Abstract: This study shows the effect of reintegrating the aqueous phase to the hydrothermal liquefaction process of microalgae to obtain biocrude. The company Cementos Argos has developed CO2 capture processes through microalgae farming to mitigate the environmental impact of the cement industry. Microalgae are transformed into biocrude through hydrothermal liquefaction processes that use a large amount of water, generating liquid discharges. The results show that it is possible to recirculate these residues into the process and increase biocrude yield. It is shown that when the aqueous phase reaches a high content of dissolved organic material (COD > 1,200,000 mg O2/l), part of this material is transformed into biocrude, increasing its yield to about 10-15%. It is concluded that there are no liquid discharges in this process, favoring its viability and its potential for producing higher value-added fuels such as diesel and gasoline.

Resumen: En este trabajo se muestra el efecto de la reintegración de la fase acuosa al proceso de licuefacción hidrotérmica de microalgas para la obtención de biocrudo. La compañía Cementos Argos ha desarrollado procesos de captura de CO2 mediante el cultivo de microalgas, con el fin de mitigar el impacto ambiental de la industria cementera. Estas microalgas fueron transformadas en biocrudo mediante procesos de licuefacción hidrotérmica que utilizan gran cantidad de agua, generando vertimientos líquidos. Los resultados muestran que es posible recircular estos residuos al proceso y aumentar el rendimiento en la producción de biocrudo. Cuando esta fase acuosa alcanza un alto contenido de material orgánico disuelto (DQO > 1’200.000 mg O2/l), parte de este material es transformado en biocrudo aumentando su rendimiento a cerca de un 10-15%. Se concluye que en este proceso no se presentan vertimientos líquidos, favoreciendo la viabilidad del mismo, y mostrando el potencial para la producción de combustibles de mayor valor agregado como diésel o gasolinas.

Abstract: Water Hyacynth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a fast growing aquatic plant that represents a serious problem of invasion, so its transformation into ethanol is proposed as a solution, taking into account the imminent scarcity of fossil fuels worldwide and the panorama of opportunity that is lived in the world due to the legislation on biofuels. For this, four different pretreatments were evaluated taking into account production of sugars and final ethanol yield to select the most promising. In this preliminary selection, the Water Hyacinth exhibited chemical type compositional characteristics that make it a promising raw material for ethanol production, obtaining yields of 17.15 g/l, 18.10 g/l, 17.73 g/l and 4,53 g/l with the pretreatments aqueous ammonia soaking, alkaline delignification, pretreatment with diluted acid and alkaline peroxide, respectively. Finally, the pretreatments with diluted acid and alkaline delignification were selected to be studied more deeply through the application of an experimental design, obtaining an ethanol yield (better design conditions). 190.35 l/ton dry biomass fed to the diluted acid pretreatment and 197.33 l/ton dry biomass fed to the alkaline delignification pretreatment, from the solid fraction.

Resumen: Se evaluaron cuatro pretratamientos del Buchón de Agua (Eichhornia crassipes) para su transformación en azúcares y etanol. El Buchón de Agua es una planta acuática de rápido crecimiento que representa un serio problema de invasiones por lo que se propone su transformación en etanol, teniendo en cuenta la inminente escasez de combustibles fósiles a nivel mundial. En esta selección preliminar el Buchón de Agua exhibió características constitutivas de tipo químico, que lo convierten en una materia prima promisoria para producción de etanol, obteniéndose, rendimientos de 17,15 g/l, 18,10 g/l, 17,73 g/l y 4,53 g/l con los pretratamientos remojo con amoniaco, delignificación alcalina, pretratamiento con ácido diluido y peróxido alcalino, respectivamente. Finalmente, se seleccionaron los pretratamientos con ácido diluido y delignificación alcalina para ser utilizados con mayor profundidad mediante la aplicación de un diseño experimental, obteniéndose un rendimiento de etanol de 190,35 l/ton biomasa seca alimentada para el pretratamiento ácido diluido y 197,33 l/ton biomasa seca alimentada para el pretratamiento delignificación alcalina, a partir de la fracción sólida.

