Abstract Background: lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors information is scarce regarding youth and adults of Latin-American ethnics. Objective: the primary aim was to describe the lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors for arterial hypertension (HTN) and diabetes in ethnic Latin-American groups (Mapuche and Aymara) and other non-ethnics > 15 years of age in the Chilean population. A secondary aim was to determine the association between physical activity ‘intensity' with HTN and diabetes markers. Material and methods: a representative sample from the National Chilean Health Survey 2016-2017, included Mapuche (EG-Map; women n = 166, men n = 300; total n = 466), Aymara (EG-Aym; women n = 96, men n = 55; total n = 151), and a non-ethnic population group (No-EG; women n = 2057, men n = 3445; total n = 5502). The main outcomes were; systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting plasma glucose (GL), and secondary outcomes were other anthropometric, lipid profile, and lifestyle parameters. Results: GL was significantly associated with nutrition (0.9 %, p < 0.0001), tobacco and alcohol habits (0.6 %, p < 0.0001). SBP was significantly associated with nutrition (whole-grains 0.04, p = 0.001; water consumption 0.07, p < 0.0001), sleep hygiene (week 0.04, p = 0.030; on weekends -0.04, p = 0.026), and alcohol consumption (-0.06, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: in conclusion, lifestyle differences among Mapuche and Aymara ethnic groups in comparison with non-ethnic Chilean peers > 15 years are significantly associated with blood pressure and glycemia.

Resumen Antecedentes: la información sobre estilos de vida y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico es escasa en jóvenes y adultos de etnia latinoamericana. Objetivo: el objetivo principal fue describir el estilo de vida y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico para la hipertensión arterial (HTA) y la diabetes en grupos étnicos latinoamericanos (Mapuche y Aymara) y otros no étnicos > 15 años de la población chilena. Un objetivo secundario fue determinar la asociación de la "intensidad" de la actividad física con la HTA y los marcadores de diabetes. Material y métodos: muestra representativa de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile 2016-2017, compuesta por mapuches (EG-Map; mujeres n = 166, hombres n = 300; total n = 466), aymaras (EG-Aym; mujeres n = 96, hombres n = 55; total n = 151) y un grupo poblacional no étnico (No-GE; mujeres n = 2057, hombres n = 3445; total n = 5502). Las principales evaluaciones fueron la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), la presión arterial diastólica (PAD) y la glucosa plasmática en ayunas (GL), y los resultados secundarios fueron otros parámetros antropométricos, del perfil lipídico y del estilo de vida. Resultados: la GL se asoció significativamente a los hábitos nutricionales (0,9 %, p < 0,0001) y los hábitos de tabaco y alcohol (0,6 %, p < 0,0001). La PAS se asoció significativamente con la nutrición (cereales integrales 0,04, p = 0,001; consumo de agua 0,07, p < 0,0001), higiene del sueño (semana 0,04, p = 0,030; fines de semana -0,04, p = 0,026) y consumo de alcohol (- 0,06, p < 0,0001). Conclusión: en conclusión, las diferencias de estilo de vida entre las etnias mapuche y aymara en comparación con sus pares chilenos no étnicos mayores de 15 años se asocian significativamente con la presión arterial y la glucemia.

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has glucose variability that is of such relevance that the appearance of vascular complications in patients with DM has been attributed to hyperglycemic and dysglycemic events. It is known that T1D patients mainly have glycemic variability with a specific oscillatory pattern with specific circadian characteristics for each patient. However, it has not yet been determined whether an oscillation pattern represents the variability of glycemic in T2D. This is why our objective is to determine the characteristics of glycemic oscillations in T2D and generate a robust predictive model. Results: Showed that glycosylated hemoglobin, glycemia, and body mass index were all higher in patients with T2D than in controls (all p < 0.05). In addition, time in hyperglycemia and euglycemia was markedly higher and lower in the T2D group (p < 0.05), without significant differences for time in hypoglycemia. Standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and total power of glycemia were significantly higher in the T2D group than Control group (all p < 0.05). The oscillatory patterns were significantly different between groups (p = 0.032): the control group was mainly distributed at 2–3 and 6 days, whereas the T2D group showed a more homogeneous distribution across 2–3-to-6 days. Conclusions: The predictive model of glycemia showed that it is possible to accurately predict hyper- and hypo-glycemia events. Thus, T2D patients exhibit specific oscillatory patterns of glycemic control, which are possible to predict. These findings may help to improve the treatment of DM by considering the individual oscillatory patterns of patients.

