ABSTRACT Introduction: Distension of the rectum wall and subsequent momentary relaxation of the internal anal sphincter (IAS) trigger a reflex called the rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR). This same rectal distension causes a reflex contraction of the external anal sphincter (EAS), responsible for conscious continence called rectoanal excitatory reflex (RAER). This set of reflexes are named sampling reflex. Objectives: The sampling reflex is necessary to initiate defecation or flatulence. The objective of this study is to evaluate the sampling reflex and its practical applicability as a manometric marker of the main defecation disorders. Methodology: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) items. The development method consisted of searching for articles in the research platforms BVS, PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO and ScienceDirect and for the selection of articles the Rayyan Platform was used. The articles resulting from the search strategies were added to the platform and five collaborators were invited for the blind selection. Finally, 6 articles were included in the final review. Results: An intact sampling reflex allows the individual to facilitate discrimination between flatus and stool and to choose whether to discharge or retain rectal contents. On the other hand, an impaired sampling reflex can predispose an individual to incontinence. Therefore, it was observed that patients with defecation disorders had an impaired sampling reflex, since it was found that constipated patients have incomplete opening of the IAS, lower amplitude of RAIR and increase of RAER. Most incontinent patients present a failure in the recruitment of the EAS, a decrease in the RAER and an increase in the RAIR, in duration and amplitude.

Abstract Objective: The study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature to verify the association between exposure to pesticides and allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis) in children and adolescents. Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using the PRISMA method with the question “What is the association between exposure to pesticides and allergic diseases in children (asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis)?” MEDLINE, EMBASE, SciELO, and Cochrane electronic databases were searched throughout the period in the literature up to September 2020. A total of 1296 studies were found, and 24 were selected. Results: Exposure to pesticides showed a two-fold greater risk of developing or exacerbating asthma in children and adolescents (odds ratio [OR] = 2.14 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-3.64, p < 0.01). There was no association between exposure to pesticides and the development of allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.73, 95% CI 0.13-57.8, p = 0.52) and atopic dermatitis (OR = 2.19, 95% CI 0.51-9.36, p = 0.29). Conclusions: Exposure to pesticides increases the risk of developing or exacerbating asthma in children and adolescents. There was no evidence of an association between exposure to pesticides and the development of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents, possibly due to the low number of studies found in this review.

RESUMO A partir de referenciais do feminismo negro, da perspectiva interseccional e dos estudos étnicoraciais no Brasil, problematizam-se o racismo e o sexismo na academia brasileira com base na caracterização e análise da presença/ausência de professoras negras em programas de pós-graduação em ciências da saúde de duas universidades federais fluminenses, UFRJ e UFF. Utilizando informações de sites de 31 Programas de Pós-Graduação (PPG), reconstruíram-se quantitativamente os perfis de gênero e étnico-raciais por universidade e área de avaliação. Identificaram-se 23 professoras negras que ocupam 26 vagas docentes nos PPG analisados. Com base em informações da Plataforma Lattes, também se abordou longitudinalmente a dimensão de estudo. Os resultados assinalam que a presença de professoras negras é de 2% na UFRJ e de 6% na UFF; que ela é maior em áreas relativas aos cuidados e ínfima em áreas de maior prestígio científico e socioeconômico, como medicina. Constata-se o racismo como principal sistema de poder, operando no contexto institucional e disciplinar. Neste último, associado ao sexismo que determina as hierarquias de gênero nas áreas de saúde. Observa-se, também, que as desigualdades de raça se sobrepõem às de gênero no contexto desta pesquisa, confirmando as teses que apontam o epistemicídio dos saberes negros.

ABSTRACT Based on black feminism, intersectional perspective and Brazilian ethnic-racial studies, the paper problematized racism and sexism in the Brazilian academy. It characterizes and analyses the presence/ absence of black women professors in PhD programs in health sciences of two federal universities, UFRJ and UFF. Using information from the websites of 31 PhD programs, we reconstructed, quantitatively, the gender and ethnic-racial profiles of the PhD programs by university and evaluation area. Twentythree black women professors were identified in 26 teaching positions. Based on information from the Plataforma Lattes, we also addressed the study dimension longitudinally. The results indicate that the presence of black women professors is 2% at UFRJ and 6% at UFF. It is greater in areas related to care, and non-existent in areas of greater scientific and socio-economic prestige, such as Medicine. Racism is seen as the main power system, operating in the institutional and disciplinary context. In the latter, it is associated with sexism that determines gender hierarchies in health fields. It is also observed that race inequalities overlap with gender inequalities in the context of this research, confirming the theses that point to the epistemicide of black knowledge.

