Resumo O racismo antinegro atravessa a vida das mulheres pretas e pardas comprometendo a saúde sexual e reprodutiva. O racismo obstétrico que ocorre durante a gravidez, pré-natal, parto, aborto e puerpério atinge estas mulheres expondo-as à desfechos maternos negativos e muitas vezes letais. Este estudo objetiva apresentar o racismo e suas manifestações na morte materna por COVID-19. Estudo transversal, com dados das notificações de COVID-19 entre gestantes e puérperas registradas na base de dados da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (2021 e 2022). Foram coletadas informações sobre raça/cor, idade, região, sinais e sintomas clínicos, UTI e óbitos. Os resultados apontam como o racismo afeta as gestantes e puérperas pretas e pardas, que apresentam maior letalidade por COVID-19 comparada às brancas (diferença que alcança os 14,02%), em particular no puerpério. Gestantes pretas e pardas são as que menos acessaram UTI. Após ajustes, a chance de óbito materno no puerpério para as mulheres pretas foi 62% maior em comparação as brancas (RC=1,62; 95%IC: 1,01-2,63). O racismo e suas manifestações (des)organizam as trajetórias reprodutivas das mulheres pretas e pardas que na sua interação com o sexismo contribuem para desfechos maternos negativos e letais por COVID-19.

Abstract Anti-Black Racism traverses the lives of Black and Brown women, compromising sexual and reproductive health. Obstetric racism during pregnancy, prenatal care, childbirth, abortion, and puerperium affects these women, exposing them to harmful and often lethal maternal outcomes. This study aims to present racism and its manifestations in maternal death by COVID-19. It included data from COVID-19 notifications among pregnant women and puerperae recorded in the severe acute respiratory syndrome database (2021 and 2022). Information on race/skin color, age, region, clinical signs and symptoms, ICU, and deaths were collected. The results indicate how racism affects Black and Brown pregnant women and puerperae, who have higher lethality due to COVID-19 compared to White women (a difference of 14.02%), particularly in the puerperium. Black and Brown pregnant women least accessed the ICU. After adjustments, maternal death in the puerperium for Black women was 62% more likely than for White women (OR=1.62; 95%CI: 1.01-2.63). Racism and its manifestations (dis)organize the reproductive trajectories of Black and Brown women, whose interaction with sexism contributes to harmful and lethal maternal outcomes by COVID-19.

Abstract Anti-Black Racism traverses the lives of Black and Brown women, compromising sexual and reproductive health. Obstetric racism during pregnancy, prenatal care, childbirth, abortion, and puerperium affects these women, exposing them to harmful and often lethal maternal outcomes. This study aims to present racism and its manifestations in maternal death by COVID-19. It included data from COVID-19 notifications among pregnant women and puerperae recorded in the severe acute respiratory syndrome database (2021 and 2022). Information on race/skin color, age, region, clinical signs and symptoms, ICU, and deaths were collected. The results indicate how racism affects Black and Brown pregnant women and puerperae, who have higher lethality due to COVID-19 compared to White women (a difference of 14.02%), particularly in the puerperium. Black and Brown pregnant women least accessed the ICU. After adjustments, maternal death in the puerperium for Black women was 62% more likely than for White women (OR=1.62; 95%CI: 1.01-2.63). Racism and its manifestations (dis)organize the reproductive trajectories of Black and Brown women, whose interaction with sexism contributes to harmful and lethal maternal outcomes by COVID-19.