Resumen Introducción. En los últimos años se ha dado una mayor importancia a la medición de la fuerza máxima de agarre de mano, sin embargo para hacer esta medición se requiere un protocolo estandarizado de aplicación, incluyendo procedimientos de calentamiento. Objetivo. Comparar los efectos agudos de cuatro tipos de calentamiento en la fuerza máxima de agarre de mano de mujeres sedentarias con sobrepeso. Materiales y métodos. Estudio ciego, aleatorizado y cruzado en el que se midió la fuerza máxima de agarre de mano de 12 mujeres con sobrepeso bajo las siguientes condiciones: i) sin calentamiento (condición de control), ii) con calentamiento de estiramiento estático, iii) con calentamiento basado en la fuerza (p. ej., ejercicios con banda elástica) y iv) con calentamiento con bola terapéutica de compresión para los músculos del antebrazo. Para las mediciones se utilizó un dinamómetro Jamar y estas se realizaron en cuatro días diferentes y en intervalos de 48 horas de descanso; además, se hicieron tres intentos de medición por mano. Resultados. Los valores promedio de fuerza máxima de agarre para la mano no dominante y dominante fueron 23.8kg y 24.9kg sin calentamiento, 20.3kg y 21.4kg con estiramiento, 20.9kg y 22.9kg con banda elástica y 22.0kg y 23.0kg con bola terapéutica, respectivamente. No hubo diferencias significativas (p>0.05; ANOVA de una vía) entre los protocolos, ni diferencias en la fuerza máxima de agarre de mano en relación con estado nutricional, masa magra o masa grasa. Conclusión. No se requiere una sesión de calentamiento para medir la fuerza máxima de agarre de mano en mujeres sedentarias con sobrepeso cuando se realizan tres intentos de medición.

Abstract Introduction: In recent years, handgrip strength assessment has gained special relevance in health. However, a standardized application protocol that includes warm-up procedures is required to measure it. Objective: To compare the acute effects of four warm-up strategies on maximal handgrip strength (MHS) in sedentary overweight women. Materials and methods: Single-blind, randomized, crossover study in which MHS was measured in 12 overweight women under the following conditions: i) no warm-up (control condition), ii) static stretching warm-up, iii) strength-based warm-up (i.e., resistance band exercise), and iv) isometric squeezing-ball warm-up for the forearm muscles. A Jamar dynamometer was used for the measurements, which were taken on four different days, at 48-hour rest intervals; three measurements were made per hand. Results: MHS mean values were 23.8 and 24.9 kg without warm-up, 20.3 and 21.4 kg after stretching warm-up, 20.9 and 22.9 kg after strength-based warm-up, and 22.0 and 23.0 kg after squeezing-ball warm-up for non-dominant and dominant hand, respectively. No significant differences (p>0.05; one-way ANOVA) were observed between protocols, nor were there differences in MHS in relation to nutritional status, lean mass, or fat mass. Conclusion: Warm-up is not required to measure MHS in overweight sedentary women when three measurements are made.

Resumen Introducción. La actividad física es de gran importancia para lograr un envejecimiento saludable. Objetivos. Estudiar los cambios en los parámetros antropométricos y la condición física de adultos mayores (AM) chilenos después de 16 semanas de participación en un programa de actividad física, y evaluar las diferencias en relación con su estado nutricional inicial. Materiales y métodos. Estudio pre-experimental cuantitativo. Población: 176 AM (155 mujeres y 21 hombres) distribuidos en 3 grupos: normopesos (n = 56), sobrepesos (n=67) y obesos (n = 53). Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: índice de masa corporal (IMC), perímetro de cintura (PC), índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y condición física. Resultados. Se observaron reducciones significativas en PC (p<0.001), IMC (p=0.015) e ICE (p<0.001), y mejoras en las siguientes pruebas: sentarse y levantarse de una silla (p<0.001), flexiones del codo (p<0.001), dos minutos de marcha (p<0.001), flexión del tronco en silla (p=0.018) y juntar las manos tras la espalda (p=0.014). Se encontraron diferencias significativas respecto al IMC entre participantes normopesos y sobrepesos (p=0.001), y entre normopesos y obesos (p=0.001). Conclusión. Los AM que participaron regularmente en el programa de actividad física lograron reducir su PC, IMC e ICE y mejorar su rendimiento físico-funcional en las pruebas de sentarse y levantarse de una silla, flexiones de codo, dos minutos de marcha, y flexibilidad del tren inferior y superior. Además, sus parámetros antropométricos y su condición física mejoraron independientemente de su estado nutricional inicial.