Abstract Solvothermal liquefaction of Acacia mangium is presented. First, process variables, such as temperature, reaction time, and solvent-biomass ratio were optimized through 3k factorial experimental design. Results showed that at 270°C and solvent (water)-biomass ratio of 20- and 60-min reaction time, the highest biooil yield (40,2%) and highest HHV value (29,63 MJ/kg) were obtained. When energy yield, equipment dimension and energy consumption were taken into account, the best experimental conditions are 330°C for the solvent temperature, solvent (water)-biomass ratio of 15 and 0 min reaction time, with biooil yield 36% and heat power of 31,7MJ/Kg. Higher biooil yields (47,8%) resulted using acetone as solvent with almost the same heat power. Hydrogen atmosphere has a positive effect in the liquefaction only with acetone as solvent.

Resumen Se presentan los resultados de la licuefacción solvotérmica de Acacia mangium. En primer lugar, se optimizaron temperatura, tiempo de reacción y relación solvente (agua)/biomasa mediante un diseño factorial 3k, encontrando que, a temperatura de 270°C, una relación solvente (agua)/biomasa de 20 y tiempo de reacción de 60 minutos se obtiene el más alto rendimiento (40,2%), con un poder calorífico de 29,63 MJ/kg. Al evaluar rendimiento energético, tamaño de equipos y consumo energético en la reacción, se obtiene que las mejores condiciones son 330°C, una relación solvente (agua)/biomasa de15 y un tiempo de reacción de 0 minutos, obteniéndose un biocrudo con rendimiento másico del 36% y poder calorífico de 31,7 MJ/kg. Se evaluaron otros solventes y se encontró que con acetona se obtienen rendimientos de hasta 47,8 %, manteniendo estable el poder calorífico. El uso de atmósfera de hidrógeno solo tuvo efecto positivo

Resumo O presente artigo tem o intento de apresentar os dados obtidos através de uma pesquisa realizada em uma cadeia feminina localizada no interior do sertão pernambucano. Ancorado em uma perspectiva etnográfica, o objetivo foi o de compreender como mulheres encarceradas localizam suas experiências afetivas e sexuais em meio aos procedimentos disciplinares que regulam suas vidas no cotidiano da prisão. Os dados foram coletados a partir de observações no contexto de investigação e de 12 entrevistas realizadas com as internas que ali estavam presas. As informações obtidas foram registradas em diários de campo, transcritas e submetidas a análises etnográficas. Os resultados encontrados apontam para modos heterogêneos de se vivenciar desejos, prazeres e corporalidades na realidade carcerária, materializadas através das visitas íntimas, da troca de cartas e mensagens, da constituição de relacionamentos entre as internas, dos novos arranjos familiares que ali se desenhavam. As sexualidades são, portanto, importantes fios de resistência aos efeitos mortificadores que o cárcere coloca sobre suas trajetórias de vida.

Abstract The present article aims to present the data obtained through a research carried out in a female prison located in the sertão of Pernambuco. Anchored in an ethnographic perspective, the goal was to understand how incarcerated women locate their affective and sexual experiences in face of disciplinary procedures that regulate their daily lives in prison. The informations were collected through observations in the context of the investigation and twelve (12) interviews with women who were in prison. The data obtained were recorded in field diaries, transcribed and submitted to ethnographic analysis. The results found point to heterogeneous ways of experiencing desires, pleasures and corporalities in prison reality, materialized through intimate visits, the exchange of letters and messages, the constitution of a relationship between the internal ones, the new family arrangements that are designed there. Sexualities are, therefore, important threads of resistance to the mortifying effects that the jail puts on these women’s lives.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene el propósito de presentar los datos obtenidos a través de una investigación realizada en una prisión femenina ubicada en el interior del sertão pernambucano. Anclado en una perspectiva etnográfica, el objetivo fue el de comprender cómo mujeres encarceladas localizan sus experiencias afectivas y sexuales en medios a los procedimientos disciplinarios que regulan sus vidas en lo cotidiano de la prisión. Los datos fueron recolectados a partir de observaciones en el contexto de investigación y de doce (12) entrevistas realizadas con las internas que allí estaban presas. Las informaciones obtenidas fueron registradas en diarios de campo, transcritas y sometidas a análisis etnográfico. Los resultados encontrados apuntan a modos heterogéneos de vivenciar deseos, placeres y corporalidades en la realidad carcelaria, materializadas a través de las visitas íntimas, del intercambio de cartas y mensajes, de la constitución de relacionamientos entre las internas, de los nuevos arreglos familiares que allí se dibujaban. Las sexualidades son, por lo tanto, importantes hilos de resistencia a los efectos mortificadores que la cárcel pone sobre sus trayectorias de vida.

