Resumen A lo largo del tiempo, varios autores han investigado la relación que tienen las condiciones climáticas con la producción animal, demostrando que el estado de confort influye de manera positiva en la producción. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar una propuesta metodológica para el análisis de confort térmico animal en zonas aisladas, tomando como caso de estudio tres Espacios Territoriales de Capacitación y Reincorporación, donde se llevan a cabo proyectos productivos en el marco del Acuerdo Final para la Terminación del Conflicto y la Construcción de una Paz Estable y Duradera, empleando datos climáticos de temperatura y humedad relativa, obtenidos de series de tiempo de 2002 hasta 2019 con sensores remotos. La metodología propuesta a partir del uso de plataformas digitales de libre acceso mostró ser aplicable y, en los casos de estudio, encontró que las regiones que pueden presentar menores afectaciones a aves, porcinos y bovinos son Tierra Grata y Miravalle, mientras que, en Caño Indio, se sugiere adoptar estrategias de control climático para mejorar el ambiente térmico animal.

Abstract Over time, several authors have investigated the relationship between climatic conditions and animal production, showing that the comfort state positively influences production. This research aimed to make a methodological proposal for the analysis of animal thermal comfort in isolated areas, taking as a case study three Territorial Spaces for Training and Reincorporation, where productive projects are carried out within the framework of the Final Agreement for the Termination of the Conflict and the Construction of a Stable and Lasting Peace, using climatic data of temperature and relative humidity obtained during time series from 2002 to 2019 with remote sensors. The proposed methodology based on the use of free access digital platforms proved to be applicable, and, in the case studies, it found that the regions that may have the least impact on broilers, pigs and cattle are Tierra Grata and Miravalle, while in Caño Indio, it is suggested to adopt climate control strategies to improve the animal thermal environment.

Abstract Trehalose is a type of carbohydrate that protects against different types of stress and is also used as a source of carbon storage in prokaryotes. There are four different ways of synthesizing trehalose in Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans and two in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, but its purpose remains unknown. This study aimed to measure the production of trehalose under different conditions by quantifying it in three culture media at two different temperatures. The growth kinetics of both species were also assessed, and the trehalose concentration was analysed during the early stationary phase using an enzymatic method. The results showed that the modified 9K medium with ferrous iron at 28°C had the highest production of trehalose, with A. ferrivorans CF27 having a higher production of 0.34 µmol/mg protein compared to A. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 at 0.31 µmol/mg protein. When using CuS, the production of trehalose was lower, with 0.02 and 0.03 µmol/mg protein for A. ferrivorans CF27 and A. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270, respectively, while no trehalose was detected in the presence of zinc. At 15°C, the enzymatic method did not detect any trehalose in all three culture media, this would indicate that this carbohydrate does not protect against low temperatures in either species.

Resumen La trehalosa es un tipo de carbohidrato, que en procariotas protege contra diferentes tipos de estrés y también se utiliza como fuente de almacenamiento de carbono. Hay cuatro formas diferentes de sintetizar trehalosa en Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans y dos en Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, pero su propósito sigue siendo desconocido. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo medir la producción de trehalosa en diferentes condiciones mediante su cuantificación en tres medios de cultivo a dos temperaturas diferentes. También se evaluó la cinética de crecimiento de ambas especies y se analizó la concentración de trehalosa durante la fase estacionaria temprana mediante un método enzimático. Los resultados mostraron que el medio 9K modificado con hierro ferroso a 28 °C tuvo la mayor producción de trehalosa, con A. ferrivorans CF27 con una mayor producción de 0.34 µmol/mg de proteína en comparación con A. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 a 0.31 µmol/mg de proteína. Al utilizar CuS, la producción de trehalosa fue menor, con 0.02 y 0.03 µmol/mg de proteína para A. ferrivorans CF27 y A. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270, respectivamente, mientras que en presencia de zinc no se detectó trehalosa. A 15°C, el método enzimático no detectó trehalosa en los tres medios de cultivo, lo que indicaria que este carbohidrato no protege contra las bajas temperaturas en ninguna de las especies.