RESUMO A partir de referenciais do feminismo negro, da perspectiva interseccional e dos estudos étnicoraciais no Brasil, problematizam-se o racismo e o sexismo na academia brasileira com base na caracterização e análise da presença/ausência de professoras negras em programas de pós-graduação em ciências da saúde de duas universidades federais fluminenses, UFRJ e UFF. Utilizando informações de sites de 31 Programas de Pós-Graduação (PPG), reconstruíram-se quantitativamente os perfis de gênero e étnico-raciais por universidade e área de avaliação. Identificaram-se 23 professoras negras que ocupam 26 vagas docentes nos PPG analisados. Com base em informações da Plataforma Lattes, também se abordou longitudinalmente a dimensão de estudo. Os resultados assinalam que a presença de professoras negras é de 2% na UFRJ e de 6% na UFF; que ela é maior em áreas relativas aos cuidados e ínfima em áreas de maior prestígio científico e socioeconômico, como medicina. Constata-se o racismo como principal sistema de poder, operando no contexto institucional e disciplinar. Neste último, associado ao sexismo que determina as hierarquias de gênero nas áreas de saúde. Observa-se, também, que as desigualdades de raça se sobrepõem às de gênero no contexto desta pesquisa, confirmando as teses que apontam o epistemicídio dos saberes negros.

ABSTRACT Based on black feminism, intersectional perspective and Brazilian ethnic-racial studies, the paper problematized racism and sexism in the Brazilian academy. It characterizes and analyses the presence/ absence of black women professors in PhD programs in health sciences of two federal universities, UFRJ and UFF. Using information from the websites of 31 PhD programs, we reconstructed, quantitatively, the gender and ethnic-racial profiles of the PhD programs by university and evaluation area. Twentythree black women professors were identified in 26 teaching positions. Based on information from the Plataforma Lattes, we also addressed the study dimension longitudinally. The results indicate that the presence of black women professors is 2% at UFRJ and 6% at UFF. It is greater in areas related to care, and non-existent in areas of greater scientific and socio-economic prestige, such as Medicine. Racism is seen as the main power system, operating in the institutional and disciplinary context. In the latter, it is associated with sexism that determines gender hierarchies in health fields. It is also observed that race inequalities overlap with gender inequalities in the context of this research, confirming the theses that point to the epistemicide of black knowledge.

Resumo A psitacose, também conhecida como ornitose, é geralmente uma doença com manifestações sistémicas proeminentes e alguns sintomas respiratórios, causada por Chlamydia psittaci. Os pássaros psitacinos são o principal reservatório e meio de transmissão da doença para os humanos. Descreve-se o caso clínico de uma doente de 50 anos, trabalhadora num armazém agro-avícola, que foi observada três vezes em contexto de urgência por quadro de dispneia, tosse seca, toracalgia, cansaço generalizado e febre. Relata-se o seu percurso e evolução até ao diagnóstico de pneumonia a Chlamydia psittaci. Este relato de caso reforça a importância de realizar sempre uma adequada anamnese, revelando-se preponderante para o sucesso diagnóstico e terapêutica dirigida.

Abstract Psittacosis, also known as ornithosis, is a condition, caused by Chlamydia psittaci, which usually causes both prominente systemic manifestations and respiratory symptoms. This condition is transmitted to the vast majority of humans by psitaciformes birds. In this article, we describe a clinical case of a 50-year-old patient, working in an agro-poultry warehouse, who was observed three times due to dyspnea, dry cough, chest pain, general tiredness and fever. Only after she have been submitted to additional tests, the diagnosis of pneumonia to Chlamydia psittaci was revealed. With this case we aim to stress the fundamental role played by an adequate anamnesis and her importance for a successful diagnosis and concomitant targeted therapy.