Abstract Introduction: Physical activity is important for achieving healthy aging. Objective: To analyze changes in anthropometric parameters and physical fitness among Chilean older adults after participating in a 16-week physical activity program and to evaluate whether there were differences in relation to their baseline nutritional status or not. Materials and methods: Pre-experimental quantitative study. The study population consisted of 176 older adults (155 women and 21 men) distributed in three groups: normal weight (n = 56), overweight (n=67) and obese (n = 53). The following variables were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHR) and physical fitness. Results: Significant decreases between pre- and post-measurements were found for WC (p<0.001), BMI (p=0.015), and WHR (p<0.001). Improvements were observed in the following tests: chair stand (p<0.001), arm curl (p<0.001), 2-min step (p<0.001), chair sit-&-reach (p=0.018) and back scratch (p=0.014). Regarding BMI, significant changes were observed between normal weight vs. overweight participants (p=0.001) and between normal weight vs. obese participants (p=0.001). Conclusion: Older adult participants that regularly attended the physical activity program were able to reduce their WC, BMI and WHR, and also improved their physical-functional performance on the chair stand, arm curl, 2-min step, chair sit-&-reach and back scratch tests. In addition, anthropometric parameters and physical fitness also improved regardless of their baseline nutritional status.

ABSTRACT Background: The functional fitness of older people may be associated with their nutritional status. Aim: To assess the association between of anthropometric measures with functional fitness in older people. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 75 participants aged 65 to 89 years. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), fat mass (FM) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) were calculated from anthropometric measures. The functional fitness was determined using the Senior Fitness Test battery. Results: BMI and FM indicated obesity, and WHtR indicated cardiometabolic risk in 49%, 55% and 83% of participants, respectively. SMI indicated a low muscle mass in 91% of females. Performance standards of chair stand, arm curl, 2-min step test and 8-foot up-and-go tests were met in 1%, 8%, 1% and 89% of participants, respectively. Significant negative correlations were found between 2-min step test and BMI, WHtR and FM (r = −0.26, −0.31 and −0.48 respectively). Back scratch had a negative correlation with BMI (r = −0.23) and SMI (rho = −0.28). Significant positive correlations were found between 8-foot up-and-go, WHtR (rho = 0.28) and FM (rho = 0.23), and between 2-min step test and SMI (rho = 0.28). The coefficient of determination (R2) between 2-min step test with BMI, WHtR and FM were 0.05, 0.08 and 0.22, respectively, while the R2 between back scratch and BMI was 0.04. Multiple regression models indicated that FM affected the 2-min step test independently of BMI and WHtR (adjusted R2 = 0.22), however age and sex negatively influenced these associations. Conclusions: Functional fitness of older adults is influenced by nutritional anthropometric measures, particularly BMI, WHtR and FM for aerobic capacity, and BMI for upper limb flexibility.

Introducción: El estado nutricional y la condición física funcional (CFF) pueden estar relacionados en adultos mayores. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de medidas antropométricas nutricionales sobre CFF. Material y Método: Estudio transversal realizado en 75 adultos de 65 a 89 años. Las variables antropométricas fueron índice de masa corporal (IMC), razón cintura-talla (RCT), masa adiposa (MA) e índice de masa muscular esquelética (IMME). La evaluación de CFF se efectuó con la batería Senior Fitness Test. Resultados: El IMC y MA indicaron obesidad, y RCT indicó riesgo cardiometabólico en 49%, 55% y 83% de los participantes, respectivamente. IMME indicó una baja masa muscular en 91% de las mujeres. El estándar de rendimiento para las pruebas sentarse-levantarse, flexión-codo, paso-2-minutos y levantarse-caminar-sentarse se logró en 1%, 8%, 1% y 89% de los participantes, respectivamente. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas negativas entre paso-2-minutos con IMC, RCT y MA (r = −0.26,-0.31 y-0.48 respectivamente. La misma asociación se observó entre juntar-manos-espalda con IMC (r = −0.23) e IMME (rho = −0.28). Se encontraron correlaciones significativas positivas entre levantarse-caminar-sentarse con RCT (rho=0.28) y MA (rho = 0.23), y entre paso-2-minutos con IMME (rho = 0.28). Los R2 entre paso-2-minutos e IMC, RCT y MA fueron 0.05, 0.08 y 0.22, respectivamente, mientras que el R2 entre juntar-manos-espalda e IMC fue 0.04. Los modelos de regresión múltiple indicaron que MA afectó la prueba paso-2-minutos independientemente de IMC y RCT (R2 ajustado = 0.22), aunque la edad y sexo afectaron negativamente estas asociaciones. Conclusiones: La CFF de adultos mayores es influenciada por alteraciones evidenciadas por medidas antropométricas nutricionales, particularmente IMC, RCT y MA sobre la capacidad aeróbica, e IMC sobre la flexibilidad de extremidad superior.

