ABSTRACT. In Maranhão State, Brazil, soils are naturally acidic, nutrient-deficient, and prone to cohesion and erosion. Removing the natural cover to establish pastures causes physical, chemical, and biological changes in the soil. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the contents and stocks of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and particle-size fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) in pastures with different years of recovery, and compare them with a secondary forest in the Legal Amazon. Four treatments were evaluated: secondary forest, perennial pasture, and perennial pastures recovered for five years and eight years, both of the latter through corn + brachiaria intercropping. The contents and stocks of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C, and N from the soil organic matter particle-size fractions, as well as the carbon management indexes (CMI) of the 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30, and 0.30-0.40 m layers were evaluated. The perennial pasture environment presented the highest total soil C and N contents; however, when observing the granulometric fractions and CMI, these increases were qualitative in relation to the secondary forest. Pasture recovery over eight years contributed to an improvement of soil quality similar to secondary forest, indicating that an increase in SOM quality, quantity, and recovery time related to increased pasture capacity to accumulate C and N in the soil.

Resumen El estudio analiza los límites y posibilidades para la participación de los estudiantes en la educación técnica integrada – un tipo de oferta del bachillerato vinculado a la educación profesional – en el ámbito de los órganos colegiados ubicados en una de las unidades docentes de una institución perteneciente a la Red Federal de Educación Profesional, Científica y Tecnológica – REPECT, ubicada en la Ciudad de Manaus, en el Estado de Amazonas, Brasil. La metodología, con un enfoque cualitativo, incluyó: revisión de la literatura de referencia sobre el tema; análisis de legislación que trata sobre el principio de gestión democrática de la educación pública en Brasil y de la Red Federal de Educación Profesional, Científica y Tecnológica; y análisis de documentos de la institución investigada, tales como: Estatuto y Reglamento General, Estatuto del Código Electoral del Consejo Superior, Organización Didáctico-Pedagógica, Plan de Desarrollo Institucional (PDI) y Reglamento del Consejo de Clase. También incluyó la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a estudiantes y profesionales que actuaron como representantes de sus segmentos en instancias colegiadas de la institución. Los resultados muestran que la institución cuenta con normas para la implementación de los órganos colegiados, sin embargo, existen obstáculos para la efectividad de estos canales de participación. Se observan procesos embrionarios de participación estudiantil, siendo el Consejo de Clase el único colegiado con asiento para alumnos ya implantado en esa unidad de la institución. En la dinámica del funcionamiento de este órgano, la participación choca con la cultura centralizadora, dejando a los estudiantes y otros sujetos de la comunidad escolar involucrados en la construcción de prácticas y lineamientos acordes con el principio de gestión democrática.

Resumo O estudo analisa limites e possibilidades da participação de estudantes do ensino técnico integrado – modalidade de oferta do ensino médio articulado à educação profissional – no âmbito dos órgãos colegiados implantados em uma das unidades de ensino de uma instituição pertencente à Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica (REPECT), situada na Cidade de Manaus, no Estado do Amazonas, Brasil. A metodologia, de abordagem qualitativa, contemplou: revisão da literatura de referência sobre a temática; análise da legislação que trata do princípio da gestão democrática do ensino público no Brasil e da Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica; e análise de documentos da instituição pesquisada, tais como: Estatuto e Regimento Geral, Estatuto do Código Eleitoral do Conselho Superior, Organização Didático-Pedagógica, Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional (PDI) e Regulamento do Conselho de Classe. Contemplou, ainda, a aplicação de entrevista semiestruturada a estudantes e profissionais que atuavam como representantes de seus segmentos em instâncias colegiadas da instituição. Os resultados evidenciam que a instituição possui normas para implantação de órgãos colegiados, todavia, verificam-se entraves à efetivação destes canais de participação. Observam-se processos embrionários de participação estudantil, sendo o Conselho de Classe o único colegiado com assento para estudantes já implantado naquela unidade da instituição. Na dinâmica de funcionamento deste órgão, a participação esbarra na cultura centralizadora, cabendo aos estudantes e demais sujeitos da comunidade escolar o engajamento para construção de práticas e pautas alinhadas ao princípio da gestão democrática.

