Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación, fue determinar la incidencia y distribución de la enfermedad mano de chango en maíz en nueve estados de la República Mexicana (Tlaxcala, Puebla, Edo. de México, Hidalgo, Veracruz, Morelos, Oaxaca, Chiapas y Jalisco). Los sitios de evaluación se georreferenciaron, se estimó la incidencia y se realizó una encuesta con los productores para determinar la identidad del germoplasma utilizado. La mano de chango se encontró afectando plantas de maíz en localidades de los estados de Puebla con incidencia de 24%, Hidalgo (17.05%), Morelos (11.7%), Chiapas (7.28%), Tlaxcala (7.0%), Oaxaca (6.5%), Veracruz (6.3%), Edo. de México (6.2%), y Jalisco (3.0%). Los datos mostraron una correlación baja, pero positiva (r=0.30) entre la altitud y la incidencia. Observaciones indicaron que el germoplasma nativo es más susceptible a la enfermedad que el mejorado.

Abstract The incidence of maize monkey´s hand disease was determined in nine states of the Mexican Republic. The evaluation sites were georeferenced, and incidence was estimated along with the farmers to determinate the identity of the germplasm used. Monkey´s hand was found affecting maize plants in localities of the States of Puebla with an incidence of 24%, Hidalgo (17.05%), Morelos (11.7%), Chiapas (7.28%), Tlaxcala (7.0%), Oaxaca (6.5%), Veracruz (6.3%), Mexico (6.2%), and Jalisco (3.0%). Data showed a low but positive correlation (r= 0.30) between altitude and incidence. Native germplasm is more susceptible to the monkey´s hand disease than improved germplasm.

ABSTRACT Alternative methods of control against different parasites affecting livestock and agriculture are currently being sought. The essential oil of Peumus boldus Molina has anthelmintic and insecticidal activity against the nematode Haemonchus contortus and stored cereal insect pests. The present study aimed to assess the in vitro activity of P. boldus essential oil against H. contortus (L3) unsheathed and Sitophilus zeamais, Tribolium castaneum, and Plodia interpunctella. The essential oil was obtained from leaves of P. boldus and its principal compounds identified by phytochemical analysis. Essential oil was tested at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2.0 mg mL-1 on unsheathed L3 H. contortus larvae and in concentrations of 0, 35, 70, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 μL L-1 air on adult insects. The main constituents detected in the essential oil were 1,8-cineole, terpineol, terpinene-4-ol, γ-terpinene, p-cimene, methyl eugenol, safrole, (E)-germacrene D, β-tujene, and ascaridol. The nematode H. contortus and insects were exposed to the essential oil for 72 h. In a bioassay with H. contortus larvae, treatment with 2.0 mg mL-1 showed the highest toxicity with 99.2% mortality. Regarding insecticidal activity, S. zeamais was the most susceptible species with a mortality of 90% at 200 μL L-1 air. The present study suggests that the essential oil of P. boldus has potential anthelmintic and insecticidal activity.

ABSTRACT Insect pests of stored cereals cause losses between 10 and 20%, which requires the search for effective and environmentally friendly control alternatives that pose no threat to human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate under laboratory conditions the insecticidal and insectistatic activity of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens foliage powder against Sitophilus zeamais. The studied variables were contact and fumigant toxicity and repellent and anti-feed activity. The contact and fumigant toxicity did not exceed 40% mortality in any of the concentrations evaluated, although the concentration of 8.0% affected the progeny, recording 80.9% inhibition of adult insect emergence (F1) in E. globulus and 86.7% inhibition in E. nitens. All the treatments showed repellency and E. nitens recorded a feeding deterrence index (FDI) of 60.5%. It can be concluded that E. globulus and E.nitens powder has potential as a repellent and inhibitor of the life cycle of S. zeamais.