Resumo O racismo antinegro atravessa a vida das mulheres pretas e pardas comprometendo a saúde sexual e reprodutiva. O racismo obstétrico que ocorre durante a gravidez, pré-natal, parto, aborto e puerpério atinge estas mulheres expondo-as à desfechos maternos negativos e muitas vezes letais. Este estudo objetiva apresentar o racismo e suas manifestações na morte materna por COVID-19. Estudo transversal, com dados das notificações de COVID-19 entre gestantes e puérperas registradas na base de dados da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (2021 e 2022). Foram coletadas informações sobre raça/cor, idade, região, sinais e sintomas clínicos, UTI e óbitos. Os resultados apontam como o racismo afeta as gestantes e puérperas pretas e pardas, que apresentam maior letalidade por COVID-19 comparada às brancas (diferença que alcança os 14,02%), em particular no puerpério. Gestantes pretas e pardas são as que menos acessaram UTI. Após ajustes, a chance de óbito materno no puerpério para as mulheres pretas foi 62% maior em comparação as brancas (RC=1,62; 95%IC: 1,01-2,63). O racismo e suas manifestações (des)organizam as trajetórias reprodutivas das mulheres pretas e pardas que na sua interação com o sexismo contribuem para desfechos maternos negativos e letais por COVID-19.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the extent to which sexual orientation-based bullying relates to self-reported feelings of loneliness and sleeping difficulty among Brazilian middle school students. Method: This is a cross-sectional study using data from the 2015 PeNSE (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar), a survey designed to monitor the health of children and adolescents enrolled in the ninth grade in public and private Brazilian schools. Multiple linear regressions stratified by sex were used on a sample of 101,646 students, considering as reference students who had not experienced bullying, as well as students who had experienced other causes of bullying; a significance level of p < 0.05 was accepted. Results: When the reference group was composed of students who had not experienced bullying, the associations between sexual orientation-based bullying and feelings of loneliness and between sexual orientation-based bullying and sleeping difficulty were positive (p < 0.05) for both male and female students, with magnitudes about twice as large as those found among those who reported having experienced other cause s of bullying. However, when the reference group was composed of students who had experienced other causes of bullying, only the association between sexual orientation-based bullying and feelings of loneliness was positive (p < 0.05) for both male and female students. Conclusion: This study highlights that sexual orientation-based bullying is a predictor of feelings of loneliness.

Resumo Introdução A associação entre discriminação por orientação sexual e desfechos negativos em saúde é cada vez mais estabelecida na literatura. Entretanto, poucos estudos exploram a discriminação por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde em amostras representativas da população geral. Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de discriminação percebida por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil. Método Este estudo transversal utilizou dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. A prevalência de discriminação percebida por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde foi estimada de forma global, e sua associação com características sociodemográficas e de uso de serviços de saúde foi investigada por meio de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta que calculou razões de prevalências. Resultados A prevalência global do fenômeno sob investigação foi igual a 0,18%. Embora estatisticamente significativa, a magnitude das associações observadas foi tão pequena, que nenhuma das características sociodemográficas e de uso de serviços de saúde investigadas pareceu ser capaz de, pragmaticamente, influenciar o risco de uma pessoa sofrer discriminação por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil. Conclusão O estudo reforça a importância de instaurar ações de promoção do respeito à diversidade sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil.

Abstract Background The association between discrimination based on sexual orientation and adverse health outcomes is increasingly observed in the literature. However, few studies explore discrimination based on sexual orientation in health services in representative samples of the overall population. Objective To estimate the prevalence of discrimination perceived by sexual orientation in Brazilian health servicesl. Method This cross-sectional study used data from the 2013 National Health Survey. The prevalence of discrimination perceived by sexual orientation in health services was globally estimated and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and those regarding health services was investigated using Poisson regression producing robust variance that calculated prevalence ratios. Results The global prevalence of the phenomenon investigated was equal to 0.18%. Although statistically significant, the magnitude of the observed associations was so small that none of the sociodemographic characteristics and the use of health services investigated seemed to be able to pragmatically influence the risk of a person being discrimined due to his/her sexual orientation in Brazilian health servicesl. Conclusion The study stresses the importance of establishing actions to promote respect for sexual diversity in Brazilian health services.

