O espectro das doenças oportunistas em pacientes com aids vem se modificando desde a introdução da terapia antiretroviral altamente eficaz (HAART). O objetivo deste estudo é o de avaliar o perfil das afecções oportunistas em pacientes com aids internados em um hospital universitário do Brasil, comparando os períodos pré e pós-utilização da terapia HAART. Para tanto, revisaram-se os prontuários médicos de 342 pacientes infectados pelo HIV, dividindo-os em dois grupos: grupo 1, composto de 247 pacientes pré-HAART e grupo 2, composto de 95 pacientes pós-HAART. A relação homem-mulher caiu de 5:1 para 2:1. Houve aumento da prevalência da tuberculose e da toxoplasmose, com redução da prevalência do sarcoma de Kaposi, da histoplasmose e da criptococose. Observou-se ainda significativa redução da mortalidade intra-hospitalar (42% vs. 16,9%; p = 0,00002). A concordância entre o principal diagnóstico clínico e anatomopatológico foi observada em 10 de 20 pacientes necropsiados (50%). São relatados dois pacientes com esquistossomose disseminada e dois com paracoccidioidomicose. Em conclusão, excetuando-se a toxoplasmose, houve redução das doenças oportunistas relacionadas à imunossupressão grave nos pacientes pós-HAART. Observou-se significativa redução da mortalidade intra-hospitalar, possivelmente refletindo a melhora do tratamento dos pacientes HIV-positivos em nosso meio.

Opportunistic diseases in HIV-infected patients have changed since the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). This study aims at evaluating the frequency of associated diseases in patients with AIDS admitted to an university hospital of Brazil, before and after HAART. The medical records of 342 HIV-infected patients were reviewed and divided into two groups: group 1 comprised 247 patients before HAART and, group 2, 95 patients after HAART. The male-to-female rate dropped from 5:1 to 2:1for HIV infection. There was an increase in the prevalence of tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis, with a decrease in Kaposi's sarcoma, histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis. A reduction of in-hospital mortality (42.0% vs. 16.9%; p = 0.00002) has also occurred. An agreement between the main clinical diagnoses and autopsy findings was observed in 10 out of 20 cases (50%). Two patients with disseminated schistosomiasis and 2 with paracoccidioidomycosis are reported. Overall, except for cerebral toxoplasmosis, it has been noticed a smaller proportion of opportunistic conditions related to severe immunosuppression in the post HAART group. There was also a significant reduction in the in-hospital mortality, possibly reflecting improvement in the treatment of the HIV infection.

A combined clinical and sonographic classification of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni to be used in field-based studies is proposed herein. Seven hundred forty one individuals out of 892 (83%), living in an area endemic for schistosomiasis in Brazil, have been ubmitted to clinical and ultrasound examinations. Based on two stool examinations the overall prevalence for schistosomiasis in this area was 73%. Abdominal palpation was performed with patients in dorsal decubit, during deep breath, by two experienced physicians and a portable ultrasound was used for the evaluation of liver fibrosis, portal collaterals and spleen size. Four groups of individuals were identified using data obtained by abdominal palpation and ultrasound examination: (1) palpable spleen and intense periportal thickening in 9 individuals (1.2%); (2) spleen not palpable and intense periportal thickening in 15 (2%); (3) palpable spleen with light to moderate periportal thickening in 32 (4.3%), and (4) palpable spleen with a normal liver on ultrasound in 30 (4%). The definition of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in field-based studies as the finding of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the stools in an individual with splenomegaly is not acceptable anymore. Abdominal ultrasound should be combined with clinical examination to accurately identify hepatosplenics in endemic areas for schistosomiasis.

Schistosoma mansoni infection is likely to be responsible for a significant proportion of cases of myelopathy occurring in areas where schistosomiasis is endemic. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical, laboratory and therapeutic data of 23 patients with schistosomal myeloradiculopathy. The medical records of 23 patients with schistosomal myelopathy admitted to two general hospitals of Belo Horizonte (MG), in Brazil, from 1995 to 1999, were reviewed retrospectively. Seventeen patients were male (74%). The mean age for the whole group was 27 years. Lower limb weakness and associated lumbar and/or lower limb pain were reported by 20 patients (87%), and 16 (70%) were unable to walk. All individuals presented urinary retention and 19 (83%) complained of intestinal dysfunction. The treatment was based on the association of antischistosomal drugs and corticosteroids. Five patients (22%) presented a full response to treatment, 13 (57%) partial response without functional limitations and 4 (17%) partial improvement with limitations or no response. Three out of the 4 patients who stopped steroids before 45 days of treatment developed recurrence of the symptoms and signs of myelopathy. Our cases demonstrate the severe presentation of the disease and the data disclosed here suggest that treatment with steroids should be kept for months after clinical improvement.