RESUMEN Los insectos plaga de los cereales almacenados causan pérdidas entre 10 y 20%, lo que hace necesaria la búsqueda de alternativas de control efectivas, amigables con el medio ambiente y que no representen riegos para la salud de las personas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar, en condiciones de laboratorio, la acción insecticida e insectistática del polvo de follaje de Eucalyptus globulus y Eucalyptus nitens para el control de Sitophilus zeamais. Las variables estudiadas fueron toxicidad por contacto y fumigación y actividad repelente y anti-alimentaria. La toxicidad por contacto y fumigación no superó el 40% de mortalidad en ninguna de las concentraciones evaluadas, aunque el tratamiento de 8,0% afectó la progenie, registrando un 80,9% de inhibición de la emergencia de insectos adultos (F1) para E. globulus y de 86,7% en E. nitens. La totalidad de los tratamientos mostró efecto repelente y el polvo de E. nitens presentó un índice de disuasión de la alimentación (IDA) de 60,5%. Se concluye que el polvo de follaje de E. globulus y E.nitens presenta potencial como repelente e inhibidor del ciclo de S. zeamais.

Resumen El psílido de la papa/tomate, Bactericera cockerelli, es una de las plagas más importantes de cultivos de solanáceas en el mundo. Spirotetramat y spiromesifen son insecticidas comúnmente utilizados contra esta plaga y actúan inhibiendo la acetil CoA carboxilasa, y con ello evitan la biosíntesis de lípidos. Se evaluó el efecto de los insecticidas sobre el comportamiento de oviposición de B. cockerelli en plantas de chile habanero [Capsicum chinense (Jacq)]. El follaje de la planta se dividió en tres estratos (superior, medio e inferior) y todas las combinaciones de estratos se trataron por separado con 30 mL de la solución a una concentración de 1 mL L-1 de formulación comercial, se utilizó una torre Potter a 0.703 kg cm-2 de presión, calibrada para aplicar 2 mL cm-2. Después de 1 h de tratamiento se retiró la cubierta plástica de los estratos no tratados, y las plantas de cada tratamiento se infestaron con 20 pares de adultos de 20 a 24 h y se les permitió ovipositar durante 7 d. Se registró el número de huevos por hoja por estrato y se calculó su porcentaje. El porcentaje de huevos por hoja en el testigo en los estratos superior, medio e inferior fue 42, 32 y 26 %, respectivamente. El Spiromesifen inhibió significativamente (P ≤ 0.05) la oviposición sólo en la capa tratada. El Spirotetramat redujo significativamente (P ≤ 0.05) la tasa de oviposición, independientemente del estrato tratado, lo que indica actividad biológica en partes no tratadas de la planta, ya sea por encima o por debajo de la parte tratada.

Summary The potato/tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, is one of the most important pests of solanaceous crops in the world. Spirotetramat and spiromesifen are insecticides commonly used against this pest and act by inhibiting acetyl CoA carboxylase, thus preventing the biosynthesis of lipids. Their effect of the insecticides on the oviposition behavior of B. cockerelli on habanero pepper plants, [Capsicum chinense (Jacq)] was evaluated. The foliage of the plant was divided into three strata (upper, middle and lower), and all the strata combinations were treated separately with 30 mL of the solution at a concentration of 1 mL L-1 of commercial formulation using a Potter tower at 0.703 kg cm-2 of pressure, calibrated to apply 2 mL cm-2. After 1 h of treatment, the plastic cover was removed from the untreated strata, and the plants of each treatment were infested with 20 pairs of 20 to 24 h-old adults and allowed them to oviposit for 7 d. The number of eggs per leaf per stratum was recorded and its percentage was calculated. The percentage of eggs per leaf in the control at the upper, middle and lower strata was 42, 32 and 26 %, respectively. Spiromesifen significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited oviposition only in the treated layer. Spirotetramat significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the oviposition rate, regardless of the treated stratum, indicating biological activity on untreated parts of the plant, either above or below the treated part.

ABSTRACT Sitophilus zeamais is one of the major pests of stored cereals worldwide and its control is based on the use of synthetic insecticides, but their irrational use has caused environmental pollution and resistance. Essential oils have shown contact and fumigant insecticidal effect and could be an alternative to synthetic compounds. Hence, the insecticidal properties of essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. were assessed under laboratory conditions against adults of Sitophilus. zeamais. The variables studied were contact and fumigant toxicity, and antifeedant and repellent activity. Mortality by contact toxicity did not exceed 30% in all the treatments evaluated. The highest F1 reduction was observed in the treatment of 4.0% with 41.3% of emergence (58.7% of inhibition). Grain weight loss was lower than 9.0% and maize germination was not affected. All treatments exhibited fumigant activity, while concentrations equal to or lower than 0.5% showed repellent and feeding deterrent effect. It can be concluded that essential oil of Ch. ambrosioides has potential for S. zeamais control.