Resumo Introdução A associação entre discriminação por orientação sexual e desfechos negativos em saúde é cada vez mais estabelecida na literatura. Entretanto, poucos estudos exploram a discriminação por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde em amostras representativas da população geral. Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de discriminação percebida por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil. Método Este estudo transversal utilizou dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. A prevalência de discriminação percebida por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde foi estimada de forma global, e sua associação com características sociodemográficas e de uso de serviços de saúde foi investigada por meio de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta que calculou razões de prevalências. Resultados A prevalência global do fenômeno sob investigação foi igual a 0,18%. Embora estatisticamente significativa, a magnitude das associações observadas foi tão pequena, que nenhuma das características sociodemográficas e de uso de serviços de saúde investigadas pareceu ser capaz de, pragmaticamente, influenciar o risco de uma pessoa sofrer discriminação por orientação sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil. Conclusão O estudo reforça a importância de instaurar ações de promoção do respeito à diversidade sexual nos serviços de saúde do Brasil.

Abstract Background The association between discrimination based on sexual orientation and adverse health outcomes is increasingly observed in the literature. However, few studies explore discrimination based on sexual orientation in health services in representative samples of the overall population. Objective To estimate the prevalence of discrimination perceived by sexual orientation in Brazilian health servicesl. Method This cross-sectional study used data from the 2013 National Health Survey. The prevalence of discrimination perceived by sexual orientation in health services was globally estimated and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and those regarding health services was investigated using Poisson regression producing robust variance that calculated prevalence ratios. Results The global prevalence of the phenomenon investigated was equal to 0.18%. Although statistically significant, the magnitude of the observed associations was so small that none of the sociodemographic characteristics and the use of health services investigated seemed to be able to pragmatically influence the risk of a person being discrimined due to his/her sexual orientation in Brazilian health servicesl. Conclusion The study stresses the importance of establishing actions to promote respect for sexual diversity in Brazilian health services.

O racismo é um sistema estruturante, gerador de comportamentos, práticas, crenças e preconceitos que fundamentam desigualdades evitáveis e injustas, baseadas na raça ou etnia. Na saúde o racismo pode se manifestar de diversas formas, como o institucional, que frequentemente ocorre de forma implícita. A pandemia do coronavírus tem sido um desafio para países que apresentam profundas desigualdades. No Brasil, em que pese a ausência das informações desagregadas por raça ou etnia ou que quando coletadas apresentam um preenchimento precário, sabe-se que negras e negros irão sofrer mais severamente os impactos da pandemia e seus vários desfechos negativos. No texto recuperamos aspectos históricos e sua relação com as condições de vulnerabilidade da população negra e apresentamos uma agenda de ações específicas para o combate ao racismo e suas devastadoras consequências no contexto da Covid-19.

Resumo O racismo é um sistema estruturante, gerador de comportamentos, práticas, crenças e preconceitos que fundamentam desigualdades evitáveis e injustas, baseadas na raça ou etnia. Na saúde o racismo pode se manifestar de diversas formas, como o institucional, que frequentemente ocorre de forma implícita. A pandemia do coronavírus tem sido um desafio para países que apresentam profundas desigualdades. No Brasil, em que pese a ausência das informações desagregadas por raça ou etnia ou que quando coletadas apresentam um preenchimento precário, sabe-se que negras e negros irão sofrer mais severamente os impactos da pandemia e seus vários desfechos negativos. No texto recuperamos aspectos históricos e sua relação com as condições de vulnerabilidade da população negra e apresentamos uma agenda de ações específicas para o combate ao racismo e suas devastadoras consequências no contexto da Covid-19.

Abstract Racism is a structural system that generates behaviors, practices, beliefs and prejudices that underlie unfair and avoidable inequalities, based on race or ethnicity. In health, racism can manifest itself in several ways, including institutional racism, which often occurs covertly. The coronavirus pandemic has been a challenge for countries with profound inequalities. In Brazil, despite the absence of information disaggregated by race or ethnicity, and even when collected, oftentimes recorded with errors; it is known that black people will suffer more sever impacts of the pandemic as well as its various negative outcomes. In this article we recall historical aspects and their relationship with the vulnerability of black population as well as suggest specific actions to combat racism and its devastating consequences in the context of COVID-19.