Abstract The study analyzes limits and possibilities of the participation of students of integrated technical education – a provision of secondary education modality articulated to professional education – in the collegiate bodies sphere implanted in one of the teaching units of an institution belonging to the Federal Network of Professional, Scientific and Technological Education – REPECT, located in the City of Manaus, in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. The methodology, with a qualitative approach, included: review of the reference literature on the subject; analysis of the legislation that deals with the principle of democratic management of public education in Brazil and of the Federal Network of Professional, Scientific and Technological Education; and analysis of documents of the researched institution, such as: Statute and General Regulations, Statute of the Electoral Code of the Superior Council, Didactic-Pedagogical Organization, Institutional Development Plan (PDI) and Regulation of the Class Council. It also included the application of semi-structured interviews to students and professionals who acted as representatives of their segments in collegiate instances of the institution. The results show that the institution has rules for the implementation of collegiate bodies, however, there are obstacles to the accomplishment of these participation channels. Embryonic processes of student participation are observed, as the Class Council is the only collegiate with a seat for students already implanted in that unit of the institution. In the dynamics of this body's operation, participation comes up against the centralizing culture, with students and other subjects in the school community being responsible for engaging in the construction of practices and guidelines aligned with the principle of democratic management.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the precision of oxygen uptake with heart rate regression during treadmill running in highly trained runners. Twenty national and international level male runners were divided into two equal groups. Group A was formed of 10 sprinters (31.5± 4.7 years, height 1.74± 0.04 m and mass 61.8± 5.2 kg), and group B comprised 10 endurance runners (25.7± 4.5 years, height 1.77± 0.08 m and mass 71.2± 5.8 kg). Each participant performed six min bouts at a constant velocity on a level treadmill, with each bout at an increased running velocity. The starting velocity was 3.33 m·s-1, with a 0.56 m·s-1 increase in each subsequent bout. VO2 and HR were measured during all runs. Mean peak VO2 and mean peak HR for Group A were, respectively, 71.7± 7.0 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 179.8± 12.7 beats·min-1, while for Group B were 67.3± 4.9 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 198.2± 9.8 beats·min-1. The linearity of the regressions between VO2 and HR in both groups was very high (R2= 0.97 and R2=0.76) with small standard errors of regression. Despite a stronger correlation in endurance-trained athletes, the results of the present study indicate that it is possible to use HR as an indicator of exercise intensity in individuals trained in both speed and longer distances.

Abstract Identifying indicators that contribute to a favourable living condition becomes of great value for the diagnosis, as well as implementing preventive and health-promoting actions. The present work objective was to evaluate and compare the lifestyle, depressive symptoms and functional aptitude of elderly men and women attending a community centre. The sample consisted of 277 elderly people, 197 (71%) women and 80 (29%) men aged above 60 years. The elderly were evaluated using a questionnaire to assess lifestyle and depressive symptoms, and their functional fitness was assessed by functional autonomy tests. The differences between the parameters were analysed by the student’s t-test and χ2 whenever appropriate. Depressive symptoms were present in 35% of the elderly; however, the lifestyle analysis showed that 57.40% of the elderly had a very good classification, followed by 24.55% as good, 17.33% as excellent and 0.72% as regular. Regarding functional fitness, 19.39% of the elderly had a score related to a very good level, 15.97% good, 16.35% fair and 45.29% weak. The results found in this study suggest that the elderly attending the community centre presented low depressive symptoms with a lifestyle classification considered very good, however, with poor functional fitness with differences in some parameters between men and women.

RESUMO Introdução: A relação entre treino e competição é muito importante e visa a preparação mais específica e adequada no Jiu-Jitsu. Problema e objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre treinamento e competição por meio de indicadores de lesão e força muscular. Métodos: A amostra do estudo incluiu nove indivíduos (22,54 ± 2,77 anos) que foram submetidos às seguintes condições: 1) simulação de treinamento e 2) simulação de competição. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas no teste Counter Movement Jump (CMJ). Porém, 48 horas depois do treinamento, houve indicação de valores superiores aos de pós-competição. A creatina quinase (CK) apresentou diferenças significativas de lesão muscular depois da competição com relação às demais condições e momentos (p <0,01), com alto efeito. A LDH apresentou diferenças nos momentos antes, durante e depois das condições de competição e treinamento (p < 0,05), com alto efeito. A potência dos membros superiores (PUL) teve correlação média 24 horas (> 0,55) e 48 horas (0,47) depois da intervenção. Houve alta correlação (> 0,70)com todas as condições no squat jump (SJ). A LDH teve alta correlação (> 0,70) em 48 horas. Conclusões: Houve boa correlação entre o treinamento e a simulação de competição, o que indica que o modelo de treinamento usado no estudo tende a preparar adequadamente os atletas de Jiu-Jitsu para as demandas da competição. Nível de evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significante, mas com intervalos de confiança estreitos.