Catalysts of Ni-Mo type with different content of active species (Ni,Mo) were synthesized and supported over y-alumina and their catalytic activity in the deoxygenation process of castor oil was evaluated and compared with that obtained with a commercial catalyst. Prior to deoxygenation reactions, the catalysts were reduced and sulfurated with H2S produced in-situ. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption at 77K, XRF and TPR. The catalytic tests were carried out in a high-pressure reactor (Parr, 500 mL), operating in semi-batch mode. It was found that the highest mass yield to renewable diesel (C9-C24) was 82.9%, obtained with the synthesized catalyst containing 4.5% NiO and 20% MoO3 operating at 350 °C, 90 bars and 10% catalyst concentration. Besides, this catalysts exhibited 100% conversion and the highest selectivities to C17 (54.4%) and C18 (20.9%), as well as the lowest selectivity to cracked products (0.83%).

Se sintetizaron dos catalizadores tipo Ni-Mo soportados sobre y-Al2O3, con diferentes contenidos másicos de los metales activos, y su actividad catalítica en el proceso de desoxigenación de aceite de higuerilla fue evaluada y comparada con el desempeño obtenido con un catalizador comercial. Previo a las reacciones de desoxigenación, los catalizadores fueron reducidos y sulfurados con H2S producido in-situ. Los catalizadores fueron caracterizados mediante DRX, adsorción-desorción de N2 a 77 K, XRF y TPR. Las pruebas catalíticas fueron llevadas a cabo en un reactor de alta presión (Parr, 500 mL), operando en modo semi-batch. El mayor rendimiento másico hacia diésel renovable (C9-C24) fue del 82.9% y se obtuvo con el catalizador sintetizado que contiene 4.5% NiO y 20% MoO3, evaluado a 350°C, 90 bares y una concentración del 10%. Además, este catalizador, bajo estas condiciones, presentó una conversión del 100% y las selectividades más altas hacia C17 (54.4%) y C18 (20.9%), así como una menor selectividad a craqueados (0.83%).

ABSTRACT Objectives: We report on the short-term outcomes of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) for treatment of idiopathic lower urinary tract dysfunction in Brazil (procedures performed before 2014). Materials and Methods: Clinical data and surgical outcomes of patients who underwent SNM staged procedures were retrospective evaluated. Urological assessment included a focused medical history and physical examination, measurement of postvoid residual volumes, urodynamics, and bladder diaries. A successful test phase has been defined by improvement of at least 50% of the symptoms, based on bladder diaries. Results: From January 2011 to December 2013, eighteen consecutive patients underwent test phase for SNM due to refractory overactive bladder (15 patients), non-obstructive chronic urinary retention (2 patients), and bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (1 patient). All patients underwent staged procedures at four outpatient surgical centers. Mean age was 48.3±21.2 (range 10-84 years). There were 16 women and 2 men. Median follow-up was 3 months. Fifteen patients (83.3%) had a successful test phase and underwent implantation of the pulse generator (IPG). Median duration of the test phase was 7 days (range 5–24 days). Mean age was 45.6±18.19 years in responders versus 61.66±34.44 years in non-responders (p=0.242). Mean operative time (test phase) was 99±33.12 min in responders versus 95±35 min for non-responders (p=0.852). No severe complications were reported. Conclusion: SNM is a minimally invasive treatment option for patients with refractory idiopathic lower urinary tract dysfunction. Our initial experience with staged technique showed that tined-lead electrodes yielded a high rate of responders and favorable clinical results in the short-term follow-up.

ResumoEmbasado em pesquisa etnográfica, o artigo reflete sobre posições identitárias de homens que comercializam prazeres sexuais nas ruas do centro do Recife. O ânus surge como símbolo maior da masculinidade dos varões do mercado do sexo. A partir de seu uso como mercadoria, diversificam-se as posições identitárias: boys ativos (nunca disponibilizam), boys bicha (facilmente disponibilizam) e boys flex (negociam seu preço). Bem raro, pois seu uso como fonte de prazer desonra o homem, ele se torna símbolo de poder e subjugação nas relações que se estabelecem no mercado do sexo; sinalizador de virilidade e de mais-valia.