Resumen El racismo es un sistema estructural, que genera comportamientos, prácticas, creencias y prejuicios que dan fundamento a desigualdades que son evitables e injustas, basadas en la raza o etnia. En la salud, el racismo se puede manifestar de varias maneras, como la institucional, que a menudo ocurre de manera implícita. La pandemia del coronavirus ha sido un desafío para países que presentan grandes desigualdades. En Brasil, a pesar de la falta de información separadas por raza o etnia, o que, cuando se recopila, las respuestas son incompletas; se sabe que la raza negra, sufrirán mucho más los impactos de la pandemia y los diversos resultados negativos. En el texto recuperamos aspectos históricos y su relación con las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de la población negra y presentamos un plan de acciones específicas para combatir el racismo y sus consecuencias devastadoras dentro del contexto de Covid-19.

Resumo Foram analisadas concepções de mães e pais sobre alegria, tristeza, raiva, medo, orgulho e vergonha, bem como suas crenças quanto à importância da manifestação dessas emoções por crianças, além da articulação com perfis de autonomia, relação e autonomia-relacionada. Participaram 60 duplas mãe-pai de filhos com até três anos de idade. Aplicado o questionário sobre concepções parentais de emoções, a alegria foi considerada pela maioria dos participantes como manifestada por crianças na idade de seus filhos e importante (com motivação de caráter individual), mas a raiva, o orgulho e a vergonha foram mais consideradas para crianças maiores. Não houve divergência nas concepções e crenças entre mães e pais. O modelo de self autônomo-relacionado correlacionou-se positivamente com a importância que mães e pais atribuíram a todas as emoções estudadas.

Abstract Mothers’ and fathers’ conceptualizations of joy, sadness, anger, fear, pride and shame were assessed. Their beliefs regarding the importance of children’s manifestation of those emotions and the connection with the profiles of autonomy, relatedness and related-autonomy were also assessed. Sixty mother- father dyads with children up to three years old participated in the study. Questionnaires of parents’ conceptualizations of emotions were used. Most participants considered joy an important emotion to be manifested by children of their kids’ age (with an individual character motivation). However, anger, pride and shame were associated with older children. Mothers’ and fathers’ conceptualizations and beliefs were not divergent. The autonomous-related self model correlated positively with the importance mothers and parents attributed to all studied emotions.

Abstract The development of autonomy during the transition to adulthood may present itself in different forms, depending on age, gender and cultural variations. Grounded in developmental psychology, this study examined gender and age differences in autonomy in Brazilian youth. Participants were 154 Brazilian adolescents and emerging adults (14-33 years old, M= 20.87, SD= 3.74, 50% female) from the state capital of Rio de Janeiro. Our findings indicate a positive association between age and autonomy scores in the Kağitçibaşi’s Autonomous, Related and Related-autonomous Self scales. Correlation results showed gender specific results in such associations, such as that for men, age was positively associated with autonomy, whereas for women, it was associated with related-autonomy. These results suggest that, in Brazil, traditional views continue to reinforce gender roles towards men’s agentic behavior and women’s communal behavior. These findings highlight the importance of elucidating gender differences in the development of autonomy in different sociocultural contexts.

Resumen El desarrollo de la autonomía durante la transición a la edad adulta puede presentarse en diferentes formas, según la edad, el género y las variaciones culturales. Basado en la psicología del desarrollo, este estudio examinó las diferencias de género y edad en la autonomía de los jóvenes brasileños. Los participantes fueron 154 adolescentes brasileños y adultos emergentes (14-33 años, M = 20.87, SD = 3.74, 50% mujeres) de la capital del estado de Río de Janeiro. Nuestros hallazgos indican una asociación positiva entre las puntuaciones de edad y autonomía en las escalas de Self Autónomo, Relacionado y Autónomo-relacionado de Kağitçibaşi. Los resultados de la correlación mostraron resultados específicos de género en tales asociaciones, como la de los hombres, la edad se asoció positivamente con la autonomía, mientras que para las mujeres se asoció con la autonomía relacionada. Estos resultados sugieren que, en Brasil, las opiniones tradicionales continúan reforzando los roles de género hacia la conducta de los hombres y la conducta comunitaria de las mujeres. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de dilucidar las diferencias de género en el desarrollo de la autonomía en diferentes contextos socioculturales.