Background: Housewives represent a important proportion of the Chilean population. However, there is limited evidence about their lifestyles. Aim: To characterize lifestyles and determine the level of compliance with healthy lifestyles guidelines of housewives in Chile. Material and Methods: Housewives from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey were included. The variables studied included levels of physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, diet, hours of sleep and smoking. Compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviors was evaluated through logistic regression, granting a value of 1 for compliance and 0 for non-compliance. A healthy lifestyle was defined as meeting at least four healthy behaviors. Results: Housewives aged > 55 years had a higher BMI and waist circumference compared to those aged < 40 years. Housewives were also more likely to report moderate alcohol consumption and were more likely to meet a healthier lifestyle score (Odds ratio = 1.52 [95% confidence intervals: 1.09 to 2.11], p = 0.013). No significant age trends were observed for other lifestyle behaviors. Conclusions: Housewives had high levels of central obesity, excess body weight and high levels of salt intake but low alcohol intake. Their healthy lifestyles behaviors increased along with increasing age.

ABSTRACT Although physical activity (PA) is a protective factor against non-communicable diseases, there is an important proportion of the population who do not meet PA guidelines. Our aim was to investigate how adherence to PA guidelines varies across different age groups in the Chilean population. 5,133 participants from the 2009-2010 Chilean Health Survey were included in this study. PA was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as <600 MET/min/week of moderate to vigorous intensity PA. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association of PA with age. The main finding of this shows that women were more likely to be inactive than men (p<0.0001). Physical inactivity prevalence varied slightly between 20 and 59 years. However, among those individuals aged >60 years the prevalence increased markedly, reaching 63% and 56% for women and men aged >80 years, respectively. These findings confirm the necessity of promoting PA across the lifespan, but more importantly, these results suggest that more promotion and opportunities for engaging in PA should be created especially for older adults, who are more likely to be physically inactive.

RESUMEN A pesar de que la actividad física (AF) es un factor protector contra las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, un gran porcentaje de la población no cumple los niveles mínimos recomendados. El objetivo fue investigar como varían los niveles de práctica de AF entre los diferentes grupos etarios en la población chilena. Se incluyeron 5.133 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010. La AF fue determinada utilizando el cuestionario GPAQ. La inactividad física fue definida como <600 MET/min/semana de AF moderada a vigorosa. La asociación entre AF y edad fue investigada por sexo mediante regresión logística. Las mujeres presentaron una mayor probabilidad de ser físicamente inactivas en comparación a los hombres (p<0,0001). Al analizar la prevalencia de inactividad física por sexo y grupo etario, esta cambió ligeramente entre los 20 a 59 años, pero a partir de los 60 se observó un incremento importante en la prevalencia llegando a 63% y 56% para mujeres y hombres >80 años, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la necesidad de seguir fomentando la práctica regular de AF física a través de todo el ciclo vital, pero en especial sobre los 60 años, ya que este grupo presenta una mayor probabilidad de ser físicamente inactivo.

ABSTRACT Background: Maximal voluntary isometric handgrip strength (MVIHS) is influenced by age, sex, and handedness. Aim: To assess the association of MVIHS with age, sex, and handedness in older adults. Material and Methods: MVIHS was measured using a digital dynamometer in 60 men and 60 women aged 73 ± 6 years. Weight, height and handedness were also recorded. For analysis purposes, participants were divided into two age groups (65 to 70.9 years of age and ≥ 71 years). Results: A negative correlation was observed between age and MVIHS in the non-dominant (r = −0.65 and −0.59 in men and women, respectively) and dominant hands (r = −0.71 and −0.64 in men and women, respectively). When age and MVIHS were correlated in the group aged 65-70 years, a significant correlation was observed in the non-dominant (r = −045 and −0.61 in men and women, respectively) and dominant hands (r = −0.47 and −0.64 in men and women, respectively). In the group aged ≥ 71 years, a stronger correlation with age was also observed in the non-dominant (r = −0.92 and −0.90 in men and women, respectively) and dominant hands (r = −0.95 and −0.90 in men and women, respectively). MVIHS was 2.8 to 8.9% lower in the non-dominant than in the dominant hand in all age groups. MVIHS was lower in women than in men in both age groups. Conclusions: MVIHS declines with age (especially after 71 years of age), is higher in men than women, and higher in the dominant than the non-dominant hand.