RESUMEN Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky es a nivel mundial una de las principales plagas de los cereales almacenados y su control se basa en insecticidas sintéticos, pero su uso irracional ha provocado contaminación del ambiente y resistencia. Los aceites esenciales han mostrado efecto insecticida de contacto y fumigante por lo que podrían constituir una alternativa a los compuestos sintéticos. Por este motivo se evaluaron, en condiciones de laboratorio, las propiedades insecticidas del aceite esencial de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. contra adultos de S. zeamais. Las variables evaluadas fueron toxicidad por contacto y fumigación, y actividad antialimentaria y repelente. La mortalidad por contacto no superó el 30% en todos los tratamientos evaluados. La mayor reducción de la F1 se observó en el tratamiento de 4,0% con 41,3% de emergencia (58,7% de inhibición). La pérdida de peso de los granos fue menor a 9,0% y la germinación del maíz no se vio afectada. Todos los tratamientos mostraron actividad fumigante y las concentraciones iguales o superiores a 0,5% tuvieron efecto repelente y antialimentario. Se concluye que el aceite esencial de Ch. ambrosioides presenta potencial para el control de S. zeamais.

ABSTRACT The pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) has secondary metabolites with insecticidal activity. The objective of this study was to assess under laboratory conditions the insecticidal and insectistatic activity of fruit powder and essential oil of S. molle against Sitophilus zeamais. In contact toxicity bioassays, the highest mortality was observed with essential oil at a concentration of 8.0%, recording 96.3% of dead insects with an LC50 of 3.82 mL essential oil 100 g-1 maize (3.82%). Powder at the same concentration showed a 63.8 % of mortality with an LC50 of 7.95 g powder 100 g-1 maize (7.95%). None of the treatments affected germination or grain weight loss. The essential oil at a concentration of 8.0% caused a complete inhibition of F1 resulting in 0% of adult insects. All treatments had repellent effects. The highest antifeeding effect observed with the essential oil was recorded at a concentration of 16.0% with a 72.2% of inhibition. It was concluded that both powder and essential oil of S. molle show contact insecticidal toxicity as well as repellent and antifeeding effects against S. zeamais.

RESUMEN El pimiento boliviano (Schinus molle L.) es un árbol del cual se han identificado metabolitos secundarios con actividad insecticida. El objetivo fue evaluar, en condiciones de laboratorio, la actividad insecticida e insectistática del polvo y aceite esencial de frutos de S. molle sobre Sitophilus zeamais. En los bioensayos de toxicidad por contacto la mayor mortalidad se obtuvo con el aceite esencial al 8,0 % con 96,3% de insectos muertos con una CL50 de 3,82 mL aceite esencial 100 g-1 maíz (3,82%). A la misma concentración el polvo mostró un 63,8% de mortalidad y una CL50 de 7,95 g polvo 100 g-1 maíz (7,95%). Ambos tratamientos no afectaron significativamente la germinación ni la pérdida de peso del grano. El aceite esencial en la concentración de 8,0% provocó una completa inhibición en la emergencia mostrando una F1 de 0% de insectos adultos. Todos los tratamientos fueron repelentes y el mayor efecto antialimentario del aceite esencial se registró con la concentración de 16% con 71,2% de inhibición. Se concluyó que el polvo y aceite esencial de S. molle presentan toxicidad insecticida por contacto y efecto repelente e inhibidor de la alimentación sobre S. zeamais.

In Chile, the main Coleopteran species of stored grains are Sitophilus oryzae, S. zeamais, and S. granarius. The aim of this study was to evaluate under laboratory conditions the contact and fumigant insecticidal activity, as well as the repellent and antifeedant effects of Laureliopsis philippiana (Looser) Schodde essential oil against adults of Sitophilus spp. The main compounds identified in this essential oil were methyleugenol (61.38%) and safrole (14.76%). Based on the contact bioassay, the highest toxicity was achieved with the concentration of 4.0% (v/w), and S. oryzae was the most susceptible species. Emergence (F1) was reduced as the concentration of the essential oil increased, reaching maximums of 60% in the case of S. granarius and S. oryzae, and 36% in S. zeamais. Mortality by fumigant activity was 100% for the three species of Sitophilus. All of the treatments had a repellent effect. The highest antifeedant activity (82.9%) was recorded at 4.0% (v/w) concentration. Concentrations below 2.0% (v/w) did not affect germination of maize. Based on these results, L. philippiana essential oil has the potential to control Sitophilus spp. weevils.

