumference and HDL-cholesterol may be recommended to predict fat mass in regions of interest L1-L4 and L3-L4 in postmenopausal women with MS.

El presente estudio pretende identificar correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre parámetros de masa grasa abdominal obtenidos por densitometría (DXA) y otros de tipo cineantropométrico (índices de distribución de masa grasa) y bioquímico (perfil lipídico) en mujeres postmenopausicas con síndrome metabólico. Se diseño un estudio de cohortes histórico que incluyó a un total de 1326 mujeres post-menopausicas con edad > 45 años que se habían sometido rutinariamente a DXA para conocer su densidad mineral ósea entre Enero de 2006 y Enero de 2011. Se utilizó un DXA tipo Lunar DPX-L para determinar la masa grasa abdominal en las regiones de interés L1-L4 y L3-L4. Además del DXA, se obtuvo de cada participante la correspondiente anamnesis, bioquímica, tensión arterial e índices de distribución de masa grasa mediante técnicas antropométricas convencionales. Se utilizó la clasificación NCEP-ATP-III para el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico. Este protocolo fue aprobado por un Comité de Ética Institucional. La mayor fuerza de asociación se estableció entre el porcentaje de masa grasa L1-L4 obtenido por DXA y el perímetro de la cintura (r= 0,77; p= 0,0016) además de con colesterol-HDL (r= -0,58; p= 0,0290). Finalmente se concluye que el perímetro de la cintura y los niveles de colesterol-HDL podrían recomendarse como predictores del comportamiento de la masa grasa abdominal de regiones de interés L1-L4 y L3-L4 obtenidas por DXA en mujeres postmenopausicas con síndrome metabólico.

ABSTRACT. The role of endothelium and the vascular Smooth Muscle Cells of the middle laye ron the formation of vascular calcifications (VC) has been study in deep. However, no attention was payed to the rol of adventicious in this process. Perhaps, the potential of this tissue was overlooked because the adventicious was consided hardly as a soft connective tissue, without a specific function. On the other hand, a published work (1) stresses a new paradigma VC of " From out to in”, in which the adventicious can participate as a forerunner in the answer to vascular lesion. The aim of the present study was to determine the roll of the adventicious in the development of VC in a in vitro model. For this porpose, aortic rings of wistar rats were cultured with adventicious (with/adv) and without (wout/adv) in culture media with normal levels of phosphorus (Control - P 0,9 mM) and elevated (P 3,3 mM). mineral content (Ca and P). Of the aortal rings were measured by colormetry and by mean of histological colored slide tissues by Von Kossa method. The adition of P 3,3 mM to the culture media resulted in an increase in mineral content of all the rings. The rings of the wout/adv treated with P 3,3 mM showed higher mineral content than those of w. adv group cultured under the same conditions. There were no differences in mineral content of both w. adv and wout adv groups cultured under normal concentration of P (0,9 mM). In conclusion, the adventicious play an protective roll on the VC in aortal rings exposed to high concentrations of in vitro.

RESUMEN El rol del endotelio y de las células del músculo liso vascular de la media en la formación de calcificaciones vasculares (CV) se ha estudiado con profundidad. Sin embargo, no se ha prestado atención al papel de la adventicia en este proceso y no se ha considerado el potencial de este tejido como tal porque se asume que la adventicia es nada más que un simple «tejido conectivo laxo» que rodea los vasos sanguíneos aparentemente sin una función específica. Un trabajo publicado (1) apoya un nuevo paradigma de CV de «afuera hacia adentro», en el que la adventicia puede participar como precursora en la respuesta a una lesión vascular. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el papel de la adventicia en el desarrollo de CV en un modelo in vitro. Para ello se cultivaron anillos aórticos procedentes de ratas Wistar con adventicia (c/adv) y sin adventicia (s/adv) en medios con niveles de fósforo normal (control P 0,9 mM) y elevado (P 3,3 mM). Se determinó el contenido mineral (Ca y P) de los anillos por colorimetría y mediante cortes histológicos teñidos con Von Kossa. La adición de P (3,3 Mm) al medio de cultivo resultó en un incremento en el contenido mineral de todos los anillos. Los anillos del grupo s/adv tratados con P (3,3 mM) presentaron mayor contenido mineral que los anillos c/adv cultivados bajo las mismas condiciones. No hubo diferencias en cuanto a contenido mineral en los grupos c/adv y s/adv cultivados con concentraciones normales de P (0,9 mM). En conclusión, la adventicia desempeña un papel protector de la CV en anillos de aorta expuestos a altas concentraciones de P in vitro.