ABSTRACT Background: The relationship between training and competition is very important and aims at a more specific and adequate preparation in Jiu-Jitsu. Problem and objective: To evaluate the relationship between training and competition through indications of injury and muscle strength. Methods: The study sample included nine subjects (22.54 ± 2.77 years of age) who were submitted to the following two conditions: 1) training simulation and 2) competition simulation. Results: There were no significant differences in the countermovement jump (CMJ) test. However, 48 hours after training there was an indication of values higher than the post-competition ones. Creatine kinase (CK) indicated significant differences in muscle damage after competition in relation to the other conditions and moments (p <0.01) with a high effect. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) showed differences in the moments before, during, and after both competition and training conditions (p <0.05) with a high effect. The power of the upper limbs (PUL) showed a medium correlation at 24h (> 0.55) and 48h (0.47) after the intervention. There was high correlation (> 0.70) for all conditions in the squat jump (SJ). LDH showed a high correlation (> 0.70) at 48 hours. Conclusion: There was a good correlation between training and competition simulation, which tends to indicate that the training model used in the study properly prepare Jiu-Jitsu athletes for the demands of competition. Level of evidence I; High-quality randomized clinical trial with or without a statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals.

RESUMEN Introducción: La relación entre entrenamiento y competición es muy importante y apunta a una preparación más específica y adecuada en el Jiu-Jitsu. Problema y objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre entrenamiento y competición a través de indicadores de lesión y fuerza muscular. Métodos: La muestra del estudio incluyó a nueve individuos (22,54 ± 2,77 años) que fueron sometidos a las siguientes condiciones: 1) simulación de entrenamiento y 2) simulación de competición. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas en la prueba de Counter Movement Jump (CMJ). Sin embargo, hubo indicios, 48 horas después del entrenamiento, de valores superiores a los de post-competición. La creatina quinasa (CK) presentó diferencias significativas de lesión muscular tras la competición en relación con las demás condiciones y momentos (p <0,01), con un efecto elevado. La LDH presentó diferencias en los momentos previos, durante y posteriores a las condiciones de competición y entrenamiento (p <0.05), con un efecto elevado. La potencia de las extremidades superiores (PUL) tuvo una correlación media de 24 horas (> 0,55) y 48 horas (0,47) después de la intervención. En el salto, Squat Jump (SJ), hubo una alta correlación en relación a todas las condiciones (> 0,70). La LDH presentó alta correlación (> 0,70) en 48 horas. Conclusiones: Hubo una buena correlación entre el entrenamiento y la simulación de competición, lo que indica que el modelo de entrenamiento utilizado en el estudio tiende a preparar adecuadamente a los atletas de Jiu-Jitsu para las exigencias de la competición. Nivel de evidencia I;Ensayo clínico aleatorizado de alta calidad con o sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, pero con intervalos de confianza estrechos.

Abstract Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different cadences of movement in ATI equipment on the psychophysiological parameters of older adults during the training session. Methods: Fifteen physically independent older men voluntarily participated in this study. Three 30-min exercise sessions were randomly distributed (5 min warm-up, 20 min exercise, 5 min cooldown), comprising exercises with different cadences low (L: 1 movement every 4 s), medium (M: 1 movement every 2 s), and high cadence (H: 1 movement per second); all with 30” of stimulus and 30” recovery using the following devices: elliptical, rower, surf/elliptical and leg press. Heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), rate of perceived recovery (RPR), and feeling scale (FS) were evaluated before and immediately after the three sessions. The difference between moments was analyzed by analysis of variance with a significance level of p < 0.0001). Results: Cadence L (56 ± 2 %) showed lower values of relative HR than M (70 ± 5%) and H (85 ± 5%), which also differed from each other. Significant differences (p < 0.01) for the area under the curve of RPE (L: 75 ± 26, M: 115 ± 16, H: 154 ± 4) and RPR (L: 173 ± 16, M: 139 ± 12, H: 97 ± 6; UA) were identified among the cadences. Statistical differences (p < 0.01) were found on RPE 30 min of the session (L: 4.2 ± 0.7 < M: 5.7 ± 0.7 < H: 7.4 ± 0.5). Conclusion: The performance of different cadences induced different psychophysiological responses in older adults undergoing exercise sessions in the ATI. The moderate cadence provided an increase in HR with values considered safe for the exercise and therefore can be recommended for this population when using this equipment.