As doenças parasitárias que durante a sua evolução no hospedeiro provocam mudança de uma resposta imune Th1 para uma resposta Th2 podem tornar-se prejudiciais ao hospedeiro, contribuindo para a formação de granulomas, eosinofilia, hiper-IgE, e suscetibilidade aumentada a infecções bacterianas e fúngicas. Demonstrou-se recentemente que animais e pacientes com esquistossomose aguda desenvolvem abscessos hepáticos piogênicos na presença de bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus. A associação da esquistossomose com bactérias do gênero Salmonella também encontra-se bem documentada. A infecção por Toxocara também parece predispor o hospedeiro a piomiosite tropical (abscesso muscular piogênico) e abscesso piogênico do fígado. Nos países tropicais essa poderia ser uma explicação para a maior morbidade das doenças bacterianas. Se a associação de doenças parasitárias e infecções bacterianas e fúngicas for confirmada sobrarão argumentos favoráveis ao tratamento universal das doenças parasitárias com o objetivo de prevenir ou diminuir a morbidade dessas infecções.

Parasitic diseases which during their course in the host switch the immune system from a T helper 1 to a T helper 2 response may be detrimental to the host, contributing to granuloma formation, eosinophilia, hyper-IgE, and increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections. Patients and animals with acute schistosomiasis and hyper-IgE in their serum develop pyogenic liver abscess in the presence of bacteremia caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The Salmonella-S. mansoni association has also been well documented. The association of tropical pyomyositis (pyogenic muscle abscess) and pyogenic liver abscess with Toxocara infection has recently been described in the same context. In tropical countries that may be an interesting explanation for the great morbidity of bacterial diseases. If the association of parasitic infections and pyogenic abscesses and/or fungal diseases are confirmed, there will be a strong case in favor of universal treatment for parasitic diseases to prevent or decrease the morbidity of superinfection with bacteria and fungi.

Os conceitos de dengue clássico, com ou sem hemorragia, e de febre hemorrágica do dengue (FHD) que, pode cursar sem fenômenos hemorrágicos, com ou sem síndrome do choque do dengue (SCD), são revistos neste artigo. As definições clássicas propostas, úteis em outros tempos, geram confusão e dificultam a tomada de decisões no momento do tratamento dos pacientes com as formas graves da doença porque deixaram de incorporar novos conceitos e avanços terapêuticos. A classificação do dengue proposta neste trabalho, e apresentada em fluxograma, incorpora os conceitos atuais de sepse, síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS) e síndrome da angústia respiratória do adulto (SARA). A nova classificação serve de guia para orientar a conduta terapêutica inicial e aproxima o tratamento do dengue aos protocolos e rotinas já implantados nos diversos centros hospitalares de urgência, facilitando a atuação dos serviços de saúde em situações de surtos epidêmicos.

Previous definition of classic dengue, with or without bleeding, and of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) that may evolve without bleeding and with or without dengue shock syndrome (DSS) are reviewed here. The classical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of dengue, although useful in the past, nowadays breeds confusion and adds a burden to the physician's task of decision-making regarding the treatment of patients with severe forms of the disease. The classification of dengue proposed in this paper, and summarized in a diagram, incorporates new concepts about sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This new approach, in our view, is a useful guide to initial evaluation and treatment of the disease. It also approximates the dengue syndrome to other protocols and medical procedures routinely used in intensive care units, making it easier to be followed by the health personnel working in areas subject to epidemic bursts.

A associação entre o abscesso hepático e a esquistosomose mansônica foi confirmada por estudos clínicos e experimentais. Outros parasitos, como a larva de Toxocara canis, podem causar alterações imunológicas sistêmicas e estruturais nos órgãos acometidos que favorecem a instalação e o crescimento da bactéria. A piomiosite tropical, o abscesso hepático piogênico e o abscesso renal são doenças freqüentes nos países tropicais e muitas vezes não se encontra doença de base que poderia explicá-las. A síndrome de larva migrans visceral é causada pela presença no organismo humano de larvas de vermes que têm outros animais como hospedeiro definitivo sendo a T. canis o agente mais comum. As larvas migram por vários órgãos causando reação inflamatória na forma de granuloma com necrose tecidual. Nesta revisão discutem-se os possíveis mecanismos de interação entre o hospedeiro, o parasito e a bactéria que podem favorecer a formação de abscessos nos órgãos acometidos pela larva de T. canis e resumem-se alguns resultados preliminares de trabalho clínico-experimental realizado durante os últimos quatro anos para definir o papel deste parasito na patogenia dos abscessos.