AbstractGrounded in ethnographic research, the paper reflects on identity positions of men who sell sexual pleasures in the streets of downtown Recife. The anus appears as the major symbol of masculinity of men on the sex market. They are classified by the availability of their anus on the sex market: boys ativos (not available), boys bicha (easily available) and boys flex (price negotiable). Rare commodity, because of its use as source of pleasure to dishonor man, it becomes a symbol of power and subjugation in the relations established on the sex market; a marker of manliness and "more value".

ResumenBasado en una investigación etnográfica, el artículo reflexiona sobre las posiciones de identidad de los hombres que comercializan placeres sexuales en las calles del centro de Recife. El ano aparece como un símbolo importante para la masculinidad de los varones en el mercado sexual. Existe una clasificación que toma como criterio el uso del ano como mercadería sexual: boys ativos (nunca ofertan), boys pasivos (siempre ofertan) y boys flex (negocian su precio). Aunque parezca paradójico, pues su uso como fuente de placer deshonra al hombre, mas el ano se convierte en un símbolo de poder y sometimiento en las relaciones que se establecen en el comercio sexual; marcador de virilidad y de mayor valor.

Hydrotalcites substituted with Fe+3 at different iron percentages were synthesized. The catalysts were calcined and used in the production of monoglycerides and diglycerides at 230 °C and with a 1:5 molar ratio of soybean oil to glycerol. Catalysts were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), gravimetric analysis (TGA) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The product yield was determined by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). Additionally, the same reaction was performed using unsubstituted hydrotalcites. The characterization revealed structural and chemical differences between substituted and unsubstituted hydrotalcites. Substituted hydrotalcites showed better yields in the production of glycerides that unsubstituted hydrotalcites but lower selectivity towards monoglycerides.

En este trabajo se sintetizaron hidrotalcitas sustituidas con Fe+3 con diferentes porcentajes de hierro. Los compuestos fueron calcinados y empleados en la producción de monoglicéridos y diglicéridos a 230°C y usando una relación molar 1:5 de aceite de soya/glicerol. Los catalizadores fueron caracterizados por difracción de rayos-X (XRD), fluorescencia de rayos-X (XRF), análisis gravimétrico (TGA) y desorción con temperatura programada (TPD). El rendimiento de los productos fue determinado mediante cromatografía de gases con detecto de ionización de llama (CG-FID). Adicionalmente, se evaluó la misma reacción utilizando hidrotalcitas sin sustituir. La caracterización de los catalizadores revelo diferencias estructurales y químicas entre las hidrotalcitas sustituidas y sin sustituir. Los compuestos sustituidos con Fe3+ presentaron mejores rendimientos en la producción de glicéridos que los no sustituidos pero menor selectividad hacia los monoglicéridos.

The purpose of this research was improving the oxidative stability of biodiesel from jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) through the use of commercial synthetic antioxidants and biodiesel from palm, the Colombian national standard. Each type of biodiesel was obtained by basic transesterification with methanol, using butyl hydroxy toluene, ascorbyl palmitate and propyl gallate at different concentrations (250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm each), as synthetic antioxidants. Mixtures were prepared with biodiesel from jatropha and palm biodiesel as a strategy to get a better oxidative stability of biodiesel, which was evaluated following the standard EN 14112 for induction time. The results showed that all antioxidants tested have a positive effect on the oxidative stability, being better the use of propyl gallate.

El propósito de esta investigación fue la mejora de la estabilidad oxidativa del biodiesel de jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) a través del uso de antioxidantes sintéticos comerciales y biodiesel de palma, el referente nacional en Colombia. Cada tipo de biodiesel se obtuvo por transesterificación básica con metanol y se utilizaron butil hidroxi tolueno, ascorbil palmitato y propil galato en diferentes concentraciones (250, 500, 750 y 1000 ppm cada uno), como antioxidantes sintéticos. Se realizaron mezclas entre biodiesel de jatropha y biodiesel de palma como estrategia para obtener un biodiesel con mejor estabilidad oxidativa, la cual se evaluó siguiendo el estándar de la norma EN 14112 para tiempo de inducción. Los resultados mostraron que todos los antioxidantes evaluados ejercen un efecto positivo en la estabilidad oxidativa, siendo mejor al utilizar propil galato.