The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) is one of most important pest of stored seeds worldwide, but its current control method is based on the use of synthetic insecticides, usually leading to undesirable problems such as insecticide residues on treated food, human intoxications, and insect resistance development. Therefore the search of friendly alternative methods is required. The aim of this study was to assess, under laboratory conditions, the insecticidal properties of Peumus boldus Molina, Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul., and Laureliopsis philippiana (Looser) Schodde essential oils against S. zeamais. The phytochemical analysis of the three essential oils showed 1,8-cineole, safrole and methyleugenol as the common components; all of them documented with insecticidal activity from essential oils from other plant species. The highest toxicity (100% mortality) of these three oils acting as a contact insecticide was observed at 24 h exposure at 4% concentration. The estimated LC50 values for P. boldus, L. sempervirens, and L. philippiana were 0.37, 1.02, and 0.28 μL g-1, respectively. Peumus boldus exhibited the highest fumigant activity with 100% adult mortality at 30 μL oil L-1 air. At ≥ 0.5% (v/w) concentration, all essential oils showed repellent activity. These three essential oils showed a promissory insecticidal activity against the maize weevil.

In the State of Mexico, cut rose (Rosa x hybrida) grown under greenhouse conditions has as a commercial constraint the low phytosanitary quality of its flower buds. To improve this quality, three growth regulators containing cytokinins (two commercial products and one prepared at a dose of 0.001 ppm from a technical-grade growth regulator, all at three frequencies of application) and CP* Floral Protector (FP) were evaluated in cut Rosa x hybrid 'Polo' grown under greenhouse conditions in Villa Guerrero, State of Mexico. A completely randomized experimental design with 20 treatments and four replications in a factorial arrangement was used. Treatments were applied to flower buds of 0.5 cm in diameter with closed sepals. Evaluations were made according to commercial harvest criteria when the petals begin to separate from the center of the flower. The FP and application of growth regulators increased bud diameter and length (P ≤ 0.05), but there was no effect on peduncle length or the number of days to harvest. FP use prevented insect damage and increased the number of export-quality buds. CP® floral protector and growth regulators improve the quality of cut roses.

En el Estado de México, la rosa de corte (Rosa x hybrida) que se produce en invernadero tiene como limitante comercial la baja calidad fitosanitaria de los botones florales. Para incrementar dicha calidad, se evaluaron en Villa Guerrero, Estado de México tres reguladores del crecimiento que contienen citocininas (dos comerciales y uno preparado a la dosis de 0.001 ppm a partir del regulador de crecimiento grado técnico; todas con tres frecuencias de aplicación) y el Protector Floral CP* (PF) en Rosa x hybrida 'Polo' de corte en invernadero. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con 20 tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones en arreglo factorial. Los tratamientos se aplicaron a botones florales de 0.5 cm de diámetro con los sépalos cerrados. Las evaluaciones se hicieron de acuerdo al criterio comercial de punto de corte cuando los pétalos empezaban a separarse del centro de la flor. El PF y la aplicación de reguladores del crecimiento incrementaron el diámetro y longitud del botón (P ≤ 0.05), pero no hubo efecto en la longitud del pedúnculo ni en los días al corte. El uso del PF previno daños por insectos e incrementó el número de botones con calidad de exportación. El protector floral CP* y los reguladores del crecimiento mejoran la calidad de la rosa de corte.

The control of black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) of banana (Musa acuminate Colla AAA) and (Musa balbisiana Colla AAB) requires numerous applications of fungicides, mainly of the triazoles group that impose high selection pressure in populations of this pathogen. The aim of the this study was to determine the response of strains of Mycosphaerella fijiensis isolated from banana plantations of Tabasco and Chiapas, México, to propiconazol and tridemorph. The bioassays were carried out in potato dextrose agar (PDA®) culture medium added with different concentrations of these fungicides. The media were inoculated with 100 µL of a conidial suspension and mycelia fragments of the fungus, and incubated in darkness at 26 °C for 7 d. The effective concentration 50 (EC50) and 95 % (EC95) was estimated through Probit analysis of the percentage of inhibition of the relative growth of the pathogen. The EC50 values in propiconazol varied from 0.0001 to 0.95 mg L-1 and those of EC95 from 0.006 to 12.51 mg L-1. The resistance ratio at the level of EC95 was higher than 2085x, for the isolate MF-RmC2 of the Remedios plantation from Teapa, Tabasco. The values for EC50 in tridemorph varied from 0.00001 to 0.002 mg L-1 and those of EC95 from 0.03 to 0.85 mg L-1. The resistance ratio to level EC95 between the sensitive isolate of reference and the least susceptible (MF-RcC5 of the Recreo plantation, Tabasco) was higher than 28.3x. The positive correlation between the number of applications and the values of EC50 and of EC95 are indicative that the selection pressure exerted in this plantation generated resistance to the propiconazol.