Resumo O estudo das metas de desenvolvimento infantil tem sido alvo de interesse na psicologia há décadas, no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre as metas de famílias não nucleares. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar diferenças inter e intragrupos nos perfis de autonomia, interdependência e autonomia relacionada de casais em diferentes arranjos familiares na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, assim como investigar a associação destes perfis com as metas de desenvolvimento que estes possuem para os seus filhos. Foram entrevistados pais e mães de crianças de até dois anos em 50 famílias (10 monoparentais, 20 reconstituídas e 20 nucleares). Os resultados indicaram associação entre autonomia e valorização de metas de heteronomia em famílias reconstituídas e os escores mais elevados de interdependência em famílias não nucleares. Conclui-se que a configuração familiar pode influenciar a relação entre autonomia e metas, e que as trajetórias de autonomia variam entre os arranjos familiares.

Abstract The study of child development goals has been of interest in psychology for decades, however, little is known about the goals of non-nuclear families. The objective of this study was to analyze inter and intragroup differences in the profiles of autonomy, interdependence and related autonomy of couples in different family arrangements in the city of Rio de Janeiro, as well as to investigate the association of these profiles with the development goals they have for their families’ children. Fathers and mothers of children up to two years old were interviewed in 50 families (10 single-parent, 20 reconstituted and 20 nuclear). The results indicated an association between the autonomy and valorization of heteronomy goals in reconstituted families and higher interdependence scores in non-nuclear families. It is concluded that the family configuration can influence the relationship between autonomy and goals, and that the autonomy trajectories vary between family arrangements.