RESUMO Introdução: O uso da eletromioestimulação de corpo inteiro (whole body electromyostimulation - WB-EMS) tem mostrado ser um método eficiente para induzir melhora significativa da força muscular e do desempenho. Hipoteticamente, a prática de WB-EMS foi considerada potencializadora do gasto energético na sessão, mas isso ainda não está claro. Objetivo: Diante da escassez de informações, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o gasto energético da WB-EMS associada ao treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) com o peso corporal. Métodos: Quatorze participantes do sexo masculino foram submetidos a duas sessões de exercícios randomizadas: HIIT (exercícios com peso corporal sem WB-EMS) e HIIT + WB-EMS (exercícios com peso corporal associados a WB-EMS). Para ambas as condições de exercício, os indivíduos realizaram HIIT com peso corporal, de acordo com o seguinte protocolo: 3 minutos de aquecimento seguidos de 4 exercícios (30 segundos de estímulo), organizados em 2 blocos com 3 séries em cada exercício, com 15 segundos de descanso passivo entre as séries e 180 segundos entre os blocos, com os seguintes exercícios realizados: jumping jack (polichinelo), squat and thrust, burpee e spider plank. Resultados: Diferenças significativas foram encontradas no consumo de VO2 absoluto (HIIT: 2,18 ± 0,34, HIIT + WB-EMS: 2,32 ± 0,36; L.min−1) e VO2 relativo (HIIT: 26,30 ± 3,77, HIIT + WB-EMS: 28,02 ± 3,74; ml.kg.min−1), MET (HIIT: 7,51 ± 1,07, HIIT + WB-EMS: 8,00 ± 1,07), concentração no sangue de lactato (HIIT: 11,59 ± 2,16, HIIT + WB- EMS: 12,64 ± 1,99 mmol.L−1) e gasto energético total (HIIT: 249,6± 45,04 Kcal, HIIT+ WB-EMS: 268,9± 40,67 Kcal; 7,46 ± 5,31%). Conclusão: Nossos dados indicam que o uso de WB-EMS associado ao HIIT gerou demanda metabólica ligeiramente superior à do controle. Entretanto, as diferenças absolutas não permitem indicar superioridade do WB-EMS, e estudos futuros devem ser planejados de modo a determinar os efeitos a longo prazo. Nível de evidência II.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of whole body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) has been shown to be an efficient method for inducing significant improvements in muscle strength and performance outcomes. Hypothetically, WB-EMS had been considered an enhancer of energy expenditure in the session, but this remains unclear. Objective: In view of the lack of information, this study aims to evaluate the energy expenditure of WB-EMS associated with whole body High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT). Methods: Fourteen male participants were submitted into two randomized exercise sessions: HIIT (whole body weight exercises without WB-EMS) and HIIT+WB-EMS (whole body weight exercises associated with WB-EMS). For both exercise conditions, the subjects performed whole body HIIT according to the following protocol: 3 minutes of warm-up followed by 4 exercises (30 seconds of stimulus) organized in 2 blocks, with 3 sets in each exercise, a rest period of 15 seconds between sets, and 180 seconds between blocks. The following exercises were performed: jumping jacks, squat and thrusts, burpees, and spider plank. Results: Significant differences were found in the absolute VO2 (HIIT:2.18±0.34, HIIT+WB-EMS:2.32±0.36 L.min−1) and relative VO2 (HIIT:26.30±3.77, HIIT+WB-EMS:28.02± 3.74 ml.kg.min−1), MET (HIIT:7.51±1.07, HIIT+WB-EMS:8.00±1.07), lactate concentration (HIIT:11.59±2.16, HIIT+WB-EMS: 12.64±1.99 mmol.L−1) and total energy expenditure (HIIT: 249.6± 45.04 Kcal, HIIT+ WB-EMS: 268.9±40.67 Kcal; 7.46 ± 5.31%). Conclusion: Our data indicate that the use of WB-EMS associated with HIIT generated a slightly higher metabolic demand than that of the control. However, the absolute differences do not allow us to indicate the superiority of WB-EMS, and future trials should be designed to determine the long-term effects.