Orange peel represents approximately 30-40 g/100g of the fresh fruit weight and could be used to develop value-added products. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the effects of drying conditions on the physical properties of orange peel impregnated with sucrose solution. The response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize two parameters: drying temperature (35-55 ºC) and air flow rate (2-3 m/s). The measured responses used to determine the effect of dying process conditions were: moisture content. drying time. total soluble solids. color and hardness. The dried orange peels from the optimal process were subjected to a sensory test by 60 consumers. The optimum conditions for the drying of orange peels were determined to obtain minimum hardness, moisture content and drying time for a w values below 0.6. The optimum conditions were found to be a dying temperature of 52.3 ºC and air flow rate of 2.0 m/s. At this point, drying time, hardness and moisture content were found to be 20 h, 78.4 N and 7.6%, respectively. The sensory results showed that consumers aged over 30 years old accepted well the dried orange peel.

The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst) are two key pests of stored-grain products worldwide. The insecticidal activity of boldo (Peumus boldus Molina) powder, liquid ethanolic and hexanic extracts against S. zeamais and T. castaneum were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The evaluated variables were mortality, emergence of adult insects (F1), and grain weight loss. The experimental design was completely randomized. The mortality in S. zeamais was 100% even at the lowest powder concentration (0.5% w/w), whereas emergence of F1 adult insects was 0% and grain weight loss was < 0.08%. For T. castaneum, only 8 and 16% w/w powder concentrations reached 100% mortality. The liquid ethanolic and hexanic extracts caused 100% mortality of S. zeamais, whereas only the ethanolic extract reached this value for T. castaneum. Therefore, the powder and the evaluated extracts of P. boldus were toxic for S. zeamais and T. castaneum and are promising against these and other stored-grain pests.

El gorgojo del maíz (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) y el gorgojo castaño de la harina (Tribolium castaneum Herbst) son plagas primarias de productos almacenados a nivel mundial. Se evaluó en laboratorio la actividad insecticida de polvo y extractos líquidos etanólicos y hexánicos del boldo (Peumus boldus Molina) sobre S. zeamais y T. castaneum. Las variables evaluadas fueron mortalidad y emergencia de insectos adultos (F1) y pérdida de peso de los granos con un diseño experimental completamente al azar. La mortalidad en S. zeamais fue 100%, incluso con la concentración menor (0,5% p/p) mientras que la emergencia de insectos adultos y la pérdida de peso de granos de maíz fue < 0,08%. Para T. castaneum sólo las concentraciones de 8 y 16% p/p de polvo causaron una mortalidad de 100%. Los extractos en agua, etanol, y hexano tuvieron un efecto insecticida de 100% en S. zeamais, mientras que en T. castaneum sólo el extracto en etanol alcanzó este valor. Por lo tanto, el polvo y los extractos evaluados de P. boldus presentan actividad insecticida contra S. zeamais y T. castaneum y son promisorios para utilizarse contra éstas y otras plagas de granos almacenados.

Pediatric oncology patients frequently have oral lesions due to malignancy or as a side effect of treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of oral pathologies in oncology patients hospitalized and treated at the Regional Hospital of Concepción, Chile, in the years 1997 and 2007. A retrospective study was carried out in 74 patients each year. Patients suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, central nervous system tumors, lymphomas and other neoplasms. General data (age, gender, oncologic disease) and presence of oral pathologies (candidiasis, mucositis post-chemotherapy, herpetic lesions and hemorrhage) were obtained from their clinical records. Data was analyzed for statistical differences. Asignificant reduction in the number of patients with oral pathologies was found in 2007 in comparison to 1997 (P<0.05, Fisher´s test). In addition, candidiasis and oral mucositis showed less prevalence in 2007 as compared to 1997, although no significant differences were found. For the relevance of oral pathologies in the chemotherapy it´s important to continue studies about prevention, early detection and treatment of oral pathologies.