Antecedentes: La fuerza de agarre isométrica voluntaria máxima (FAIVM) puede verse influenciada por la edad, el sexo y la dominancia. Objetivo: Describir la FAIVM y su relación con la edad, el sexo y la dominancia en adultos mayores. Material y Métodos: La FAIVM, la masa corporal, la talla, y la dominancia fueron medidas mediante protocolos estandarizados en 60 hombres e igual número de mujeres que fueron divididos en dos grupos acorde a su edad (65 a 70,9 años, y ≥ 71 años, respectivamente). Resultados: Se observó una correlación entre la edad y la FAIVM de mano no-dominante (hombres: r = −0,65; mujeres: r = −0,59) y dominante (hombres: r = −0,71; mujeres: r = −0,64). Al correlacionar la FAIVM y la edad en el grupo de 65-70 años, una correlación significativa fue observada en la mano no-dominante (hombres, r = −0,45; mujeres, r = −0,61) y mano dominante (hombres, r = −0,47; mujeres, r = −0,64). En el grupo ≥ 71 años, la edad tuvo una mayor correlación con la FAIVM de la mano no-dominante (hombres, r = −0,92; mujeres, r = −0,90) y mano dominante (hombres, r = −0,95; mujeres, r = −0,90). Comparada con la mano dominante, la mano no-dominante presentó menores valores de FAIVM en todos los grupos, variando entre −2,8 a −8,9%. Comparadas con los hombres, las mujeres presentaron menor FAIVM en mano dominante y no-dominante, en ambos grupos de edad. Conclusión: La FAIVM disminuye con la edad, especialmente desde los 71 años; es mayor en hombres comparados con mujeres y es mayor en mano dominante comparada con mano no-dominante.

Background: Although cardiovascular risk factors are associated with an impaired cognitive function, the impact of diabetes on cognitive function in Chilean adults is unknown. Aim: To investigate the association of diabetes or family history of the disease with cognitive impairment in older adults. Materials and Methods: Data from the 2009-2010 Chilean National Health Survey including 1,384 participants aged ≥ 60 years were included in this study. A score below 13 points for the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was considered an indication of cognitive impairment. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between MMSE, diabetes and family history of the disease. Results: Cognitive impairment increased with age (Odds ratio (OR): 1.83 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.53; 2.19], p < 0.01, per 5 years increment in age). This trend was greater in individuals with diabetes (OR: 2.37 [95% CI: 1.68; 3.35], p < 0.01) compared to those without the disease. A similar trend was identified among individuals with a family history of diabetes compared to those without. Conclusions: Older adults with diabetes are more susceptible to develop cognitive impairment.

Background: The six-minute walk test (SMWT) is an easy-to-use test that measures walking distance. Aim: To elaborate an equation to estimate the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) using the results of the SMWT. Material and Methods: Forty men and 40 women aged 22.5 ± 2 years, underwent a SMWT to measure the total walked distance and the recovery heart rate (RhR) Also, VO2 max was estimated from the maximal workload achieved in a cyclo-ergometer using the Storer test. A multivariate regression analysis resulted in a prediction equation that was validated with distributional assumptions of normality, independence and homoscedasticity. The limits of concordance of the predictive model were checked with the Bland-Altman diagram. Results: Body mass index (BMI), sex, RhR and total walked distance explained VO2 max variance by 3.4, 73.1, 17.9 and 32.8%, respectively. The prediction equation achieved was VO2 max (ml.min−1) = −3672.585 + (966.472 × Sex [1: female, 2: male]) + (-18.492 X RhR [beats.minute−1]) + (9.191 X Distance [m]) + (87.707 × BMI). The R2 of the equation was 0.91 (p < 0.01). Conclusions: This equation predicts VO2 max in Chilean university students according to sex, BMI, cardiovascular response and performance in the SMWT.