<title>Abstract</title><sec><title>Background</title><p>Tarantulas (Theraphosidae) represent an important source of novel biologically active compounds that target a variety of ion channels and cell receptors in both insects and mammals. In this study, we evaluate and compare the pharmacological activity of venoms from three taxonomically different theraphosid spiders bred in captivity: Poecilotheria regalis, an aggressive arboreal tarantula from southeastern India; Ceratogyrus darlingi, an aggressive tarantula from southern Africa; and Brachypelma epicureanum, a docile tarantula from the Yucatan dry forest of Mexico. Prior to this study, no research had been conducted with regard to the composition and pharmacological activity of these venoms.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The pharmacological characterization of the venoms was described for the first time by the assessment of their toxicity in crickets (LD₅₀) along with their nociceptive (by using the formalin test), hyaluronidase, phospholipase A₂, edematogenic and caseinolytic activity.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>P. regalis and B. epicureanum venoms induced a similar lethal effect on crickets (LD₅₀ = 5.23 ± 3.1 and 14.4 ± 5.0 μg protein/g 48 h post-injection, respectively), whereas C. darlingi venom (119.4 ± 29.5 μg protein/g 48 h post-injection) was significantly less lethal than the other two venoms. All three venoms induced similar edematogenic activity on rats but did not induce nociceptive behavior. The assessment of enzymatic activity indicated that P. regalis venom induces significantly higher hyaluronidase activity (27.6 ± 0.9 TRU/mg) than both C. darlingi (99.7 ± 1.9 TRU/mg) and B. epicureanum (99.6 ± 1.6 TRU/mg); these latter venoms did not display phospholipase A₂or caseinolytic activity.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>This study demonstrates that these theraphosid spiders of different habitats produce venoms with different activities. P. regalis venom displays a high level of hyaluronidase activity, which may be associated with its potentially medically significant bite.</p></sec>

Results on the development of new coatings and sealants for wood based on alkyd resins are presented. Indigenous castor and palm oils as well as used cooking oils were used to replace imported soybean oil in the synthesis of the resins. The products developed were characterized in terms of brightness, viscosity, adhesion to the substrate, thermal stability and drying times, under international and national standards, in order to determine similarity or changes with respect to commercial dupes. Is results indicate the possible inclusion of such raw materials, indigenous to the region, as an alternative for reducing costs, generating direct and indirect jobs and the incorporation of these vegetable oils of low commercial value in the production chain of wood coatings. Besides, added value is given to recovered frying oils by making them raw materials of commercial interest and minimizing their environmental impact on water ecosystems.

Se presentan resultados de la elaboración de lacas y selladores para madera a partir de resinas alquídicas empleando aceites autóctonos crudos de higuerilla, palma y de fritura para reemplazar aceites importados como el de soja. Los productos desarrollados fueron caracterizados mediante criterios de desempeño tales como brillo, viscosidad, adherencia al sustrato, estabilidad térmica y tiempos de secado, bajo normas nacionales e internacionales, con el fin de determinar similitud o cambios con respecto a contratipos comerciales. El desarrollo plantea la inclusión de este tipo de materias primas, autóctonas de la región, como una alternativa para reducción de costos, generación de empleos directos e indirectos y la incorporación de estos aceites vegetales de bajo valor comercial en la cadena productiva de recubrimientos para madera. Además se da valor agregado a los aceites recuperados de fritura convirtiéndolos en una materia prima de interés comercial y minimizando su impacto ambiental en cuerpos de agua.

Este artigo analisa as respostas das religiões afro-brasileiras à epidemia de Aids no Recife, considerando a estrutura simbólica religiosa. Baseando-se em observações participantes e em entrevistas em profundidade realizadas com líderes religiosos afro-brasileiros e técnicos de saúde pública e de ONG, destaca a importância do "axé", a categoria nativa utilizada para pensar os eventos corporais, para entender a história da Aids nessa comunidade religiosa. Axé é energia mística, vitalidade corporal. Ele é manipulado em rituais religiosos e simbolicamente associado a sangue, suor e sêmen. Nos tempos de HIV, os rituais de escarificação corporais e a troca de fluidos durante as transações sexuais, formas para a circulação do axé e elementos-chave para o cultivo deste, também se tornam meio para a transmissão do HIV. Esses elementos foram o foco do diálogo entre as instituições religiosas e o sistema de saúde pública, um processo que gerou mudanças nas práticas religiosas de regulação da reprodução social e da vida sexual dos adeptos.