El control de Sigatoka negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet) del banano (Musa acuminata Colla AAA) y plátano (Musa balbisiana Colla AAB) requiere de numerosas aplicaciones de fungicidas, principalmente de los grupos triazoles que inducen alta presión de selección en poblaciones del patógeno. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la respuesta de cepas de M. fijiensis aisladas de plantaciones de banano de Tabasco y Chiapas, México, al propiconazol y tridemorf. Los bioensayos se realizaron en medio de cultivo Papa Dextrosa Agar (PDA®) adicionados con diferentes concentraciones del fungicida. Los medios se inocularon con 100 µL de una suspensión conidial y fragmentos miceliares del hongo, y se incubaron en oscuridad a 26 °C por 7 d. La concentración efectiva 50 (CE50) y 95 % (CE95) para cada aislamiento se estimó mediante análisis Probit del porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento relativo del patógeno. Los valores CE50 en propiconazol variaron de 0.0001 a 0.95 mg L-1; y los de CE95 de 0.006 a 12.51 mg L-1. La proporción de resistencia en el nivel CE95 fue superior a 2085x, para el aislamiento MF-RmC2 de la finca Remedios en Teapa, Tabasco. Los valores para CE50 en tridemorf variaron de 0.00001 a 0.002 mg L-1 y los de CE95 de 0.03 a 0.85 mg L-1. La proporción de resistencia a nivel CE95 entre el aislamiento sensible de referencia y el menos susceptible (MF-RcC5 de la finca el Recreo, Tabasco) fue superior a 28.3x. La correlación positiva entre el número de aplicaciones y los valores de CE50 y de CE95 son indicativos de que la presión de selección ejercida en esta plantación generó resistencia al propiconazol.

The spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch., is one of the most important pests of cut rose (Rosa x hybrida) in the State of México and, its primary control it's through the use of acaricides, such as propargite; the producers initially used it with satisfactory results and currently it does not control this pest anymore. In order to estimate the level of resistance to that acaricide, in 2007, its response to this acaricide was assessed in populations from Coatepec Harinas, Tenancingo, Villa Guerrero and Zumpahuacán, State of México. In each locality at least 4 000 nymphs and 2 000 adults were collected in the cut rose cultivation in greenhouses and were reproduced to F1 for the bioassays. The dose range that eliminated 0 to 100% of the treated individuals was determined (biological window). Subsequently, from five to seven concentrations were included covering the range. Five repetitions were made, four in different consecutive days. Spider mite populations from Coatepec Harinas (RR95= 7.9X, Villa Guerrero (RR95= 1.3 X and Zumpahuacán (RR95= 11X) are considered susceptible to propargite; while the population of Tenancingo (RR95= 90. IX) is considered resistant to the acaricide.

Resumen La araña roja, Tetranychus urticae Koch., es una de las plagas más importantes de la rosa de corte, (Rosa x hybrida), en el Estado de México y su combate se realiza principalmente mediante el uso de acaricidas como el propargite; mismo que los productores usaron inicialmente con resultados satisfactorios y actualmente no controla esta plaga. Con el objetivo de estimar el nivel de resistencia a dicho acaricida, en el año 2007 se evaluó su respuesta a dicho acaricida en poblaciones provenientes de Coatepec Harinas, Tenancingo, Villa Guerrero y Zumpahuacán, Estado de México. De cada localidad se recolectaron al menos 4000 ninfas y 2 000 adultos en el cultivo de rosa de corte bajo invernadero y se reprodujeron hasta F1 para realizar los bioensayos. Se determinó el rango de dosis que eliminaba el 0 al 100% de los individuos tratados (ventana biológica). Posteriormente se incluyeron de cinco a siete concentraciones que cubrieron dicho rango. Se realizaron cinco repeticiones cuatro en días consecutivos diferentes. Las poblaciones de araña roja provenientes de Coatepec Harinas (RR95= 7.9x), Villa Guerrero (RR95=1.3x) y Zumpahuacán (RR95= 11 x) se consideran susceptibles a propargite; mientras que la población de Tenancingo (RR95 = 90.1 x) se considera resistente a dicho acaricida.