RESUMEN Introducción: Se ha demostrado que el uso de la electroestimulación de cuerpo entero (WB-EMS) es un método eficaz para inducir mejoras significativas en la fuerza muscular y los resultados de rendimiento. Hipotéticamente, la práctica de WB-EMS se consideró un potenciador del gasto calórico en la sesión, pero esto aún no está claro. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el gasto energético del WB-EMS asociado al HIIT con el peso corporal. Métodos: Se asignaron al azar catorce participantes masculinos a dos sesiones de ejercicio: HIIT (ejercicios de peso corporal total sin WB-EMS) y HIIT + WB-EMS (ejercicios de peso corporal total asociados con WB-EMS). Para ambas condiciones de ejercicio, los sujetos realizaron HIIT con peso corporal según el siguiente protocolo: 3 minutos de calentamiento seguido de 4 ejercicios (30 segundos de estímulo) organizados en 2 bloques con 3 series en cada ejercicio y 15 segundos entre series y ejercicios y 180 segundos entre bloques de descanso pasivo con los siguientes ejercicios realizados: jump jack, squat and thrust, burpee y spider plank. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el consumo de VO2 absoluto (HIIT: 2,18 ± 0,34, HIIT + WB-EMS: 2,32 ± 0,36 L.min−1) y relativo (HIIT: 26,30 ± 3,77, HIIT + WB-EMS: 28,02 ± 3,74 ml.kg.min1), MET (HIIT: 7,51 ± 1,07, HIIT + WB-EMS: 8,00 ± 1, 07), concentración de lactato (HIIT: 11,59 ± 2,16, HIIT + WB-EMS: 12,64 ± 1,99 mmol.L−1) y gasto energetico total (HIIT: 231,5±36,38Kcal, HIIT + WB-EMS:246,9± 38,76Kcal; 6,14± 5,61%). Conclusión: Nuestros datos indican que el uso de WB-EMS asociado a HIIT generó, en una de manera sutil, una mayor respuesta a la demanda metabólica que la situación de control. Sin embargo, las diferencias absolutas no permiten indicar la superioridad del WB-EMS con estudios futuros y deben planificarse.

Resumo: A soja é uma cultura de grande relevância econômica mundial, sendo a produção de sementes um dos setores mais importantes de seu complexo agroindustrial. O beneficiamento é uma das etapas finais do processo de produção das sementes, que visa remover as impurezas, selecionar as sementes por forma, tamanho e densidade e embalar de forma adequada. O monitoramento e o controle de qualidade nas diferentes etapas do processo garantem que as sementes atendam aos padrões de armazenamento e mercado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes etapas do processamento no desempenho físico e fisiológico de três cultivares de sementes de soja utilizando ferramentas de controle estatístico de processo. O trabalho foi realizado na unidade de beneficiamento de sementes com as cultivares M8644 IPRO, M8349 IPRO e M8808 IPRO, com amostragem em oito pontos ao longo do processo. Foram avaliados o teor de água, pureza física, germinação, primeira contagem, envelhecimento acelerado, tetrazólio (vigor e viabilidade), danos mecânicos e condutividade elétrica. Durante o processo, gráficos de controle de média e amplitude foram usados para cada teste. A utilização de cartas de controle possibilitou o acompanhamento do processo de beneficiamento de sementes de soja, apontando a metodologia como ferramenta para apuração dos problemas existentes, a fim de promover a melhoria contínua no desempenho do beneficiamento da semente.

