ABSTRACT Background: Microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are routinely used for Cryptosporidium diagnosis, without differentiating the parasite species. Methods: Children’s feces were analyzed by modified Ziehl-Neelsen (mZN) and ELISA for Cryptosporidium diagnosis and by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for species identification. Results: Cryptosporidium frequency was 2.6%. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 85.7% and 99.7%, respectively, with excellent concordance with mZN (kappa=0.854). Parasite species were characterized as Cryptosporidium hominis (78.3%), Cryptosporidium felis (17.4%), and Cryptosporidium parvum (4.3%). Conclusions: Coproantigen ELISA is as efficient as mZN for Cryptosporidium diagnosis. Cryptosporidium genotyping suggests anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission to children.

OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados de função pulmonar em crianças e adolescentes sem doenças respiratórias e com excesso de peso. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com crianças e adolescentes de 8 a 18 anos de ambos os sexos, com excesso de peso e sem doença respiratória, submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, radiografia de tórax, oximetria de pulso, espirometria e medidas de volume pulmonar. Indivíduos com patologias respiratórias, tabagistas ativos, radiografia anormal ou SpO2 = 92% foram excluídos do estudo. A circunferência da cintura foi medida em centímetros. O escore z para índice de massa corpórea/idade e sexo foi utilizado para classificar os indivíduos como com sobrepeso, obesos e obesos graves. As variáveis dos testes de função pulmonar foram expressas em percentual do previsto e correlacionadas com os índices antropométricos. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 59 indivíduos (30 meninos e 29 meninas). A média de idade foi de 11,7 ± 2,7 anos. Os resultados dos testes de função pulmonar foram normais em 21 indivíduos (35,6%). Dos 38 indivíduos restantes, 19 (32,2%), 15 (25,4%) e 4 (6,7%) apresentaram, respectivamente, distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo, restritivo e misto. A resposta ao broncodilatador foi positiva em 15 indivíduos (25,4%), e a medida da CPT revelou que todos os indivíduos com CV reduzida apresentavam distúrbio ventilatório restritivo. Houve correlações negativas significantes entre os índices antropométricos e índice de Tiffeneau nos indivíduos com distúrbio ventilatório misto. CONCLUSÕES: A função pulmonar apresentou-se alterada em aproximadamente 65% dos indivíduos com sobrepeso aqui avaliados, predominando distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo e resposta positiva ao broncodilatador.

OBJECTIVE: To describe lung function findings in overweight children and adolescents without respiratory disease. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving male and female overweight children and adolescents in the 8-18 year age bracket, without respiratory disease. All of the participants underwent anthropometric assessment, chest X-ray, pulse oximetry, spirometry, and lung volume measurements. Individuals with respiratory disease were excluded, as were those who were smokers, those with abnormal chest X-rays, and those with an SpO2 = 92%. Waist circumference was measured in centimeters. The body mass index-for-age Z score for boys and girls was used in order to classify the individuals as overweight, obese, or severely obese. Lung function variables were expressed in percentage of the predicted value and were correlated with the anthropometric indices. RESULTS: We included 59 individuals (30 males and 29 females). The mean age was 11.7 ± 2.7 years. Lung function was normal in 21 individuals (35.6%). Of the 38 remaining individuals, 19 (32.2%), 15 (25.4%), and 4 (6.7%) presented with obstructive, restrictive, and mixed ventilatory disorder, respectively. The bronchodilator response was positive in 15 individuals (25.4%), and TLC measurements revealed that all of the individuals with reduced VC had restrictive ventilatory disorder. There were significant negative correlations between the anthropometric indices and the Tiffeneau index in the individuals with mixed ventilatory disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Lung function was abnormal in approximately 65% of the individuals evaluated here, all of whom were overweight. Obstructive ventilatory disorder and positive bronchodilator response predominated.

Objective: To identify the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction and associated factors among students in Salvador, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving a random sample of 1,494 (852 girls and 642 boys) adolescents between 11 and 17 years of age who were students in the public schools in Salvador, Brazil. Participants completed the Body Shape Questionnaire and the Eating Attitudes Test-26. Body image was characterized as satisfactory or unsatisfactory. We obtained demographic, anthropometric and economic information and information regarding the stage of maturation, self-perception of body weight, and consumption of sweetened beverages and diet soft drinks. To identify associated factors we used Poisson regression analysis. Results: Body image dissatisfaction was present in 19.5% of the adolescents, with a prevalence of 26.6% among the girls and 10% among the boys. Independent of sex, the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction was higher among adolescents who were overweight or obese (girls, PR: 1.38, CI: 1.09-1.73 and boys, PR: 2.26, CI: 1.08-4.75), higher among those who perceived themselves as fat (girls, PR: 2.85, CI: 2.07-3.93 and boys, PR: 3.17, CI: 1.39-7.23), and higher among those who had negative attitudes toward eating (girls, PR: 2.42, CI: 1.91-3.08 and boys, PR: 4.67, CI: 2.85-7.63). A reduction in body image dissatisfaction was only identified among underweight girls (PR: 0.12, CI: 0.03-0.49). Conclusions: A high occurrence of body image dissatisfaction was observed among the adolescents, and biological and behavioral factors were associated with this dissatisfaction.

Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de insatisfacción corporal y factores asociados entre estudiantes de Salvador en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en una muestra aleatoria de 1494 adolescentes (852 niñas y 642 niños) de entre 11 y 17 años de edad estudiantes de escuelas públicas en Salvador (Brasil). Los participantes completaron los cuestionarios: Cuestionario de La Figura Corporal y el Inventario de Actitudes Alimentarias. La imagen corporal pudo ser considerada satisfactoria o insatisfactoria. Se obtuvieron datos demográficos, antropométricos y económicos e información sobre la etapa de maduración sexual, la auto-percepción del peso corporal y el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y gaseosas. Para identificar los factores asociados se utilizó el análisis de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: La insatisfacción corporal estuvo presente en el 19,5% de los/as adolescentes, con una prevalencia del 26,6% entre las chicas y el 10% entre los chicos. Independientemente del sexo, la prevalencia de la insatisfacción corporal fue superior entre los/as adolescentes con sobrepeso u obesos (en las niñas, PR: 1,38, IC: 1,09-1,73 y en los niños, PR: 2,26, IC: 1,08-4,75), mayor entre los/as que percibían a sí mismos como "gordos" (en las niñas, PR: 2,85, IC: 2,07-3,93 y en los niños, PR: 3,17, IC: 1,397,23), y entre los/as que tenían actitudes alimentarias negativas (en las niñas, PR: 2,42, IC: 1,91-3,08 y en los niños, PR: 4,67, IC: 2,85-7,63). Una reducción en la insatisfacción corporal se identificó sólo entre las niñas con bajo peso (RP: 0,12, IC: 0,03-0.49). Conclusiones: Se observó una alta ocurrencia de la insatisfacción corporal entre los adolescentes, y que factores biológicos y del comportamiento se asocian con dicha insatisfacción.

Este trabalho analisa em que medida o contrato de gestão vem alcançando resultados na melhoria do desempenho de um Hospital Universitário (HU). Parte-se do pressuposto de que o sucesso da contratualização depende de mudanças na estrutura organizacional, no processo de produção e nas relações entre os agentes, para reduzir o caráter fragmentário das Políticas Públicas. Foi revisado o debate sobre os ciclos de mudanças gerenciais, à luz da abordagem do Novo Gerencialismo da "Teoria da Fragmentação" das políticas públicas, e realizado estudo de caso de natureza qualitativa, exploratória e analítica, em um HU que possui contrato de gestão. Utilizam-se a análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas, sendo os dados interpretados mediante análise categorial de conteúdo. As estratégias e mudanças organizacionais decorrentes da contratualização produziram resultados referentes ao modelo de gestão, como o aumento do desempenho hospitalar, define critérios de controle e avaliação, e mudança na estrutura organizacional, possibilitando uma gestão mais descentralizada e participativa. Conclui-se que as mudanças decorrentes do contrato de gestão impactaram positivamente nos indicadores de desempenho, elevando a eficiência e efetividade e mostrando que é possível integrar as Políticas de Saúde e Educação, evitando-se a fragmentação das Políticas Públicas.

This paper examines the extent to which management contracts have achieved results in improving the performance of a University Hospital. This is based on the assumption that success in contracting depends on changes in the organizational structure, in the production process and relations between agents to reduce the fragmentary character of Public Policy. The debate about cycles of management change was reviewed in the light of the New Managerialism approach "Theory of Fragmentation" of Public Policy. Document analysis and semi-structured interviews were used, and the data was interpreted by analyzing categorical content. The strategies and organizational changes resulting from contracting yielded results for the management model, increased hospital performance, defined control criteria and evaluation, changed the organizational structure, enabling a more decentralized and participatory management. We conclude that the changes resulting from management contracts positively impacted performance indicators, increasing efficiency and effectiveness and that it is possible to integrate Health Policy and Education, avoiding the fragmentation of Public Policies.