El sistema tradicional para producir botones florales de rosa de corte es ineficiente en las zonas productoras del estado de México, ya que muy pocos de ellos logran una alta calidad. El presente trabajo tuvo el objetivo de evaluar el uso de protectores florales solos o impregnados con fitohormonas (giberelinas o citocininas) para aumentar la calidad del botón floral. El protector floral impidió el ingreso de trips al botón floral e incrementó la calidad del botón floral tanto en la variedad Black Magic como en la Polo. El protector floral solo y con giberelinas contribuyó a aumentar la calidad del botón floral. Las citocininas utilizadas para impregnar tanto el botón floral como el protector floral aumentaron la calidad del botón en dosis óptima de 0,001 mg·L-1; sin embargo, dosis iguales o mayores a 100 mg·L-1 dañaron la estructura floral.

The present study was conducted to assess the use of floral protectors alone or impregnated with phytohormones (gibberellins or cytokinins) to increase bud quality. The floral protectors prevented the entry of thrips to the flower bud and increased the flower bud quality in the varieties Black Magic and Polo. The floral protector alone and gibberellin impregnated contributed to increase the quality of the floral buds. Cytokinins used to impregnate both the bud and the protector increased the quality of the floral buds at the optimal dosage of 0.001 mg·L-1; however, doses equal or above 100 mg·L-1 damaged the floral structure.

The cultivation of roses is one of the main activities of the flower-area from the region of Villa Guerrero, Mexico State. The thrips are a complex pest insect species that affect the quality of the cut-rose's buds, making damage of distortion on the petals and sucking the cell's contents, causing a deterioration of the esthetic quality of the bud. Derived from their short biological cycle, the misuse of chemical molecules during their control and therefore the ability to develop resistance, the trips are the second most important pest of roses after the red spider. Therefore, ecological and sustainable alternatives to control this plague during the rose's production process are needed; also it is necessary to get specific sampling techniques for the study this kind of insects. The objective was to evaluate the effect of blue traps impregnated with different concentrations of anise, Pimpinella anisum L. for capturing trips, during six weeks involved in the occurrence greatest period of this pest in the cultivation of cut-roses cv. Polo®, in El Islote, Villa Guerrero, Mexico State. Eleven treatments were established with four replicates each, including a control without impregnation. The anise fruit extract at 50 g L-¹ of water, showed an average of 76 thrips captured by trap and the control 40 thrips by trap, which represents 90% increase in contrast with the blue trap without impregnation.

El cultivo de rosal representa una de las principales actividades de la zona florícola de la región de Villa Guerrero, Estado de México. Los trips son un complejo de especies insectiles plaga, que afectan la calidad del botón de la rosa de corte, ocasionando daños de distorsión del pétalo y succión del contenido celular y por su efecto un deterioro de la calidad estética del botón floral. Derivado del ciclo biológico corto, el mal uso de moléculas químicas y por consecuencia la capacidad de desarrollar resistencia, los trips representan la segunda plaga más importante del rosal después de araña roja. Por lo anterior existe la necesidad de buscar alternativas ecológicas y sustentables en el proceso de producción y en específico el muestreo de los insectos descritos. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la impregnación de trampas azules con diferentes concentraciones de anís, Pimpinella anisum L. en la captura de trips, durante seis semanas en la época de mayor presencia de la plaga en el cultivo de rosal de corte cv. Polo®, en El Islote, Villa Guerrero, Estado de México. Se establecieron 11 tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones cada uno, incluyendo un testigo sin impregnación. El extracto del fruto de anís a 50 g L-¹ de agua capturó en promedio, 76 trips trampa-¹ y el testigo 40 trips trampa-¹, que representa 90% de incremento en la captura respecto a la trampa azul sin impregnar.