ABSTRACT Based on the knowledge of the social determination of health, the challenge and the strategy of action to promote integrated public policies are posed, focusing on the concept of expanded health in territories where populations with high social exclusion prevail. For this purpose, the dialectic relationship between social classes, territories and health is considered. Based on the founding objectives of primary health care, the family health teams in the municipality of Petrópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were trained to carry out a participatory rapid assessment related to the goals of the sustainable development objectives, in their areas of operation. This diagnosis guided the action plan for health promotion in eight pilot areas, within which conglomerates of greater social exclusion are defined through participatory mapping. Following criteria for the social control of the health system, established in the country’s legislation, the creation of community forums is encouraged, which will elect legitimate community representatives to serve on local health councils, whose main mission is to discuss health and welfare problems on the basis of an intersectoral and expanded vision. The community forums, in conjunction with other local society organizations, discuss the main problems and propose alternative solutions that will collectively transform the reality of the territories. As an initial alternative, agro-ecological urban agriculture projects are established to promote sovereign and resilient transformations.

RESUMEN Con base en los conocimientos sobre la determinación social de la salud, se plantea el desafío y la estrategia de actuación para fomentar políticas públicas integradas, con foco en el concepto de salud ampliada en los territorios donde prevalecen poblaciones de elevada exclusión social. Para ello, se considera la relación dialéctica existente entre las clases sociales, los territorios y la salud. Partiendo de los objetivos fundadores de la atención primaria de la salud, los equipos de salud de la familia en la municipalidad de Petrópolis, estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, fueron capacitados para realizar un diagnóstico rápido participativo relacionado con las metas de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, en sus áreas de actuación. Dicho diagnóstico orientó el plan de acción para la promoción de salud en ocho áreas piloto, dentro de las cuales se delimitan conglomerados de mayor exclusión social mediante la cartografía participativa. Siguiendo criterios del control social del sistema de salud, establecidos en la legislación del país, se fomenta la creación de foros comunitarios que elegirán representantes legítimos de la comunidad para integrar los consejos locales de salud, cuya principal misión es discutir los problemas de salud y bienestar a partir de una visión intersectorial y ampliada. Los foros comunitarios, en conjunto con otras organizaciones de la sociedad local, debaten los principales problemas y proponen soluciones alternativas que permitan transformar colectivamente la realidad de los territorios. Como alternativa inicial se establecen proyectos de agricultura urbana de carácter agroecológico para promover transformaciones soberanas y resilientes.

ABSTRACT Based on the knowledge of the social determination of health, the challenge and the strategy of action to promote integrated public policies are posed, focusing on the concept of expanded health in territories where populations with high social exclusion prevail. For this purpose, the dialectic relationship between social classes, territories and health is considered. Based on the founding objectives of primary health care, the family health teams in the municipality of Petrópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were trained to carry out a participatory rapid assessment related to the goals of the sustainable development objectives, in their areas of operation. This diagnosis guided the action plan for health promotion in eight pilot areas, within which conglomerates of greater social exclusion are defined through participatory mapping. Following criteria for the social control of the health system, established in the country’s legislation, the creation of community forums is encouraged, which will elect legitimate community representatives to serve on local health councils, whose main mission is to discuss health and welfare problems on the basis of an intersectoral and expanded vision. The community forums, in conjunction with other local society organizations, discuss the main problems and propose alternative solutions that will collectively transform the reality of the territories. As an initial alternative, agro-ecological urban agriculture projects are established to promote sovereign and resilient transformations.

RESUMEN Con base en los conocimientos sobre la determinación social de la salud, se plantea el desafío y la estrategia de actuación para fomentar políticas públicas integradas, con foco en el concepto de salud ampliada en los territorios donde prevalecen poblaciones de elevada exclusión social. Para ello, se considera la relación dialéctica existente entre las clases sociales, los territorios y la salud. Partiendo de los objetivos fundadores de la atención primaria de la salud, los equipos de salud de la familia en la municipalidad de Petrópolis, estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, fueron capacitados para realizar un diagnóstico rápido participativo relacionado con las metas de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, en sus áreas de actuación. Dicho diagnóstico orientó el plan de acción para la promoción de salud en ocho áreas piloto, dentro de las cuales se delimitan conglomerados de mayor exclusión social mediante la cartografía participativa. Siguiendo criterios del control social del sistema de salud, establecidos en la legislación del país, se fomenta la creación de foros comunitarios que elegirán representantes legítimos de la comunidad para integrar los consejos locales de salud, cuya principal misión es discutir los problemas de salud y bienestar a partir de una visión intersectorial y ampliada. Los foros comunitarios, en conjunto con otras organizaciones de la sociedad local, debaten los principales problemas y proponen soluciones alternativas que permitan transformar colectivamente la realidad de los territorios. Como alternativa inicial se establecen proyectos de agricultura urbana de carácter agroecológico para promover transformaciones soberanas y resilientes.