ABSTRACT Sternum chondrosarcoma is an infrequent malignant neoplasm which occurs mainly in adults over 50 years old. Grade 1 chondrosarcoma is the most frequent among the heterogenous group of tumors that fall into this classification, however, it is most frequently presented in the pelvic region, in long bones of the appendicular skeleton and in the costal region. The fact that it presents in the sternal region compromises the constitution of nearby organs. Due to radiotherapy and chemotherapy having a scarce therapeutic effect, we proceeded with surgical intervention where a wide resection of the sternal chondrosarcoma and liver metastasectomy was performed, subsequently, the chest wall was rebuilt using titanium plates and microsurgical right dorsal muscle flap. The final result was favorable. We present a conventional chondrosarcoma (grade 1) case at the xyphoid process level with liver metastasis.

RESUMEN El condrosarcoma de esternón es una neoplasia maligna poco frecuente que se presenta mayormente en adultos mayores de 50 años. El condrosarcoma grado 1 es el más frecuente dentro del grupo heterogéneo de tumores que entran en esta clasificación, sin embargo, tiene una presentación más frecuente en la región pélvica, en huesos largos del esqueleto apendicular y en la región costal. El hecho de presentarse en la región esternal puede comprometer la constitución de órganos cercanos. Debido a que la radioterapia y la quimioterapia tienen un escaso efecto terapéutico se procedió con la intervención quirúrgica donde se realizó la resección amplia del condrosarcoma esternal y la metastasectomía hepática, posteriormente se reconstruyó la pared torácica mediante placas de titanio y un colgajo microquirúrgico de músculo dorsal ancho derecho. El resultado final fue favorable. Se presenta el caso de un condrosarcoma convencional (grado 1) a nivel del apéndice xifoides con metastásis a hígado.

Abstract Introduction Patients with benign or malignant blood disorders, who require allogeneic stem cell transplantation and lack an identical human leukocyte antigen HLA identicalHL sibling donor, could be transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells from unrelated adult or umbilical cord donors. However, in our country, both approaches are costly and time-consuming options. Methods Over the last few years, haploidentical modalities have been investigated as an alternative donor source, showing similar results to those obtained with identical HLA donors. We started using T-cell-replete haploidentical with post-transplant cyclophosphamide in 2012 and we presented our experience with patients undergoing haploidentical ransplantation compared to SIB. Results Since January 2012 to date, 91 allogeneic transplants have been performed, of which 49 were haploidentical and 42 were HLA identical. The mean age of the patients was 35 years (range: 17–62). The mean CD34/kg × 106 infused per group was 5.93 and 5.89, respectively. Time to granulocyte and platelet engraftment was 11 and 15 days, respectively, for haploidentical, and 12 and 14 days, respectively, for HLA identical (p = 0.10). The 100-day cumulative incidence of global acute GVHD was 34% for haploidentical and 29% for SIHLA identical (p = 0.9). The 2-year overall global graft-versus-host disease was 43% for haploidentical and 41% for HLA identical (p = 0.8). Overall survival, relapse, and transplant and relapse-related mortality were similar between both groups. Conclusion Our experience showed that haploidentical has similar outcomes to those obtained with HLA idential and can be performed in our country safely.

In this paper, we report on the bacterial growth inhibitory activity of nanoparticles of cemented and commercial copper. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 (Gram negative) were used to determine the inhibitory effect by the minimal inhibitory concentration of the nanoparticles diluted in nutrient culture broth and distributed in ELISA plates. The copper cements (obtained from hydrometallurgical processes) and the commercial one were nanostructured employing a mechanical milling equipment. The results indicate that commercial copper nanoparticles (after 2.5 hours of milling) show growth inhibitory action of S. aureus strain. However, in the case of E. coli strains no inhibitory action has been observed. It was also determined that the minimal inhibitory concentration of the commercial copper is 20 μg/mL against S. aureus. On the other hand, copper cements (in solid and nanostructured form) do not show inhibitory effects.