Abstract: Soybean is a crop of great economic relevance in the world, with seed production being one of the most important sectors of its agro-industrial complex. Processing is one of the final stages of the seeds production process, it aims to remove impurities, select seeds by shape, size and density and pack properly. Monitoring and quality control at different stages of the process ensures that seeds meet storage and market standards. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different stages of processing in the physical and physiological performance of three cultivars of soybean seeds using statistical process control tools. The work was carried out at the seed processing unit with the cultivars M8644 IPRO, M8349 IPRO and M8808 IPRO, with sampling at eight points throughout the process. Water content, physical purity, germination, first count, accelerated aging, tetrazolium (vigor and viability), mechanical damage and electrical conductivity were evaluated. During the process, mean and amplitude control charts were used for each test. The use of control charts made it possible to monitor the process of soybean seed processing, pointing out the methodology as a tool to determine existing problems, to promote continuous improvement in the performance of seed processing.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos de diferentes rotinas de treinamento em medidas de força e hipertrofia muscular. Métodos: Foram distribuídos em dois grupos de treinamento 67 indivíduos não treinados: Rotina Distribuída (n=35), com os grupos musculares treinados duas vezes por semana em uma divisão A/B com oito séries por sessão, ou Rotina de Corpo Inteiro (n=32), com os grupos musculares treinados quatro vezes por semana com quatro e oito séries por sessão de treinamento. Ambos os grupos realizaram de oito a 12 repetições máximas por série, com intervalo de 60 segundos entre as séries. A força e a espessura muscular máximas foram avaliadas no início e após oito semanas de treinamento. Resultados: Observaram-se diferenças significativas considerando o tempo (pré versus pós) para força máxima no supino, agachamento e espessura muscular de extensores do cotovelo, flexores do cotovelo e músculos do quadríceps femoral. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos para nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Conclusão: O treinamento de força realizado duas ou quatro vezes por semana com volume de séries equalizado promove adaptações neuromusculares similares.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effects of different resistance training programs on measures of muscle strength and hypertrophy. Methods: Sixty-seven untrained subjects were randomized to one of two groups: Split Workout Routine (n=35), in which muscle groups were trained twice per week in an A/B split consisting of eight sets per session, or Full-Body Workout Routine (n=32), in which muscle groups were trained four times per week with four and eight sets per session. Both groups performed eight to 12 repetition maximum per set, with 60 seconds of rest between sets. Maximal strength and muscle thickness were assessed at baseline and after eight weeks of training. Results: A significant main effect of time (pre versus post) was observed for maximal strength in the bench press and squat exercises and thickness of the elbow extensor, elbow flexor and quadriceps femoris muscles. Selected variables did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion: Resistance training twice or four times per week has similar effects on neuromuscular adaptation, provided weekly set volume is equal.

Abstract Aims: Recently, high-intensity training methods have become popular, integrating the cardiovascular and neuromuscular training in a single training session, among these methods is CrossFit®. The objective of this study was to analyze the superficial thermal response to CrossFit® exercise in men and women, in order to use this knowledge to prevent overuse injuries. Methods: Nineteen volunteers involved in CrossFit® exercise for more than 6-month (12 males and 7 females) were recruited. The acquisition of the thermal images was performed in a climatized room in two moments, at rest (before exercise), and after one CrossFit® training session. The training session lasted 45min, comprising warm-up (10-min), accessory work (15-20min), and workout of the day (15-20-min). Before the first image acquisition, volunteers were acclimated for 15 min. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the skin temperature between pre- and post-exercise. Results: Temperatures rose significantly pre- to post-exercise in the forearm and anterior thigh regions, while it decreased in the anterior thorax and dorsal lower back regions. These results were found both, in the overall sample, and the male volunteers, but not when the female results were isolated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that superficial thermal response to one CrossFit® training session was characterized and was different for men and women. The superficial thermal responses were aligned with the physiological alterations promoted by other modalities, such as resistance training, cycling, and running.

Abstract Aim: Several programs using total body weight exercise methods have been applied in several populations especially using HIIT. The present study assessed the oxygen consumption, heart rate, and energy expenditure of a HIIT body work® session. Methods: Twelve male participants performed 20 minutes of a HIIT body work, consisting of 20 sets of 30 seconds of stimulation in all-out intensity, followed by 30 seconds of passive recovery. Five cycles were performed for each exercise (jumping jack, burpee, mountain climb, and squat jump). Results: The mean VO2 of the session was 34 ± 7 ml.kg.min-1 (80.35% of the VO2 peak obtained in the session). The energy expenditure of the session was 251±27 kcal (13±1 kcal.min-1) and 39 ± 8 kcal (75±1 kcal.min-1) during the recovery time. The heart rate values were 160±18 bpm (91% of the peak HR of the session) and 125±22 bpm (71%) in recovery. In addition, significant differences (p<0.05) in maximal VO2 were found between jumping jack, mountain climber, burpee and squat jump. Conclusion: Based on the present data, a HIIT bodywork® session presented energy expenditure as a typical high-intensity exercise profile.

