RESUMO Este artigo contribui para as discussões acerca de racialização, classes sociais e exclusão no ensino e aprendizagem de inglês no Brasil. Seu foco é a região norte, mais especificamente, a cidade de Parintins, no Amazonas, considerada, neste artigo, como parte do sul epistêmico (SOUSA SANTOS, 2007). Além de Sousa Santos (2007) fazem parte do referencial teórico deste artigo Dias (2021), Pennycook (1998), Servelati (2021), entre outros. A metodologia do artigo é baseada em estudos qualitativos, interpretativistas e discursivos. Analisamos a história de formação de um professor de inglês atuante na cidade de Parintins, em uma entrevista virtual. Os resultados da análise do discurso do professor apontam para desigualdades e injustiças observadas ao longo de sua história de formação, corroborando a noção de língua inglesa como prática racializada.

ABSTRACT This article contributes to discussions on racialization, social class and exclusion in English teaching and learning in Brazil. Its focus is the northern region, more specifically, the city of Parintins, in the Amazon, considered, in this article, as part of the epistemic south (SOUSA SANTOS, 2007). In addition to Sousa Santos (2007), authors such as Dias (2021), Pennycook (1998), Servelati (2021), among others, are part of the theoretical framework of this article. The article’s methodology is based on qualitative, interpretative and discursive studies. We analyzed a Parintins English Teacher’s educational history, in a virtual interview. The results of the teacher’s discourse analysis point to inequalities and injustices observed throughout his educational history, corroborating the notion of English language as a racialized practice.

Abstract Introduction: Reinke’s Edema (RE) is a laryngeal lesion related to excessive tobacco smoking, voice overuse, and laryngopharyngeal reflux. Although the risk of malignancy has been considered low in literature, RE is classified among precancerous lesions. Objectives: We investigated DNA Copy Number Alterations (CNAs) in specimens of RE and its potential association with malignant progression. Methods: We used array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH, Agilent 4 × 180 K platform) to study eight RE cases. All patients were heavy tobacco users for at least 30 years, and none of them progressed to cancer in the follow-up (>8 years). Two RE presented mild dysplasia, one moderate dysplasia, and no histological alterations were found in the remaining five cases. CNAs were compared with the Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) and genes mapped on altered regions had their functions annotated. Results: Six of eight patients showed different rare copy number alterations on chromosomes 2q37.3, 4q13.1, 4q13.3, 7q11.22, 10p14, and 13q34. A gain of the whole chromosome 8 were detected in one case. Of interest, four of eight RE cases showed copy number imbalances involving genes previously described in several tumor types (RASA3, COL6A3, LINC00707, LINP1, SMR3A, and SMR3B). Conclusion: The genomic imbalances herein found in RE have the potential to contribute to the phenotype but with limited or no risk of cancer. A long-term follow-up in a large series of patients could clarify the mechanisms involved in the malignant progression of RE. Level of evidence: 4.

Introdução: A hematúria microscópica (HM) é definida pela presença de pelo menos três eritrócitos por campo de alta potência no estudo do sedimento urinário, devidamente coletado e sem evidência de infeção. Este achado laboratorial é muitas vezes detetado acidentalmente pelos médicos de família (MF), pelo que a sua abordagem diagnóstica não deve ser menosprezada. Classifica-se em assintomática/sintomática, transitória/persistente e pode ser de causa benigna ou maligna. Objetivos: Abordar a avaliação do adulto com o achado incidental de HM, criando um algoritmo que assista o MF no diagnóstico diferencial e orientação clínica. Métodos: Pesquisa de meta-análises, artigos de revisão e normas de orientação clínica (NOC) publicados desde 2010 em português e inglês. Bases de dados: PubMed, Cochrane Library, DARE, NICE, UpToDate, Medscape. Termos MeSH: hematuria, microscopic findings e adult. Pesquisa livre na American Urological Association e na European Association of Urology. Resultados: Obtiveram-se 265 artigos na pesquisa. Após remoção de duplicados, exclusão pelo título/resumo e pelo cumprimento dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão pré-definidos, foram selecionados: uma NOC e dois artigos de revisão. Com base nestes artigos foi elaborado um algoritmo que sintetiza, de forma prática, a abordagem da HM no adulto. Após excluída a possibilidade de contaminação da amostra de urina, a história clínica dirigida e o exame físico pode dar pistas para um diagnóstico específico. Se assintomática, a HM deverá ser confirmada através de um novo exame do sedimento urinário, em conjunto com uma urocultura e avaliação da função renal. Caso o novo exame laboratorial seja negativo, estamos perante uma HM transitória, que deverá ser abordada consoante o risco do doente para patologia maligna. Caso a HM seja mantida, o restante exame do sedimento (presença de proteínas, eritrócitos dismósficos, cilindros e/ou coágulos) determina a origem glomerular ou extraglomerular. Perante uma HM extraglomerular, a abordagem será definida em função dos fatores de risco para doença maligna. A HM glomerular obriga à referenciação para consulta de nefrologia. Discussão: A hematúria microscópica é um sinal laboratorial que poderá indiciar patologia renal e/ou urológica. Uma correta avaliação do doente com uma HM prende-se com a necessidade de determinar a sua etiologia, da qual dependerá a subsequente abordagem. Sendo um achado laboratorial frequente na consulta de MGF, o MF deverá estar sensibilizado para as suas principais causas, referenciando para a especialidade hospitalar sempre que indicado.