Background: There is a wide interindividual variability in the response to a period of exercise training. The science have reported that a minimum of participants could be non-responders for improving different health-related outcomes after training. Aim: To compare the effects of a 6-weeks exercise program on body composition, cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Material and Methods: Data from 23 trained subjects were used in a secondary analysis of the response to exercise. Of these, 14 were considered adherent to training and nine as non-adherent. Body mass, height, waist circumference, four skinfolds and their sum, blood pressure and plasma triglyceride levels were assessed before and after the training period. Results: Among adherent participants, significant reductions were observed in the sum of four skinfolds (30 ± 7 to 27 ± 6 mm, p ≤ 0.05), systolic blood pressure (133 ± 18 to 127 ± 20 mmHg; p ≤ 0.05) and plasma triglycerides (125 ± 58 to 102 ± 34 mg/dL; p ≤ 0.05). No changes were observed in weight or diastolic blood pressure. Among non-adherent participants, no changes of measured parameters were observed. Among adherent participants, 57% were considered as non-responders for waist circumference, 7% for the sum of skinfold thickness, 50% for systolic blood pressure, 64% for diastolic blood pressure and 57% for plasma triglycerides. Conclusions: Participants with a good adherence to a 6-weeks exercise training program experienced overall improvement in body composition, blood pressure and plasma triglycerides. The prevalence of non-responders varied considerably among measured outcomes.

RESUMO O teste de caminhada de seis minutos (SMWT) foi concluído em poucas ocasiões em indivíduos jovens aparentemente saudáveis e estudantes universitarios, enquanto que a predição máxima do consumo de oxigênio (VO2max) não foi tomada em consideração. O objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar uma equação de predição para VO2max a partir da recuperação da freqüência cardíaca (HRR) após a realização do SMWT. 127 jovens na primeira etapa completaram o SMWT eo Course Navette Test (CNT), 17 na segunda etapa (teste-reteste) completaram o SMWT e CNT, e 20 sujeitos na terceira etapa completaram o teste SMWT e Bruce test. Todos os estudantes de educação física (PES) completam o consentimento informado. Observou-se uma correlação significativa entre o VO2máx estimado pela CNT e a HRR após o SMWT (rho= -0,3; p= 0,001). A correlação entre as mesmas variáveis foi r= -0,72 (p= 0,001) na segunda etapa e observou-se uma correlação significativa (r= -0,65; p= 0,002) entre VO2max medido diretamente no teste de Bruce e HRR após o SMWT. A partir da correlação foi elaborada uma equação de predição de y= 92,468-0,278*20-segundo-HRR) eo erro padrão de estimação (SEE) foi de 7,17 ml·kg-1·min-1. O HRR conseguido após o SMWT pode predizer VO2max no PES.

ABSTRACT The Six-Minute Walking Test (SMWT) was completed just in few times in apparently healthy young individuals and university students, while the maximal volume of oxygen consumption (VO2max) prediction has not been taken into consideration. The aim of this study was to elaborate a prediction equation for VO2max from the heart rate recovery (HRR) after completion the SMWT. 127 young in the first stage completed the SMWT and Course Navette Test (CNT), 17 in the second stage (test-retest) completed the SMWT and CNT, and 20 subjects in the third stage completed the SMWT and Bruce test. All physical education students (PES) completions an informed consent. A significant correlation was observed between VO2max estimated trough the CNT and HRR after the SMWT (rho= -0.3; p= 0.001). The correlation between the same variables was r= -0.72 (p= 0.001) in the second stage, and a significant correlation (r= -0.65; p= 0.002) was observed between VO2max directly measured in Bruce test and HRR after the SMWT. From the correlation a prediction equation was elaborated is y= 92.468-(0.278*20-second-HRR) and the standard error of estimation (SEE) was 7.17 ml·kg-1·min-1. The HRR achieved after the SMWT may predict VO2max in PES.