Abstract Aims: To determine lactate threshold (LT) by three different methods (visual inspection, algorithmic adjustment, and Dmax) during an incremental protocol performed in the leg press 45° and to evaluate correlation and agreement among these different methods. Methods: Twenty male long-distance runners participated in this study. Firstly, participants performed the dynamic force tests in one-repetition maximum (1RM). In the next session, completed an incremental protocol consisted of progressive stages of 1 min or 20 repetitions with increments of 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% 1RM. From 40% 1RM, increments corresponding to 10% 1RM were performed until a load in which the participants could not complete the 20 repetitions. A rest interval of 2 min was observed between each stage for blood collection and adjustment of the workloads for the next stage. Results: Our results showed no significant difference in relative load (% 1RM), good correlations, and high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) between algorithmic adjustment and Dmax (p = 0.680, r = 0.92; ICC = 0.959), algorithmic adjustment and visual inspection (p = 0.266, r = 0.91; ICC = 0.948), and Dmax and visual inspection (p = 1.000, r = 0.88; ICC = 0.940). In addition, the Bland-Altman plot and linear regression showed agreement between algorithmic adjustment and Dmax (r2 = 0.855), algorithmic adjustment and visual inspection (r2 = 0.834), and Dmax and visual inspection (r2 = 0.781). Conclusion: The good correlation and high agreement among three methods suggest their applicability to determine LT during an incremental protocol performed in the leg press 45°. However, the best agreement found between mathematical methods suggests better accuracy.

This study aimed to observe if the order of the predominantly aerobic exercise, concerning the predominantly anaerobic exercises, in the concurrent training affects the body composition. Nine young males and nine young females were equitably dived into three groups that performed for ten weeks a concurrent training, differing between them in the order of the predominantly aerobic exercise in relation to the predominantly anaerobic exercises, with the objective to change the body composition: i) before; ii) after; and iii) interleaved. The measurements of the body composition were performed before (T0) and after ten weeks (T1) of concurrent training, a protocol using the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). It was observed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the percentage of total body fat in all groups (25.75±9.34 to 25.08±9.38, 26.08±8.17 to 25.51±7.54, 28.20±4.29 to 26.45±5.56, T0 and T1, before, after and, interleaved, respectively). The total fat-free mass it was significantly increased in the after order group (50.74±11.82 kg to 51.01±11.85 kg, T0, and T1, respectively) and the upper limbs fat-free mass also significantly increased only in the before order group (6.66±2.64kg to 7.15±2.95kg, T0, and T1, respectively). No statistical differences were observed in any study variables between groups. Based on the data of the present study, the order of the predominantly aerobic exercise concerning the predominantly anaerobic exercises in the concurrent training did not influence the alterations in the body composition.

Performing long-duration exercise may increase oxygen consumption, which may result in redox imbalance inducing a frame of oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of EROS after a training session on the DNA of human lymphocytes and biochemical parameters (TBARS, triglycerides, proteins, glucose, albumin, and urea). A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study of 18 Caucasian individuals, males, between 18 and 35 years of age, underwent a continuous aerobic training session (60-minute run with intensity comprised between 70% and 75% of the maximum heart rate. The participants had a mean age of 21.78 ± 3.82 years; body mass 72.04 ± 6.35 kg; Height 1.79 ± 0.05 m, BMI of 22.37 kg/cm2 ± 1.70, fat mass 8.43 ± 3.97 %. Results showed a statistically significant increase in total protein, glucose and triglyceride levels post-exercise, while albumin decreased significantly post-exercise, whereas other biochemical parameters did not present significant change. DNA damage analysis showed no significant effects. We conclude that aerobic training in the conditions herein did not induce damage due to oxidative stress in the studied structures, probably because the individuals were well-trained and previously adapted to the conditions of exercise.