Introduction: Microscopic hematuria (MH) is defined by the presence of at least three erythrocytes per high power field in the urine sediment, when properly collected, and without evidence of infection. This laboratory finding is often accidently detected by family physicians (FP), therefore its diagnostic approach should not be overlooked. MH can be classified as asymptomatic/symptomatic, transient/persistent and may be of benign or malignant nature. Objectives: To discuss the clinical evaluation of MH in adulthood, and to create an algorithm to guide FP on the differential diagnosis and clinical management. Methods: Search of meta-analysis, review articles and clinical guidelines (CG) published since 2010, in Portuguese and English. Databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, DARE, NICE, UpToDate, Medscape. MeSH Keywords: ‘Hematuria’, ‘Microscopic findings’ and ‘Adult’. Free search in the American Urological Association and European Association of Urology. Results: A total of 265 articles were obtained. After duplicates’ removal, title screening, abstract screening and assessment of inclusion and exclusion criteria, one CG and two review articles were selected. Using the selected articles, we created an algorithm that synthesizes, in a practical way, the clinical management of MH in an adult patient. After excluding the possibility of contamination of the urine sample, the medical history and the physical examination of the urine sediment, combined with urine culture and the evaluation of kidney function, can provide clues for a specific diagnostic. In an asymptomatic patient, MH should be confirmed by performing a new urine sediment analysis, combined with urine culture and evaluation of kidney function. If the second laboratory test is negative, it is diagnosed as transient MH, which should be managed according to the patient’s risk for malignant disease. If MH is maintained, further information obtained from the sediment analysis (presence of proteins, dysmorphic erythrocytes, cylinders and/or clots) determines if the cause is glomerular or extra-glomerular. In the presence of extra-glomerular HM, the clinical management will depend on the presence of risk factors for malignant disease. Appointment referral to nephrology is mandatory in case of glomerular HM. Discussion: Microscopic hematuria is a laboratory sign that may indicate the presence of renal or/and urological pathology. A correct evaluation of the patient with MH shall include the determination of its etiology, upon which the subsequent clinical management will depend. As a frequent laboratory finding in primary care, FP should be aware of its main causes, and refer to secondary care whenever indicated.

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the ultrastructural characteristics and analysis of residual DNA in scaffold models, produced with decellularized vena cava in an experimental model with rabbits. Methods: Three groups were created for ultrastructural and residual DNA analysis: group 1 - control, consisting of samples of vena cava in natura; group 2 - SD, consisting of vein fragments submitted to 2% sodium deoxycholate decellularization by shaking (160rpm - Shaker News Brunswick Scientific®) for 1 hour at controlled temperature shaker at 37°C; group 3 - SDS, consisting of vein fragments submitted to 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate decellularization under the same previous condition, for 2 hours. Results: The ultrastructural matrix of the blood vessel maintained its vintegrity after either decellularization models. The results of the two quantification methods demonstrated a significant decrease in the DNA content of the decellularized vena cava samples as compared to the control samples and, differed statistically from each other, p <0.05. Conclusion: The 2% DS protocol for vein decellularization, in this experimental model, was considered the best protocol because it presented less amount of residual DNA without causing substantial destruction of the extracellular matrix.

Estudou-se em Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil, no período de 1º de junho de 1978 a 31 de maio de 1979, 98% do universo de nascidos vivos, totalizando 8878 crianças nascidas de parto único, sendo 6750 procedentes de Ribeirão Preto. Observou-se um aumento da proporção de mães adolescentes em Ribeirão Preto (14,1%) quando comparada com estudo realizado 10 anos antes (11,7%). A idade materna menor de 20 anos esteve associada com os indicadores mais desfavoráveis para a saúde perinatal, no que diz respeito à atenção médica à gestação e ao parto. Essa situação ficou mais evidente entre as mães adolescentes de classes sociais menos favorecidas, revelando que o grupo de mães adolescentes não é homogêneo, mas apresenta diferentes proporções de risco para a saúde perinatal de acordo com as frações de classe social que existem no seu interior.

Ninety-eight percent of all live births occuring in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo (Brazil), from June 1, 1978 to May 30, 1979 were studied, for a total of 8,878 single-delivery infants, 6,750 of whom were from this town. An increase in the proportion of teenage mothers in Ribeirão Preto (14.1%) was observed in relation to a study carried out ten years before (11.7%). Maternal age of less than 20 years was associated with more unfavorable perinatal health indicators with respect to medical care and delivery. This situation was more evident among teenage mothers from underprivileged social classes, showing that the group of teenage mothers is not homogeneous but presents different risk rates for perinatal health according to the social strata of which the group is composed.

Estudou-se em Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil, no período de 1º de junho de 1978 a 31 de maio de 1979, 98% do universo de nascidos vivos, totalizando 8878 crianças nascidas de parto único, sendo 6750 procedentes de Ribeirão Preto. Observou-se um aumento da proporção de mães adolescentes em Ribeirão Preto (14,1%) quando comparada com estudo realizado 10 anos antes (11,7%). A idade materna menor de 20 anos esteve associada com os indicadores mais desfavoráveis para a saúde perinatal, no que diz respeito à atenção médica à gestação e ao parto. Essa situação ficou mais evidente entre as mães adolescentes de classes sociais menos favorecidas, revelando que o grupo de mães adolescentes não é homogêneo, mas apresenta diferentes proporções de risco para a saúde perinatal de acordo com as frações de classe social que existem no seu interior.

Ninety-eight percent of all live births occuring in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo (Brazil), from June 1, 1978 to May 30, 1979 were studied, for a total of 8,878 single-delivery infants, 6,750 of whom were from this town. An increase in the proportion of teenage mothers in Ribeirão Preto (14.1%) was observed in relation to a study carried out ten years before (11.7%). Maternal age of less than 20 years was associated with more unfavorable perinatal health indicators with respect to medical care and delivery. This situation was more evident among teenage mothers from underprivileged social classes, showing that the group of teenage mothers is not homogeneous but presents different risk rates for perinatal health according to the social strata of which the group is composed.