Resumen El estudio de las metas de desarrollo infantil ha sido objeto de interés en la psicología desde hace décadas, sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre las metas de familias no nucleares. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar diferencias inter e intragrupos en los perfiles de autonomía, interdependencia y autonomía relacionada de parejas en diferentes tipos familiares en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, así como investigar la asociación de estos perfiles con las metas de desarrollo que poseen para sus niños. Se entrevistaron a padres y madres de niños de hasta dos años en 50 familias (10 monoparentales, 20 reconstituidas y 20 nucleares). Los resultados indicaron asociación entre autonomía y valorización de metas de heteronomía en familias reconstituidas y las puntuaciones más elevados de interdependencia en familias no nucleares. Se concluye que la configuración familiar puede influenciar en la relación entre autonomía y metas, y que las trayectorias de autonomía varían entre los arreglos familiares.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Comparar a evolução dos indicadores referentes à asma nas edições da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) 2012 e 2015. Métodos: Estudo transversal em que foram incluídos escolares do nono ano de escolas públicas e privadas das capitais brasileiras. Para saber se o escolar teve chiado no peito nos 12 meses anteriores ao inquérito, foi feita a pergunta: “Nos últimos 12 meses, você teve chiado (ou piado) no peito?” (sim/não). E para saber se teve asma alguma vez na vida foi questionado: “Você teve asma alguma vez na vida?” (sim/não). Resultados: Verificou-se que 23,52% dos estudantes relataram chiado ou piado no peito nos ultimos 12 meses, variando de 16,80% em Salvador (Bahia) a 27,43% em Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul). Ter asma alguma vez na vida foi relatado por 17,92% dos estudantes, variando de 13,98% em Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul) a 30,35% em Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul). Também foi verificada redução da prevalência de chiado (ou piado) no peito nos últimos 12 meses, entre as duas pesquisas (PeNSE 2012 e 2015) em 20 das 27 capitais do Brasil, com destaque para Belo Horizonte, Florianópolis, Cuiabá e Goiânia. Por outro lado, houve aumento da prevalência daqueles que relataram asma alguma vez na vida em 26 das 27 capitais do país. Conclusão: Houve tendência à redução dos sintomas de asma nos últimos 12 meses, enquanto se observa aumento na proporção de adolescentes em que a asma foi referida alguma vez na vida. De certo que o monitoramento da asma ao longo dos anos é imprescindível para gerar conhecimentos e embasar políticas públicas de controle da asma.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To compare the evolution of asthma indicators in the editions of the National School Health Survey (PeNSE 2012 and 2015). Methods: Cross-sectional study including Brazilian 9th grade students from public and private schools. Wheezing was assessed through the question: “In the past 12 months, did you have wheezing (or chirping) chest? (yes/no)”, and to assess lifetime presence of asthma, the question was “Have you ever had asthma? (yes/no)”. Results: Of the students, 23,52% reported wheezing or chirping chest in the past 12 months, with prevalences ranging from 16,80% (in Salvador, Bahia) to 27,43% (in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul). Lifetime presence of asthma was reported by 17,92% of the students, ranging from 13,98% (in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul) to 30,35% (in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul). There was also a decrease in the prevalence of self-report of wheezing/chirping chest in the last 12 months between the two editions of the survey (2012/2015) in 20 of the 27 Brazilian state capitals, especially in Belo Horizonte, Florianópolis, Cuiabá and Goiânia. However, prevalence of lifetime diagnostic of asthma increased from 2012 to 2015 in 26 of the 27 Brazilian state capitals. Conclusion: There was a decrease in the prevalence of self-report of asthma symptoms and an increase of self-reported lifetime presence of asthma. Certainly, monitoring indicators of asthma prevalence is of high importance for health knowledge and the development of public policies.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe and assess currently used area-based measures of deprivation in Brazil for health research, to the purpose of informing the development of a future small area deprivation index. METHODS We searched five electronic databases and seven websites of Brazilian research institutions and governmental agencies. Inclusion criteria were: studies proposing measures of deprivation for small areas (i.e., finer geography than country-level) in Brazil, published in English, Portuguese or Spanish. After data-extraction, results were tabulated according to the area level the deprivation measure was created for and to the dimensions of deprivation or poverty included in the measures. A narrative synthesis approach was used to summarize the measures available, highlighting their utility for public health research. RESULTS A total of 7,199 records were retrieved, 126 full-text articles were assessed after inclusion criteria and a final list of 30 articles was selected. No small-area deprivation measures that have been applied to the whole of Brazil were found. Existing measures were mainly used to study infectious and parasitic diseases. Few studies used the measures to assess inequalities in mortality and no studies used the deprivation measure to evaluate the impact of social programs. CONCLUSIONS No up-to-date small area-based deprivation measure in Brazil covers the whole country. There is a need to develop such an index for Brazil to measure and monitor inequalities in health and mortality, particularly to assess progress in Brazil against the Sustainable Development Goal targets for different health outcomes, showing progress by socioeconomic groups.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe and assess currently used area-based measures of deprivation in Brazil for health research, to the purpose of informing the development of a future small area deprivation index. METHODS We searched five electronic databases and seven websites of Brazilian research institutions and governmental agencies. Inclusion criteria were: studies proposing measures of deprivation for small areas (i.e., finer geography than country-level) in Brazil, published in English, Portuguese or Spanish. After data-extraction, results were tabulated according to the area level the deprivation measure was created for and to the dimensions of deprivation or poverty included in the measures. A narrative synthesis approach was used to summarize the measures available, highlighting their utility for public health research. RESULTS A total of 7,199 records were retrieved, 126 full-text articles were assessed after inclusion criteria and a final list of 30 articles was selected. No small-area deprivation measures that have been applied to the whole of Brazil were found. Existing measures were mainly used to study infectious and parasitic diseases. Few studies used the measures to assess inequalities in mortality and no studies used the deprivation measure to evaluate the impact of social programs. CONCLUSIONS No up-to-date small area-based deprivation measure in Brazil covers the whole country. There is a need to develop such an index for Brazil to measure and monitor inequalities in health and mortality, particularly to assess progress in Brazil against the Sustainable Development Goal targets for different health outcomes, showing progress by socioeconomic groups.