A fast and simple procedure for simultaneous determination of propyphenazone (PRO), paracetamol (PAR) and caffeine (CAF) was performed using batch injection analysis with multiple pulse amperometric detection (BIA-MPA). Three potentials pulses were selected for the analysis: +0.90 V/50 ms: only PAR was oxidized; +1.20 V/50 ms: oxidation of PAR and PRO without the interference of CAF; +1.60 V/50 ms: oxidation of the three compounds (PAR, PRO and CAF). The sample aliquot (150 µL) was directly injected onto the boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode immersed in a BIA cell. The analytical characteristics of the proposed method include high analytical frequency (75 injections per hour), good stability (RSD < 3.9%; n = 10), and low detection limits (0.3, 0.2 and 0.1 mg L−1 for PRO, PAR and CAF, respectively). The proposed method yielded similar results to those obtained by liquid chromatography at a 95% confidence level.

A simple method for simultaneous determination of 8-chlorotheophylline (CTP), caffeine (CAF), and diphenhydramine (DIP) using batch-injection analysis with multiple pulse amperometric detection (BIA-MPA) is reported. A sequence of three potential pulses (+1.10 V, +1.40 V, and +1.70 V) was applied to the boron-doped diamond working electrode with the acquisition of three distinct amperograms. CTP was detected selectively at +1.10 V, both CTP + CAF at +1.40 V and CTP + CAF + DIP at +1.70 V. The subtraction between the currents detected at the three potential pulses (with the use of correction factors) was the strategy used to achieve selectivity for the determination of CAF and DIP. The proposed method is simple, inexpensive, fast (120 injections h-1), presents good precision (RSD < 0.9%; n = 20), and adequate limits of detection (0.31, 0.49, and 0.76 µmol L-1 for CTP, CAF and DIP, respectively). The results obtained by BIA-MPA were similar to those found by high-performance liquid chromatography (95% confidence level).

<p>A fast, simple procedure for simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) was performed using batch injection analysis with multiple pulse amperometric detection (BIA-MPA). The sample aliquot (150 µL) was directly injected onto the boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode (wall-jet configuration) immersed in a BIA system. The analytical characteristics of the proposed method include high analytical frequency (up to 75 injections per hour), good stability (RSD < 2.9%; n = 10), low detection limits (0.227 and 0.173 mg L^-1 for SMX and TMP, respectively) and minimal waste generation. The proposed method yielded similar results to those obtained by liquid chromatography at a 95% confidence level.</p>

A simple and fast method for the determination of nimesulide (NI) using flow injection analysis with multiple-pulse amperometric (FIA-MPA) detection at a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode was developed. The method was based mainly on the application of a four-potential waveform, E1(det) = -0.8 V / 30 ms, E2(det) = 0.6 V / 30 ms, E3(det) = -0.4 V / 30 ms and E4(cleaning) = -0.45 V / 300 ms versus Ag/AgCl (3.0 mol L-1 KCl). NI was detected at three different electrode potentials, at which the nitro group undergoes different redox reactions. The proposed method was selective and sensitive (detection limit of 81.0 nmol L-1), and successfully applied for the determination of NI in pharmaceutical formulations, yielding similar results to those obtained by the reference method.

A fast analytical method for determination of hydroquinone in pharmaceutical formulations employing batch injection analysis (BIA) with amperometric detection using a boron-doped diamond electrode is described. The supporting electrolyte was a 0.1 mol L-1 H2SO4 solution (the single reagent used for analysis). The method showed good repeatability (RSD of 0.45%, n=20), wide linear range (from 10 to 2000 µmol L-1, R=0.9999), low detection limit (0.016 µmol L-1) and satisfactory recovery values (91-96%). Accuracy of the method was evaluated by comparative analyses using high-performance liquid-chromatography. The ability to replace the electronic pipette by disposable syringes (injection procedure) in BIA systems was also shown.

A simple flow-injection amperometric procedure using a three-electrode-integrated sensor for the determination of H2O2 in antiseptic mouthwash is reported. This method involves the use of a working composite electrode modified with Prussian Blue (PB) particles that was easily adapted as detector in FIA. The best amperometric response was observed for a composite containing 30% of graphite modified with PB particles (GAP) and 70% of pure graphite (GR). The proposed method presents a linear response in the range of 10 to 200 μmol L-1. The detection and quantification limits were 0.8 and 2.6 μmol L-1, respectively.

The potentialities and applications of the Multiple Pulse Amperometric detection (MPA) coupled with Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) are evaluated. Important aspects as cleaning and activation of electrode surface, indirect and simultaneous analysis of electroactive compounds and the use of the internal standard method for quantifications utilizing FIA-MPA are presented. The main parameters concerning the detection of electroactive analytes by multiple pulse amperometric detection in flowing solutions were also discussed. In addition, aspects such as flow rate, sample volume, application time of the potential pulses and instrumentation necessary for implementing of the method were also addressed.

A fluid conducting composite material prepared from graphite powder, commercial epoxy resin Araldite®, and cyclohexanone has been developed. The composition was optimized considering the mechanical properties as conductivity and adhesiveness using response surface methodology. This work employed cyclic voltammetry and amperometry to investigate the characteristics of such composite electrodes without and with the insertion of Prussian blue in the electrode body (bulk modified electrode). The composite electrodes were also successfully used for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide at 0.0V vs Ag/AgCl.