ABSTRACT The circulation of arboviruses throughout the world and the maintenance of lymphatic filariasis endemicity in tropical countries, combined with the lack of vaccines and specific treatments, highlight the importance of reducing the populations of mosquitoes involved in the transmission of these pathogens, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. To contribute to the development of new strategies for monitoring and controlling these culicids, we evaluated the performance of the Double BR-OVT trap individually and in pairs, in the field. After 18 months, the Double BR-OVT traps captured a mean of 3.5 ± 7.4 and 1.8 ± 3.2 of Culex and Aedes /residence/cycle, respectively, in addition to 410 ± 588.3 Aedes eggs/residence/cycle. When installed in pairs, the Double BR-OVT traps collected three times more adult mosquitoes of C. quinquefasciatus (9.4 ± 8.3 Culex /residence/bimester) and two times more Aedes spp. (3 ± 3.2 Aedes /residence/bimester) in comparison with the traps installed individually (2.6 ± 7.1 and 1.5 ± 3.2 Culex and Aedes /residence/bimester, respectively) (p < 0.05). The Double BR-OVT trap has an exceptional advantage: it aggregates different functionalities into a single instrument, as this type of trap can concomitantly collect eggs and adult mosquitoes of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti , a feature that makes it a potentially useful tool among the strategies for monitoring and controlling these mosquitoes.

BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the most important arbovirus vectors in the world. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate and compare the infestation pattern of these species in a neighbourhood of Recife, Brazil, endemic for arboviruses in 2005 (T1) and 2013 (T2). METHODS Infestation, distribution and relative abundance of these sympatric species were recorded by egg collection using a network of 59 sentinel ovitraps (s-ovt) at fixed sampling stations for 12 months in T1 and T2. FINDINGS A permanent occupation pattern was detected which was characterised by the presence of egg-laying females of one or both species with a high ovitrap positivity index (94.3 to 100%) throughout both years analysed. In terms of abundance, the total of eggs collected was lower (p < 0.005) in T2 (146,153) than in T1 (281,103), although ovitraps still displayed a high index of positivity. The spatial distribution showed the presence of both species in 65.1% of the 148 s-ovt assessed, while a smaller number of traps exclusively contained Ae. aegypti (22%) or Ae. albopictus (13.2%) eggs. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our comparative analysis demonstrated the robustness of the spatial occupation and permanence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations in this endemic urban area.

RESUMO O mini-exame do estado mental (MEEM) é um teste de rastreio mundialmente utilizado para identificar alterações no âmbito da cognição. Estudos têm demonstrado a influência da educação, idade e gênero na pontuação do MEEM. No entanto, no Brasil, os estudos consideram apenas um fator para a pontuação no teste. O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer uma equação preditiva para o MEEM. Um estudo transversal exploratório foi desenvolvido e examinadores treinados avaliaram participantes da comunidade. Os voluntários foram avaliados pelo MEEM e pela Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG). A pontuação do MEEM foi a variável dependente. A idade, nível educacional, gênero e pontuação na EDG foram as variáveis independentes. A análise de regressão multivariada foi utilizada para determinar o modelo de melhor valor preditivo para os escores do MEEM. Foram avaliados 250 indivíduos entre 20 e 99 anos, sem comprometimento cognitivo. O nível educacional, a idade e o sexo explicaram 38% da variância total da pontuação do MEEM (p<0,0001) e resultaram na equação: MEEM=23,350+0,265(anos de escolaridade)-0,042(idade)+1,323(gênero), em que mulher=1 e homem=2. A pontuação do MEEM pode ser melhor explicada e predita quando o nível educacional, idade e gênero são considerados. Os resultados contribuem para o conhecimento sobre as variáveis que influenciam o escore do MEEM, bem como fornece uma maneira de considerá-las na pontuação do teste, proporcionando uma melhor triagem desses pacientes.