The association between hepatic abscesses and schistosomiasis mansoni was confirmed by clinical and experimental studies. Other parasites may cause systemic immunologic changes and local structural alterations in the affected organs that can facilitate the seeding of these areas by bacteria. Tropical pyomyositis, pyogenic liver and renal abscesses are frequent diseases in tropical areas. The visceral larva migrans syndrome is caused by the presence, in the human body, of larvae of worms that have other animals as their definitive host, most commonly being caused by Toxocara canis. The larvae migrate to various body organs leading to many inflammatory reactions in the form of granuloma and tissue necrosis. In this review we discuss the possible host-parasite-bacteria interactions that would favour the formation of abscesses in the organs involved by the larva of T. canis and present preliminary results of a clinical and experimental study undertaken during the last four years to define the role of this parasite in the pathogenesis of the abscesses.

Revisaram-se os prontuários médicos de pacientes com AIDS e febre de origem indeterminada (FOI) com o objetivo de definirem-se as causas de FOI em indivíduos HIV positivos em um país tropical e, ainda, determinar o valor dos procedimentos diagnósticos mais utilizados. Cento e oitenta e oito (58,4%) de 322 pacientes apresentavam febre à internação e 55 (17,1%) preencheram os critérios de FOI. A contagem média de CD4+ no grupo com FOI era de 98 células/ml. Definiu-se a causa da febre em 45 pacientes (81,8%). As seguintes doenças infecciosas predominaram como causa de FOI: Tuberculose (32,7%), pneumonia pelo Pneumocystis carinii (10,9%) e Mycobacterium avium complex (9,1%). Outras doenças infecciosas merecem destaque: meningite criptocócica (5,5%), sinusite (3,6%), associação Salmonella-S. mansoni (3,6%), histoplasmose disseminada (3,6%), neuro-sífilis (1,8%) e isosporíase (1,8%). No grupo das neoplasias, quatro pacientes (7,3%) apresentaram linfomas não-Hodgkin disseminados. As biópsias de linfonodos, de fígado e de medula óssea responsabilizaram-se pelo maior número de diagnósticos definitivos na presente casuística. A associação de doenças mostrou-se comum e atrasou o diagnóstico da febre na maioria dos casos. Em nossa região, a realização rotineira de hemoculturas visando identificar os indivíduos com salmonelose prolongada associada à esquistossomose e a pesquisa de antígeno circulante para Cryptococcus neoformans devem ser consideradas nos pacientes com AIDS e FOI.

The medical records of patients with AIDS admitted to a general hospital in Brazil from 1989 to 1997 were reviewed retrospectively with the aim at defining the frequency and etiology of fever of undetermined origin (FUO) in HIV-infected patients of a tropical country and to evaluate the usefulness of the main diagnostic procedures. 188 (58.4%) out of 322 patients reported fever at admission to hospital and 55 (17.1%) had FUO. Those with FUO had a mean CD4+ cell count of 98/ml. A cause of fever was identified for 45 patients (81.8%). Tuberculosis (32.7%), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (10.9%), and Mycobacterium avium complex (9.1%) were the most frequent diagnoses. Other infectious diseases are also of note, such as cryptococcal meningitis (5.5%), sinusitis (3.6%), Salmonella-S. mansoni association (3.6%), disseminated histoplasmosis (3.6%), neurosyphilis (1.8%), and isosporiasis (1.8%). Four patients had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (7.3%). We conclude that an initial aggressive diagnostic approach should be always considered because biopsies (lymph node, liver and bone marrow) produced the highest yield in the diagnosis of FUO and the majority of the diagnosed diseases are treatable. The association of diseases is common and have contributed to delay the final diagnosis of FUO in most cases. In our study area the routine request of hemocultures for Salmonella infection and the investigation of cryptococcal antigen in the serum should be considered.

We report a case of tropical pyomyositis in a boy who presented with a severe febrile illness associated with diffuse erythema, and swelling in many areas of the body which revealed on operation extensive necrotic areas of various muscles that required repeated débridement. The patient gave a history of contact with dogs, and an ELISA test for Toxocara canis was positive. He also presented eosinophilia and high serum IgE levels. Staphylococcus aureus was the sole bacteria isolated from the muscles affected. We suggest that tropical pyomyositis may be caused by the presence of migrating larvae of this or other parasites in the muscles. The immunologic and structural alterations caused by the larvae, in the presence of concomitant bacteremia, would favour seeding of the bacteria and the development of pyomyositis.