En el presente trabajo se reporta la actividad inhibitoria del crecimiento bacteriano por nanopartículas de cobre cementado y de cobre comercial. Se utilizaron las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (Gram positiva) y Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 (Gram negativa) para determinar el efecto inhibitorio mediante la concentración mínima inhibitoria de las nanopartículas diluidas en caldo de cultivo nutritivo y distribuidas en placas de ELISA. Las muestras de cobre cementado (obtenidas por procesos hidrometalúrgicos) y de cobre comercial fueron nanoestructuradas empleando un equipo de molienda mecánica. Los resultados indican que las nanopartículas de cobre comercial (a 2.5 horas de molienda) muestran acción inhibitoria del crecimiento de la cepa S. aureus y no así en la cepa E. coli. Asimismo, se determinó que la concentración mínima inhibitoria de la muestra de cobre comercial fue de 20 μg/mL frente a S. aureus. El cobre cementado (en su forma sólida y nanoestructurada) no mostró efecto inhibitorio del crecimiento en ninguna de las dos cepas estudiadas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Patients submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have an increased risk of Clostridium difficile infection and multiple risk factors have been identi- fied. Published reports have indicated an incidence from 9% to 30% of transplant patients however to date there is no information about infection in these patients in Chile. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who developed C. difficile infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantations from 2000 to 2013. Statistical analysis used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Results: Two hundred and fifty patients were studied (mean age: 39 years; range: 17-69), with 147 (59%) receiving allogeneic transplants and 103 (41%) receiving autologous trans- plants. One hundred and ninety-two (77%) patients had diarrhea, with 25 (10%) cases of C. difficile infection being confirmed. Twenty infected patients had undergone allogeneic trans- plants, of which ten had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, three had acute myeloid leukemia and seven had other diseases (myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myeloid leukemia, severe aplastic anemia). In the autologous transplant group, five patients had C. difficile infection; two had multiple myeloma, one had amyloidosis, one had acute myeloid leukemia and one had germinal carcinoma. The overall incidence of C. difficile infection was 4% within the first week, 6.4% in the first month and 10% in one year, with no difference in overall survival between infected and non-infected groups (72.0% vs. 67.6%, respectively; p-value = 0.56). Patients infected after allogeneic transplants had a slower time to neutrophil engraftment compared to non-infected patients (17.5 vs. 14.9 days, respectively; p-value = 0.008). In the autologous transplant group there was no significant difference in the neutrophil engraftment time between infected and non-infected patients (12.5 days vs. 11.8 days, respectively; p-value = 0.71). In the allogeneic transplant group, the median time to acute graft-versus- host disease was similar between the two groups (p-value = 0.08), as was the incidence of grades 1-4 acute graft-versus-host disease (40% vs. 48%; p-value >0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of C. difficile infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was low, with a significant number of cases occurring shortly after transplantation. Allogeneic transplants had a three-time higher risk of infection compared to autologous transplants, but this was not associated with increased mortality, decreased overall survival or higher risk of acute graft-versus-host disease.

Introduction: Hodgkin's lymphoma is a highly curable disease. Autologous and reduced intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantations are alternatives to treat relapsed patients. Here, we report on the results of one service using these procedures. Methods: All patients who underwent transplantations in our institution between 1996 and 2014 were retrospectively studied and demographics, toxicities and survival rate were analyzed. Results: This study evaluated 24 autologous and five reduced intensity allogeneic transplantations: the median ages of the patients were 29 and 32 years, respectively. At the time of autologous transplantation, ten patients were in complete remission, nine had chemosensitive disease but were not in complete remission, three had refractory disease and the status of two is unknown. In the allogeneic group, two were in complete remission and three had chemosensitive disease. The 5-year overall survival after autologous transplantation was 42% (66% patients were in complete remission, 37% had chemosensitive disease with incom- plete remission and 0% had refractory disease) and 1-year overall survival after allogeneic transplantation was 80%. Transplant-related mortality was 0% in patients conditioned with the ifosfamide/carboplatin/etoposide (ICE), carmustine/etoposide/cyclophosphamide (BEC) and carmustine/etoposide/cytarabine/melphalan (BEAM) regimens, 37% in patients condi- tioned with busulfan-based regimens and 20% in allogeneic transplantations. Conclusions: Hematopoietic cell transplantation for relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma is a potentially curative procedure especially in patients in complete remission at the time of autologous transplantations, and possibly after allogeneic transplantations. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of allogeneic transplantations in the treatment of relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma.