O artigo discute a cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento no eixo da Ciência e Tecnologia (C&T), analisando questões cruciais contemporâneas e questões brasileiras específicas. Partindo de contribuições de relevantes autores, o trabalho focaliza os conceitos centrais de ciência, tecnologia e cooperação internacional em C&T, com distintas visões de especialistas em diferentes períodos. Na sequência, aborda tipologias da cooperação internacional, introduzindo uma reflexão sobre a técnica e a natureza humana, e sobre distinções entre “técnica” e “tecnologia”, bem como especificidades dos vetores da cooperação científico-tecnológica e da cooperação técnica. Prosseguindo, o artigo traz um breve histórico da trajetória da cooperação internacional em C&T, notadamente nos momentos demarcados pela Guerra Fria, aporta exemplos concretos e debate dilemas, oportunidades, riscos e desafios, bem como a realidade do Brasil diante deste instrumento da política externa dos governos.

The article discusses international cooperation in science and technology (S&T), analyzing its crucial contemporary issues, as well as Brazilian specific issues. It presents several contributions from relevant scholars and focuses on the concepts of science, technology and international cooperation, its main terminologies and several visions of specialists in different periods. Furthermore, it brings international cooperation typologies and introduces a reflection on technique and the human nature, emphasizing features that distinguish “technique” of “technology” and exploring the vectors of the scientific-technological cooperation and technical cooperation. The paper provides a short historical overview of international cooperation, notably in the moments marked by the Cold War as a dividing line, and by providing concrete examples, it discusses the key issues of international cooperation in S&T in the contemporary world, as well as the reality of Brazil towards this tool of governmental foreign policy.

Pensar cooperação em ciência e tecnologia, C&T, requer pensar antes em cooperação de forma mais ampla, tanto entre indivíduos como entre sociedades e entre territórios de identidade societária, ou Estados-nação, e impõe ainda lançar um olhar sobre a história, para entender suas raízes e seu percurso. Perseguindo esse objetivo, o presente trabalho identifica os fundamentos da cooperação, iniciando com essa conceituação na visão de distintos autores, e ressalta as especificidades que concernem à cooperação em C&T, apresentando as suas primeiras formas de expressão. Prossegue explorando as condições de expansão da Revolução Científica na Europa Ocidental e como esse fenômeno veio a estabelecer dois níveis de produção de conhecimento em escala planetária a partir do século XVI, quais sejam, a ciência dominante ou central e a periférica, cujas características são analisadas. Por fim, o artigo focaliza a concentração mundial da produção do conhecimento e as suas implicações para a busca de novas formas de cooperação que visem a reduzir os desequilíbrios flagrantes na contemporaneidade.

To think of cooperation in science and technology, S&T, requires to think first on cooperation in a broader way, both between individuals as well as societies and territories of societarian identity or a nation, and still requires have a glimpse over history, to understand its roots and ways. Seeking this goal, this peace of work identifies the basics of cooperation, starting up with this conceptualization on the point of view of distinguished authors and highlights the specificities that concerns the cooperation in S&T, presenting its first form of expression. It keeps exploring the conditions of expanding the Scientific Revolution on Western Europe and how this phenomenon has established two levels of production of knowledge throughout the world from the XVI century, whichever is the dominant or central Science and the peripheral Science of which the characteristics are analysed. At last, the article focus on the concentration of production of knowledge and their implication to the search of new ways of cooperation that aims on reducing the imbalances seen in nowadays.

Penser coopération en termes de science et technologie, S&T, présuppose de penser à la coopération de manière plus étendue. Ceci autant entre individus qu'entre société et qu'entre territoires d'identité sociétaires, ou État-nation. Cela impose également un regard sur l'hisoire pour comprendre ses racines et son parcours. Dans cet objectif, cette recherche identifie les fondements de la coopération. Cette étude, selon la conception de différents auteurs, permet de souligner les spécificités relatives à la coopération en S&T et en présente les premières formes d'expression. Elle analyse aussi les conditions d'expansion de la Révolution Scientifique en Europe Occidentale et la manière dont ce phénomène a pu établir deux niveaux de production de la connaissance à l'échelle planétaire, à partir du XVIe siècle, la science dominante ou centrale et la science périphérique dont les caractéristiques sont analysées. Enfin, l'article met l'accent sur la concentration mondiale de la connaissance et ses implications pour la recherche de nouvelles formes de coopération qui visent à réduire les déséquilibres flagrants dans le monde contemporain.

Based on the broader context of globalization as politics, this paper adopts the following assumption: cities through their transnational cooperation networks and economic projects are the expression of a new political actor that has shifted its scale of operations, and have thus partly emancipated themselves from the monopoly of the nation-state in the deployment of transborder public action. In pursuance of developing this assumption, this paper approaches the discussion on municipal paradiplomacy in three parts: firstly, it presents the historical and theoretical background of paradiplomacy in Brazil; secondly, it looks into the empirical reality of several Brazilian municipalities and their international actions; thirdly, it presents a series of critical questions for analyzing cities and their transnational networks as new political actors in the global arena. Empirically, this paper raises key issues related to the multiple ways in which municipalities throughout Brazil develop transnational activities, whereas analytically it aims to provide a better understanding of their soft-border approach, as well as their pragmatic association between a renewed identity in the global scenario and an innovative strategy of local international management.