This article analyzes the responses of Afro-Brazilian religions to the Aids epidemic in Recife, taking into consideration the religious symbolic structure. Drawing on participant observation and in-depth interviews conducted with Afro-Brazilian religious leaders and public health officials, it highlights the importance of "axé" _ the native category used to interpret corporal events _ in order to understand the history of Aids in this religious community. Axé is mystical energy, corporal vitality. It is manipulated in religious rituals and is symbolically associated with blood, perspiration and semen. In these times of HIV, the body scarification rituals and exchanges of fluids during sexual exchanges are the ways by which axé circulates among adept and are the core elements for its promotion, though they have also become a means for the transmission of the HIV virus. These elements were the basis of the dialogue between religious institutions and the public health system. This process generated changes in religious practices for regulation of social reproduction and the sexual life of the adepts.

Este artigo analisa as respostas das religiões afro-brasileiras à epidemia de Aids no Recife, considerando a estrutura simbólica religiosa. Baseando-se em observações participantes e em entrevistas em profundidade realizadas com líderes religiosos afro-brasileiros e técnicos de saúde pública e de ONG, destaca a importância do "axé", a categoria nativa utilizada para pensar os eventos corporais, para entender a história da Aids nessa comunidade religiosa. Axé é energia mística, vitalidade corporal. Ele é manipulado em rituais religiosos e simbolicamente associado a sangue, suor e sêmen. Nos tempos de HIV, os rituais de escarificação corporais e a troca de fluidos durante as transações sexuais, formas para a circulação do axé e elementos-chave para o cultivo deste, também se tornam meio para a transmissão do HIV. Esses elementos foram o foco do diálogo entre as instituições religiosas e o sistema de saúde pública, um processo que gerou mudanças nas práticas religiosas de regulação da reprodução social e da vida sexual dos adeptos.

This article analyzes the responses of Afro-Brazilian religions to the Aids epidemic in Recife, taking into consideration the religious symbolic structure. Drawing on participant observation and in-depth interviews conducted with Afro-Brazilian religious leaders and public health officials, it highlights the importance of "axé" _ the native category used to interpret corporal events _ in order to understand the history of Aids in this religious community. Axé is mystical energy, corporal vitality. It is manipulated in religious rituals and is symbolically associated with blood, perspiration and semen. In these times of HIV, the body scarification rituals and exchanges of fluids during sexual exchanges are the ways by which axé circulates among adept and are the core elements for its promotion, though they have also become a means for the transmission of the HIV virus. These elements were the basis of the dialogue between religious institutions and the public health system. This process generated changes in religious practices for regulation of social reproduction and the sexual life of the adepts.

Abstract The effect of different alkaline pretreatment conditions with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on the recuperation of cellulosic fraction, lignin removal and ethanol production was evaluated through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of elephant grass and king grass ((Pennisetum purpureum and Pennisetum hybridum). These types of grass are potential raw materials for bioethanol production from cellulosic fraction. Results obtained in ethanol production show that under pretreatment conditions of 120ºC, 60 minutes, 2%(w/w) of NaOH and a liquid to solid ratio of 20 (w/w), the highest ethanol concentrations are obtained: 27.7 g/L and 26.1 g/L for king grass and elephant grass respectively, in 24 hours of fermentation. Furthermore, under the evaluated conditions it was observed that lignin removal was 88.4% for elephant grass and 94.0% for king grass. The detoxification stage eliminates inhibitors formed during pretreatment, which affects the hydrolysis and fermentation.

Resumen Se evaluó el efecto de diferentes condiciones del pretratamiento con hidróxido de sodio (NaOH) en la recuperación de la fracción celulósica, remoción de lignina y producción de etanol mediante fermentación y sacarificación simultáneas de los pastos elefante y king grass (Pennisetum purpureum and Pennisetum hybridum). Estos pastos son materias primas potenciales para la obtención de bioetanol a partir de la fracción celulósica. Los resultados obtenidos en producción de etanol muestran que bajo condiciones de pretratamiento de 120ºC, 60 minutos, NaOH al 2% (w/w) y una relación líquido a sólido de 20 (w/w) se obtienen las más altas concentraciones de etanol: 27.7 g/L para king grass y 26.1 g/L para pasto elefante en 24 horas de fermentación. Además, bajo las condiciones evaluadas se pudo observar remociones de lignina de 88.4% y 94.0% para pasto elefante y pasto king grass respectivamente. La etapa de desintoxicación permite eliminar inhibidores formados durante el pretratamiento, los cuales afectan la hidrólisis y fermentación.