ABSTRACT The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) is a screening test used worldwide for identifying changes in the scope of cognition. Studies have shown the influence of education, age and sex in the MMSE score. However, in Brazil, the studies consider only one factor to score it. The aim of this study was to establish a prediction equation for the MMSE. An exploratory cross-sectional study was developed and trained researchers examined participants at the community. The volunteers were evaluated by the MMSE and also by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The MMSE score was the dependent variable. Age, educational level, sex, and GDS score were the independent variables. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the model of best prediction value for MMSE scores. A total of 250 participants aged 20-99 years, without cognitive impairment, were assessed. The educational level, age, and sex explained 38% of the total variance of the MMSE score (p<0.0001) and resulted in the following equation: MMSE=23.350+0.265(years of schooling)-0.042(age)+1.323(sex), in which female=1 and male=2. The MMSE scores can be better explained and predicted when educational level, age, and sex are considered. These results enhance the knowledge regarding the variables that influence the MMSE score, as well as provide a way to consider all of them in the test score, providing a better screening of these patients.

RESUMEN El mini-examen del estado mental (MEEM) es una prueba de rastreo mundialmente utilizada para identificar alteraciones en el ámbito de la cognición. Los estudios han demostrado la influencia de la educación, la edad y el sexo en la puntuación del MEEM. Sin embargo, en Brasil, los estudios consideran sólo un factor para la puntuación en la prueba. El objetivo del estudio fue establecer una ecuación predictiva para el MEEM. Un estudio transversal exploratorio fue desarrollado y examinadores entrenados evaluaron a participantes de la comunidad. Los participantes fueron evaluados por el MEEM y la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica (EDG). La puntuación del MEEM fue la variable dependiente. La edad, nivel educativo, sexo y puntuación en la EDG fueron las variables independientes. El análisis de regresión multivariada fue utilizado para determinar el modelo de mejor valor predictivo para los escores del MEEM. Se evaluaron 250 individuos entre 20 y 99 años, sin comprometimiento cognitivo. El nivel educativo, la edad y el sexo explicaron el 38% de la varianza total de la puntuación del MEEM (p <0,0001) y resultaron en la ecuación: MEEM=23,350+0,265(años de escolaridad)-0,042 (edad)+1,323 (sexo), en que mujer = 1 y hombre = 2. La puntuación del MEEM puede ser mejor explicada y predecible cuando se considera el nivel educativo, la edad y el sexo. Los resultados contribuyen para el conocimiento sobre las variables que influencian el score del MEEM, así como proporciona una manera de considerar las variables en la puntuación de la prueba, proporcionando una mejor forma de triar a estos pacientes.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar se a incidência de infecção hospitalar por microrganismo resistente diminuiu após a implementação da medida restritiva da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária para comercialização de antimicrobianos. MÉTODOS Estudo de coorte histórica de registros de prontuários de pacientes adultos admitidos para internação em um hospital geral e público no período de maio de 2010 a julho de 2011. Foi formada uma coorte com pacientes internados em período anterior à medida restritiva para comercialização de antimicrobianos (Fase I) e uma segunda coorte com pacientes admitidos após a implantação da medida restritiva (Fase II). RESULTADOS O risco instantâneo de infecção hospitalar por microrganismo resistente foi estimado em sete por 1.000 pessoas-tempo (IC95% 0,006–0,008) na Fase I, e quatro por 1.000 pessoas-tempo (IC95% 0,003–0,005) na Fase II do estudo. As diferenças entre as curvas de sobrevida nas diferentes fases do estudo e estratificadas pela faixa etária também foram significativas (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES Os resultados sugerem que a implantação da medida restritiva de comercialização de antimicrobianos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária reduziu a incidência de infecção hospitalar por microrganismo resistente.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess whether the incidence of hospital infection by a resistant microorganism decreased after the implementation of the restrictive measure of the National Health Surveillance Agency for the commercialization of antimicrobials. METHODS A historical cohort study of medical records of adult patients admitted to a general and public hospital from May 2010 to July 2011. A cohort was formed with patients admitted in the period before the restrictive measure for the commercialization of antimicrobials (Phase I) and a second cohort was formed with patients admitted after the implementation of the restrictive measure (Phase II). RESULTS The instantaneous risk of hospital infection by a resistant microorganism was estimated at seven by 1,000 people-time (95%CI 0.006–0.008) in Phase I, and four by 1,000 people-time (95%CI 0.003–0.005) in Phase II of the study. The differences between the survival curves in the different phases of the study and stratified by age group were also significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the implementation of the restrictive measure of the commercialization of antimicrobials by the National Health Surveillance Agency reduced the incidence of hospital infection by a resistant microorganism.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar se a incidência de infecção hospitalar por microrganismo resistente diminuiu após a implementação da medida restritiva da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária para comercialização de antimicrobianos. MÉTODOS Estudo de coorte histórica de registros de prontuários de pacientes adultos admitidos para internação em um hospital geral e público no período de maio de 2010 a julho de 2011. Foi formada uma coorte com pacientes internados em período anterior à medida restritiva para comercialização de antimicrobianos (Fase I) e uma segunda coorte com pacientes admitidos após a implantação da medida restritiva (Fase II). RESULTADOS O risco instantâneo de infecção hospitalar por microrganismo resistente foi estimado em sete por 1.000 pessoas-tempo (IC95% 0,006–0,008) na Fase I, e quatro por 1.000 pessoas-tempo (IC95% 0,003–0,005) na Fase II do estudo. As diferenças entre as curvas de sobrevida nas diferentes fases do estudo e estratificadas pela faixa etária também foram significativas (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES Os resultados sugerem que a implantação da medida restritiva de comercialização de antimicrobianos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária reduziu a incidência de infecção hospitalar por microrganismo resistente.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess whether the incidence of hospital infection by a resistant microorganism decreased after the implementation of the restrictive measure of the National Health Surveillance Agency for the commercialization of antimicrobials. METHODS A historical cohort study of medical records of adult patients admitted to a general and public hospital from May 2010 to July 2011. A cohort was formed with patients admitted in the period before the restrictive measure for the commercialization of antimicrobials (Phase I) and a second cohort was formed with patients admitted after the implementation of the restrictive measure (Phase II). RESULTS The instantaneous risk of hospital infection by a resistant microorganism was estimated at seven by 1,000 people-time (95%CI 0.006–0.008) in Phase I, and four by 1,000 people-time (95%CI 0.003–0.005) in Phase II of the study. The differences between the survival curves in the different phases of the study and stratified by age group were also significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the implementation of the restrictive measure of the commercialization of antimicrobials by the National Health Surveillance Agency reduced the incidence of hospital infection by a resistant microorganism.

