During three decades, an enormous number of studies have demonstrated the critical role of nitric oxide (NO) as a second messenger engaged in the activation of many systems including vascular smooth muscle relaxation. The underlying cellular mechanisms involved in vasodilatation are essentially due to soluble guanylyl-cyclase (sGC) modulation in the cytoplasm of vascular smooth cells. sGC activation culminates in cyclic GMP (cGMP) production, which in turn leads to protein kinase G (PKG) activation. NO binds to the sGC heme moiety, thereby activating this enzyme. Activation of the NO-sGC-cGMP-PKG pathway entails Ca2+ signaling reduction and vasodilatation. Endothelium dysfunction leads to decreased production or bioavailability of endogenous NO that could contribute to vascular diseases. Nitrosyl ruthenium complexes have been studied as a new class of NO donors with potential therapeutic use in order to supply the NO deficiency. In this context, this article shall provide a brief review of the effects exerted by the NO that is enzymatically produced via endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS) activation and by the NO released from NO donor compounds in the vascular smooth muscle cells on both conduit and resistance arteries, as well as veins. In addition, the involvement of the nitrite molecule as an endogenous NO reservoir engaged in vasodilatation will be described.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de uma barra de pulverização com um protetor contra deriva de um pulverizador de transporte animal, para aplicação de herbicida não-seletivo, em lavouras de café em formação. Foram utilizados bicos de pulverização de jato plano e distribuição uniforme do tipo 80-EF-015, três volumes de calda e duas doses de glyphosate. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em uma lavoura de café com 18 meses de plantio. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram valores de eficácia de controle de plantas daninhas, na entrelinha, superiores a 98%. O equipamento proporcionou proteção total contra a deriva, não sendo observado nenhum sinal de impacto de gotas da calda na cultura, bem como não foi observado nenhum sinal de toxicidade do herbicida até 30 dias após as aplicações.

This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a sprayer boom with a drift protector of an animal powered sprayer for non-selective herbicide applications in young coffee crops. Flat fan type 80-EF-015 nozzles with uniform distribution were used to apply three application volumes and two glyphosate doses. The experiments were conducted in an 18-month-old coffee crop. All treatments showed efficacy values higher than 98% for weed control within the row. The equipment offered total protection against drift, as no signs of drop impact on the crop and of herbicide toxicity for up to 30 days after applications were observed.