Los pacientes pediátricos oncológicos con frecuencia presentan lesiones orales debido a su neoplasia o como efecto colateral del tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la prevalencia de patologías de la mucosa oral en niños con cáncer que fueron hospitalizados y tratados con quimioterapia en el Hospital Regional de Concepción, en los años 1997 y 2007. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo longitudinal en datas de 148 pacientes (74 cada año) con patologías neoplásicas en tratamiento con quimioterapia (Leucemias, linfomas, tumores del Sistema Nervioso Central y otros), registrando sus datos generales y la patología bucal (mucositis (M), candidiasis (C), lesiones por Virus Herpes tipo 1 (VHS) y síndromes hemorragíparos (H) . Los datos se resumieron en tablas anuales y fueron sometidos a análisis estadísticos. Se encontró una disminución significativa del número de pacientes con patologías bucales en el año 2007 en relación al año 1997 (P<0.05, Tet de Fisher). Además se encontró una tendencia a la baja en los pacientes con candidiasis y con mucositis en el año 2007 en comparación con 1997. Es necesario seguir estudiando medidas para prevenir, diagnosticar y/o tratar tempranamente las patologías orales de los pacientes en tratamiento antineoplásico.

Starting from the theory of generation-recombination of Shockley-Read-Hall process, a minority carrier generation model at interface Si-SiO2 from metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure is developed. Experimental generation curves of the MOS structures, made with silicon oxides deposited by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) technique were obtained. It is shown that generation curves can exhibit a no-lineal increase in the generation rate and it depended on the initial conditions of polarization. This effect was attributed to the contribution of the surface generation in the generation process. From the proponed model and experimental generation curves, the interface trap density, emission coefficient and the activation energy, that characterize the traps at interface, are calculated.

A partir de la teoría de los procesos de generación y recombinación de Shockley-Read-Hall se presenta un modelo de la generación de portadores minoritarios en la interfase silicio-dióxido de silicio (Si-SiO2) de estructuras metal-óxido-semiconductor (MOS). Se obtuvieron las curvas experimentales de generación de las estructuras MOS con óxidos depositados por el método de depósito químico en fase de vapor a presión atmosférica (APCVD). Se muestra que estas curvas pueden presentar un incremento no lineal en la razón de generación, donde este incremento depende de las condiciones iniciales de polarización y cuya naturaleza se debe a la componente de generación superficial. Partiendo del modelo propuesto y de las curvas experimentales de generación, se calcularon los parámetros que caracterizan las trampas en la interfase, como lo son, la densidad de trampas, el coeficiente de emisión y la energía de activación.

We review the role of the momentum of the electromagnetic (EM) fields Pe in several areas of modern physics, revising the most recent achievements and its relationship with Pe. The moment Pe represents the EM interaction in equations for matter and light waves propagation. As an application of wave propagation properties, a first order optical experiment which tests the speed of light in moving rarefied gases is presented. Moreover, Pe is the link to the unitary vision of the quantum effects of the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) type and, for several of these effects, the explicit expression of Pe is evaluated. Finally, these effects provide a quantum approach to evaluate the limit of the photon mass m ph. A new effect of the AB type, together with the scalar AB effect, provides the basis for table-top experiments which yield the limit m ph ~ 9.4 x 10-52 g, a value that improves the results achieved with recent classical and quantum approaches.

Se describe el rol del momento de los campos electromagnéticos (EM) Pe, en varias áreas de la física moderna, revisando los adelantos más recientes y sus relaciónes con Pe. El momento Pe representa la interacción EM en las ecuaciones para la propagación de ondas de luz y materia. Como una aplicación de las propiedades de propagación ondulatoria se considera un experimento óptico de primer orden, el cual prueba la velocidad de la luz en gases enrarecidos en movimiento. Además, Pe esta vinculado a la visión unitaria de los efectos cuánticos del tipo Aharonov-Bohm (AB) y, para varios de estos efectos, se evalúa la expresión explícita de Pe. Finalmente, estos efectos proporcionan un enfoque cuántico para estimar el límite de la masa del fotón m ph. Un nuevo efecto del tipo AB, junto con el efecto escalar AB, constituye la base para un experimento de laboratorio que proporciona el limite m ph ~ 9.4 x 10-52 g , un valor que mejora los resultados logrados con recientes enfoques clásicos y cuánticos.