An undergraduate organic chemistry experiment for oil extraction and biodiesel production using alternative biomass was developed, whereby oils of avocado, coconut and spent coffee grounds were obtained and submitted to transesterification reaction with CH3OH under NaOH catalysis. Avocado and coffee oils were obtained by typical extraction and coconut oil was obtained through water evaporation of coconut milk in a domestic microwave oven. The commercial oil of licuri (Syagrus coronate), a Brazilian native biomass, was also converted to biodiesel. All four oils and four biodiesels were characterized by 1H-NMR and FTIR, and a comparative study of these spectra reveled that FTIR analyses alone provides enough information to discriminate between oil and biodiesel and confirm transesterification reaction. Besides, the unsaturation degree of all oils was determined by 1H-NMR. A mechanistic proposal concerning the role of NaOH catalysis is presented, excluding the sodium methoxide formation.

RESUMO Introdução: A hérnia inguinal é uma das doenças cirúrgicas mais frequentes. Atualmente, com as vantagens da cirurgia minimamente invasiva, novas questões surgem: qual será a melhor abordagem para correção de hérnia inguinal? Existe benefício real com a abordagem robótica? Objetivo: Compilar resultados dos estudos publicados que utilizaram a técnica robô-assistida no reparo da hérnia inguinal analisando suas limitações, complicações e comparando-a com as das técnicas pré-existentes. Método: A revisão foi realizada a partir da base de dados do Medline com os seguintes descritores: (inguinal hernia repair OR hernioplasty OR hernia) AND (robot OR robotic OR robotic assisted) sendo recuperados 391 artigos. Após verificação dos títulos e resumos, identificou-se oito séries de casos congruentes com os objetivos desta revisão. Três revisores participaram do processo de extração e seleção de resultados. Resultados: Nos estudos comparativos demonstrou-se aumento no tempo cirúrgico em relação à via aberta e videolaparoscópica. As complicações apresentam taxas similares com as outras vias de reparo. Conclusão: Esta técnica demonstrou-se efetiva para correção da hérnia inguinal, mas os benefícios da utilização da cirurgia robótica não estão claros. Para isso, há a necessidade de trabalhos randomizados que comparem o reparo laparoscópico ao robotizado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Inguinal hernia is one of the most frequent surgical diseases. Currently, with the advantages of minimally invasive surgery, new questions arise: what will be the best approach for correction of inguinal hernia? Is there real benefit to the robotic approach? Objective: To compile results of the published studies that used the robot-assisted technique in the repair of inguinal hernia, analyzing its limitations, complications and comparing it with those of the pre-existing techniques. Method: The review was performed from the Medline database with the following descriptors: (inguinal hernia repair OR hernioplasty OR hernia) AND (robot OR robotic OR robotic assisted) being retrieved 391 articles. After verification of the titles and abstracts, we identified eight series of cases congruent with the objectives of this review. Three reviewers participated in the extraction and selection of results. Results: Comparative studies showed an increase in surgical time in relation to the open and videolaparoscopic approach. The complications present similar rates with the other repair routes. Conclusion: This technique has been shown to be effective for the correction of inguinal hernia, but the benefits of using robotic surgery are unclear. So, there is a need for randomized studies comparing laparoscopic to robotic repair