Gynaikothrips ficorum (Marchal) is a pest of the laurel tree in urban zones and insecticides are possibly used for its control, but its initial response to these products is unknown. Therefore susceptibility of various populations of this species was determined (Texcoco, Córdoba and Tlayacapan) to the insecticides permethrin, cypermethrin, diazinón, malathion, methyl oxydemeton, methyl parathion, endosulfán and methomyl. The Texcoco population was used as reference to make comparisons of the response. At 24 h of exposure, the confidence levels of the CL50 of the three populations overlapped in the insecticides cypermethrin, diazinón, malathion and methyl oxydemeton; but they did not overlap in Córdoba and Tlayacapan with Texcoco, for permethrin, methyl parathion, endosulfán and methomyl. For Córdoba and Tlayacapan with cypermethrin, the resistance proportion (RP50) was 0.88 and 0.53'; with diazinón, 0.3 and 0.29'; with malathion 1.04 and 1.02'; with methyl oxydemoton 0.74 and 7.18'; with methyl parathion 8.4 and 4.63'; with endosulfán 1.19 and 0.2', and with methomyl 0.11 and 0.53'. At 95 % mortality, only in Tlayacapan and for endosulfán (RP95=0.03), the fiducial limits did not overlap with the other two populations. The values obtained at 48 h of exposure followed the same tendencies found at 24 h. These response values correspond to a susceptible state and can be used as comparison reference.

Gynaikothrips ficorum (Marchal) es una plaga del laurel en zonas urbanas y posiblemente se usan insecticidas para su control, pero se desconoce su respuesta inicial a éstos. Por tanto, se determinó la susceptibilidad de varias poblaciones de esta especie (Texcoco, Córdoba y Tlayacapan) a los insecticidas permetrina, cipermetrina, diazinón, malatión, oxidemetón metílico, paratión metílico, endosulfán y metomil. La población Texcoco se usó como referencia para hacer comparaciones de la respuesta. A las 24 h de exposición, los límites de confianza de la CL50 de las tres poblaciones se traslaparon en los insecticidas cipermetrina, diazinón, malatión y oxidemetón metílico; pero no se traslaparon en Córdoba y Tlayacapan con Texcoco, para permetrina, paratión metílico, endosulfán y metomil. Para Córdoba y Tlayacapan con cipermetrina, la proporción de resistencia (PR50) fue 0.88 y 0.53'; con diazinón 0.3 y 0.29'; con malatión 1.04 y 1.02'; con oxidemetón metílico 0.74 y 0.9'; con permetrina 5 y 7.18'; con paratión metílico 8.4 y 4.63'; con endosulfán 1.19 y 0.2', y con metomil 0.11 y 0.53'. A nivel del 95 % de mortalidad, sólo en Tlayacapan y para endosulfán (PR95 =0.03), los límites fiduciales no se traslaparon con las otras dos poblaciones. Los valores obtenidos a las 48 h de exposición siguieron las mismas tendencias encontradas a las 24 h. Estos valores de respuesta corresponden a un estado susceptible y se podrán usar como referencia de comparación.

Spiromesifen is an insecticide that inhibits the synthesis of lipids and, in Mexico, its use against the Tomato-Potato Psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc), on chili pepper (Capsicum annum), tomato (Lycopersicon sculentum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) began in 2005; however more information is needed to understand its toxicity on this insect pest. The aim of this research was to determine the toxicity of spiromesifen against each of the biological stages of tomato-potato psyllid, its effect on fertility and viability of eggs deposited by treated females, as well as the female preference to lay eggs on treated and non treated plants. The relative toxicity at 95% mortality (highest LC95 value /LC95 value of the respective biological stage) of spiromesifen in egg, nymph 1, nymph 2, nymph 3, nymph 4, and nymph 5 were 517.5; 31316.2; 2950.1; 315.6; 18.2 and 1-fold, respectively. There were no differences in the toxicity of spiromesifen between adult males and females. The number of laid eggs was reduced as the spiromesifen concentration used to treat female increased and egg hatch was reduced in all tested doses. In the "no choice" test, females deposited 38.6 ± 2.01 eggs by leaf of non treated chili pepper type jalapeño, while in the treated with 360 mg L-1 we observed 0.3 ± 0.08 eggs by leaf. In the "choice" test, the oviposition decreased as the dose increased. There were no eggs on plants treated with 2400 mg L-1 of spiromesifen.