Background: Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To identify factors associated with physical inactivity in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Participants from the Chilean Health Survey (5,133 individuals) were included in this study. Physical activity was measured using the Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as < 600 MET. min.week−1 of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of physical inactivity. Results: The main finding of this study were that women (odds ratio (OR): 1.51 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.32-1.72]) were more likely to be inactive compared to men and that older adults were more likely to be inactive than their younger or middle age counterparts (OR: 3.06 [95% CI: 2.45-3.82]). Other correlates of physical inactivity were individuals with obesity (OR: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.20-1.70]), diabetes (OR: 1.96 [95% CI: 1.61-2.38]), hypertension (OR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.50-1.97]), metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.42 [95% IC: 1.18-1.70]), a low education level (OR: 1.26 [95% CI: 1.06-1.49]) and higher levels of sedentary behavior (OR: 2.77 [95% CI: 2.36-3.25]). Conclusions: Women, older people and sedentary subjects with chronic non-transmissible conditions are at higher risk of being physically inactive.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The objective of this study was to compare the anthropometric markers of health body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and body fat percentage (BFP) among physically active (PA) and physically inactive (PI) older women. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study with 88 women aged 60-75 years old. The evaluations were carried out in the biomechanics laboratory of the Universidad Santo Tomás (Chile), and included measurements of body weight, bipedal stature, WC and cutaneous folds. BMI (kg/m2) and percentage of BFP were calculated from the skin folds. Results: PA older women presented significantly lower values than PI in the anthropometric health markers evaluated: percentage of BFP (p=0.01), BMI (p=0.04) and WC (p=0.03). However, both groups obtained WC and BFP values above healthy recommendations. A BMI of 29.7kg/m2 and 26.8kg/m2 was obtained for PI and PA, respectively. According to these values, PI were classified as overweight, while PA were classified as normal. When comparing skinfolds, it was observed than PA had values significantly lower than PI in triceps (p=0.033), subscapular (p=0.005) and suprailiac (p=0.001) folds. Conclusions: Older women with PA show favorable BMI, WC, and BFP with respect to PI, which could indicate that regular physical activity would be a beneficial element in the health of older adults.

RESUMEN Introducción: El propósito de este estudio fue comparar los marcadores antropométricos de salud índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de cintura (CC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (GC) entre mujeres mayores físicamente activas (FA) y físicamente inactivas (FI). Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con 88 mujeres mayores entre 60 y 75 años. Las evaluaciones fueron realizadas en el laboratorio de biomecánica de la Universidad Santo Tomás (Chile) e incluyeron las mediciones de peso corporal, estatura bípeda, CC y pliegues cutáneos. Se calculó IMC (kg/m2) y porcentaje de GC a partir de los pliegues cutáneos. Resultados: Las comparaciones señalan que las mujeres mayores FA presentaron valores significativamente menores que las FI en los marcadores antropométricos de salud evaluados: porcentaje de GC (p=0,01), IMC (p=0,04) y CC (p=0,03). Sin embargo, ambos grupos obtuvieron valores de CC y GC por encima de las recomendaciones saludables. En las FI se obtuvo un IMC de 29,7kg/m2 y en las FA de 26,8kg/m2. De acuerdo a estos valores, las FI se clasifican en la categoría de sobrepeso, mientras que las FA en normopeso. Al comparar los pliegues cutáneos se observó que las FA presentaron valores significativamente menores que las FI en pliegues tricipital (p=0,033), subescapular (p=0,005) y suprailíaco (p=0,001). Conclusiones: Las mujeres mayores FA presentan IMC, CC y porcentaje de GC favorables respecto a sus pares FI, lo cual podría indicar que la práctica regular de actividad física sería un elemento beneficioso sobre la salud de los adultos mayores.

Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves cardiometabolic markers, but its effects on the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well known. Aim: To determine the effects of a 12-week HIIT exercise program on cardiometabolic and quality of life variables of T2D patients. Material and Methods: Nine T2D women were assigned to a HIIT + nutritional education (GE) and 10, to a nutritional education alone group (GC). At baseline and after each intervention, anthropometric and body composition parameters using bio-impedance were assessed, and a blood sample was obtained to measure serum lipid levels, blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Quality of life was assessed using the SF-12 questionnaire adapted for the Chilean population. Results: There were no significant changes on the lipid profile variables in the GE group, although HDL cholesterol was increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the GC group. Total fat mass was decreased in the GE group from 43.5 ± 1.5 to 41.9 ± 1.5%, p < 0.01. Fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin decreased in the GE group. There was a significant correlation between the decrease in total fat mass and that of glycated hemoglobin. There were significant increases in quality of life parameters; physical function, physical role, pain, general health, vitality, emotional role, mental health, and social function in the GE but not in the GC group. Conclusions: A 12-week program of HIIT plus nutritional education improves cardiometabolic and quality of life parameters on type 2 diabetics.