Apresentam-se os casos de dois jovens com bacteriemia por Salmonella associada a esquistossomose mansoni ativa em pacientes com a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida. A apresentação clínica incluiu sintomas e sinais inespecíficos como fadiga, perda de peso, diarréia, febre prolongada e hepatoesplenomegalia. A biópsia hepática em um paciente revelou granulomas mal formados em torno de ovos de S. mansoni e hepatite de intensidade moderada. O tratamento da esquistossomose com a oxamniquine induziu melhora clínica progressiva culminando com a cura da salmonelose e da esquistossomose. O reconhecimento da associação Salmonella-S. mansoni em pacientes com AIDS mostra-se importante nesses casos pois o tratamento da esquistossomose melhora o prognóstico da bacteriemia por Salmonella que pode tornar-se recorrente e fatal nos pacientes com AIDS.

Two young men with Salmonella bacteraemia, active schistosomiasis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are reported. The clinical presentation comprised nonspecific signs and symptoms, such as fatigue, malaise, weight loss, diarrhoea, prolonged fever, and hepatosplenomegaly. In one patient, liver biopsy showed poorly formed granulomata around Schistosoma mansoni eggs and hepatitis. Treatment of schistosomiasis alone induced consistent clinical improvement with eventual cure of both Salmonella and S. mansoni infections. Recognition of the Salmonella-S. mansoni association in patients with AIDS is important because treatment of schistosomiasis makes a difference, improving the prognosis of this otherwise, recurrent, potentially fatal bacteraemia.

This study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of splenic palpation for the diagnosis of splenomegaly, and to determine whether the frequency of individuals with a palpable spleen in an endemic area can be considered as an index of morbidity of schistosomiasis. For the clinical diagnosis of splenomegaly, two criteria have been tested: (A) presence of a palpable spleen and (B) presence of a palpable spleen whose border could be felt more than 4 cm below the costal margin. In an area of high prevalence of the disease (66.3%) 285 individuals aged 18 years or more have been submitted to abdominal ultrasonography and physical examination. Splenomegaly was defined as a splenic length greater than 120 mm by ultrasound and the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of criterion A were 72.2%, 90.5%, 35.1% and 97.8%. The values for criterion B were 27.8%, 98%, 50% and 95%, respectively. In an non endemic area, 517 individuals were submitted to the same protocol and 22 individuals had a palpable spleen, but no patient fulfilled criterion B for splenomegaly, and only one met the ultrasonographic criterion for splenomegaly. The authors concluded that abdominal palpation is a poor method for the diagnosis of splenomegaly.

Nos últimos cinco anos, em uma área endêmica para esquistossomose no nordeste de Minas Gerais, 561 indivíduos submeteram-se a exames clínico, laboratoriais, ultra-sonografia abdominal e dopplerecocardtografia visando definir a morbidade da doença antes e após o tratamento. Revelaram-se altas a prevalência de esquistossomose (66,3%) e de formas graves (9,5% com baço palpável). A prevalência de indivíduos sem fibrose hepática e com fibrose teve, moderada e intensa ao ultra-som foi de 46,0%, 19,6%, 27,6%) e 6,8%, respectivamente. Vinte um (39,6%:) de 53 indivíduos com baço palpável não apresentavam fibrose periportal ao ultrasom. Linfonodos periportais foram identificados em 33,8% dos indivíduos examinados e anticorpos anti-KLH no soro de 40,7%,. Observaram-se alterações urinárias compatíveis com glomerulopatia esquistossamótica em 4,5% da população e 11,7% apresentavam achados dopplerecocardiográficos de hipertensão pulmonar. Doze meses após o tratamento da esquistossomose, a prevalência da doença reduziu-se de 66,3% para 25,0%. Em Queixadinha, um perfil da morbidade da doença e de sua evolução após o tratamento começa a ser delineado.

In an endemic area for schistosomiasis in the northeast of the slate of Minas Gerais in Brazil 516 individuals have been submitted to clinical and laboratory examination, ultrasonography of the abdomen and dopplerecocardiography in order to define the morbidity of schistosomiasis before and after treatment. A high prevalence of schistosomiasis (66.3%) and of severe disease (9.5% with palpable spleens) were recorded. Ultrasonography classified liver periportal fibrosis as light (19.4%), moderate (27.6%) and intense (6.8%), and 46.0% presented no periportal fibrosis. Twenty one out of the 53 individuals (39.6%) with palpable spleens did not present liver fibrosis on ultrasound. Periportal lymph nodes were described in 33.8% of the population and anti-KLH antibodies were found in the serum of 40.7%. Urinary alterations compatible with the glomerulopathy of schistosomiasis were observed in 4.5% of the population, and 11.7% of the individuals examined by dopplerecocardiography had pulmonary hypertension. Twelve months after treatment for schistosomiasis the prevalence of the disease dropped from 66.3% to 25.0%. In Queixadinha, a profile of the morbidity of schistosomiasis has just been established.