Resumo: O presente artigo tem por objetivo principal apresentar o exercício testemunhal como um potente método de ensino ético-político, por meio do relato de uma experiência de docência em um curso de graduação de Psicologia do Rio Grande do Sul. Propusemos uma disciplina chamada “O que resta da ditadura: estudos clínico-políticos sobre violência”, que teve como finalidade estudar os efeitos traumáticos da violência, a função testemunhal como possibilidade de transmissão e elaboração e as implicações desses temas para o trabalho de psicólogos(as) no Brasil. Iniciamos nosso relato descrevendo como tornamos as noções de trauma e testemunho ferramentas de ensino. Situamos, assim, a origem e a importância desses conceitos para os campos da psicanálise, da literatura e da história, propondo também uma maneira de utilizá-los como recursos pedagógicos. A seguir, narramos alguns episódios que levaram à emergência de uma “crise” em sala de aula. Discutimos essa crise como uma soma de fatores, destacando-a como um processo próprio da experiência de ensino e justificando, desta feita, que todo ensino testemunhal deve passar por uma crise. Por fim, resumimos os principais aspectos que caracterizam o ensino testemunhal, tal como o entendemos, e analisamos por que ele é uma ferramenta potente na formação de psicólogos(as) na atual conjuntura social e política.

Abstract: The main purpose of this article is to present testimonial exercise as a powerful method of ethico-political teaching, by reporting of a teaching experience in a psychology undergraduate course in Rio Grande do Sul. We proposed a course called “What remains of dictatorship: clinical-political studies of violence” to study the traumatic effects of violence, the role of testimony as a possibility of transmission and working-through, and the implications of these themes for the work of psychologists in Brazil. We begin our account by describing made the notions of trauma and testimony can be incorporated as teaching tools. We thus locate the origin and importance of these concepts for the fields of psychoanalysis, literature and history; also proposing a way of using them as pedagogical tools. After that, we narrate some episodes that led to the emergence of a “crisis” in the classroom. We discuss this crisis as a sum of factors, highlighting it as an inherent process of the teaching experience and justifying, therefore, that all testimonial education must go through a crisis. Finally, we summarize the main aspects that characterize testimonial teaching, as we understand it, and analyze why it is a powerful tool in the education of psychologists in the current social and political conjuncture.

Resumen: El presente artículo tiene por objetivo principal presentar el ejercicio testimonial como un potente método de enseñanza ético-político, a través del relato de una experiencia de docencia en un curso de pregrado de psicología de Rio Grande do Sul. Propusimos una disciplina llamada “Lo que queda de la dictadura: estudios clínico-políticos sobre la violencia”, que tuvo como finalidad estudiar los efectos traumáticos de la violencia, la función testimonial como posibilidad de transmisión y elaboración, y las implicaciones de esos temas para el trabajo de psicólogos(as) en Brasil. Iniciamos nuestro relato describiendo cómo hicimos las nociones de trauma y testimonio herramientas de enseñanza. Situamos así el origen y la importancia de estos conceptos para los campos del psicoanálisis, de la literatura y de la historia; proponiendo también una manera de utilizarlos como recursos pedagógicos. A continuación, relatamos algunos episodios que llevaron a la emergencia de una “crisis” en el aula. Discutimos esa crisis como una suma de factores, destacándola como un proceso propio de la experiencia de enseñanza y justificando, así, que toda educación testimonial debe pasar por una crisis. Finalmente, resumimos los principales aspectos que caracterizan la enseñanza testimonial, tal como la entendemos, y analizamos por qué es una herramienta potente en la formación de psicólogos(as) en la actual coyuntura social y política.