Resumo Pesquisas prévias informaram que ser vítima de “bullying” se associa à menor Qualidade de Vida Relacionada com a Saúde (QVRS); mas nenhuma foi realizada em estudantes Mexicanos apesar dos altos índices de “bullying” mostrados para o México nos rankings internacionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre ser vítima de “bullying” e QVRS. Este estudo transversal e de correlação incluiu 2225 crianças e adolescentes de 22 escolas de nível básico, médio básico e médio superior. A QVRS foi avaliada com o questionário KIDSCREEN-10 e o “bullying” com a dimensão de aceitação social do KIDSCREEN-52. Analisaram-se as associações bivariadas, verificou-se confusão e interação, e utilizou-se regressão logística multivariável. A prevalência de vítimas de “bullying” foi de 17.3%. Ser vítima de “bullying” obteve um risco de mais do dobro de QVRS inferior que não ser vítima, depois de ajustar pela percepção de saúde, gênero e idade, OR 2.3 (1.7-3.1). No mesmo sentido que o referido pelo Modelo de Wilson e Cleary, em estudantes mexicanos com características individuais como ser vítima de “bullying”, associam-se à QVRS, descoberta similar ao encontrado na literatura existente o que implica que o “bullying” é um fenômeno global que se reflete em diferentes aspectos da vida em crianças e adolescentes vitimizados.

Abstract Previous studies have reported a relationship between being a victim of bullying, but no studies have been carried out with Mexican students; notwithstanding the high scores of bullying in Mexico in international rankings. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between being a victim of bullying and lower HRQoL among schoolchildren and adolescents in Mexico. This cross-sectional and correlational study involved 2225 students from 22 elementary, middle and high schools. HRQoL was assessed with the KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaire and bullying with the social adaptation dimension of KIDSCREEN-52. Bivariate associations were evaluated, and a multivariate logistic regression was utilized. The prevalence of victims of bullying was 17.3%. Being a victim of bullying was double the risk of having a lower HRQoL than not being a victim after adjusting for health perception, gender and age, OR 2.3 (1.7-3.1). As the Wilson and Cleary Model of Quality of Life explains, individual characteristics, such as, being a victim of bullying are associated with quality of life. Similar findings in the existing literature imply that bullying is a global phenomenon that impacts the victimized child or adolescent’s life in different ways.

Resumo Pesquisas prévias informaram que ser vítima de “bullying” se associa à menor Qualidade de Vida Relacionada com a Saúde (QVRS); mas nenhuma foi realizada em estudantes Mexicanos apesar dos altos índices de “bullying” mostrados para o México nos rankings internacionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre ser vítima de “bullying” e QVRS. Este estudo transversal e de correlação incluiu 2225 crianças e adolescentes de 22 escolas de nível básico, médio básico e médio superior. A QVRS foi avaliada com o questionário KIDSCREEN-10 e o “bullying” com a dimensão de aceitação social do KIDSCREEN-52. Analisaram-se as associações bivariadas, verificou-se confusão e interação, e utilizou-se regressão logística multivariável. A prevalência de vítimas de “bullying” foi de 17.3%. Ser vítima de “bullying” obteve um risco de mais do dobro de QVRS inferior que não ser vítima, depois de ajustar pela percepção de saúde, gênero e idade, OR 2.3 (1.7-3.1). No mesmo sentido que o referido pelo Modelo de Wilson e Cleary, em estudantes mexicanos com características individuais como ser vítima de “bullying”, associam-se à QVRS, descoberta similar ao encontrado na literatura existente o que implica que o “bullying” é um fenômeno global que se reflete em diferentes aspectos da vida em crianças e adolescentes vitimizados.

Abstract Previous studies have reported a relationship between being a victim of bullying, but no studies have been carried out with Mexican students; notwithstanding the high scores of bullying in Mexico in international rankings. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between being a victim of bullying and lower HRQoL among schoolchildren and adolescents in Mexico. This cross-sectional and correlational study involved 2225 students from 22 elementary, middle and high schools. HRQoL was assessed with the KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaire and bullying with the social adaptation dimension of KIDSCREEN-52. Bivariate associations were evaluated, and a multivariate logistic regression was utilized. The prevalence of victims of bullying was 17.3%. Being a victim of bullying was double the risk of having a lower HRQoL than not being a victim after adjusting for health perception, gender and age, OR 2.3 (1.7-3.1). As the Wilson and Cleary Model of Quality of Life explains, individual characteristics, such as, being a victim of bullying are associated with quality of life. Similar findings in the existing literature imply that bullying is a global phenomenon that impacts the victimized child or adolescent’s life in different ways.

Este estudo avaliou as experiências com a atenção primária à saúde para crianças e adolescentes, considerando níveis de saúde, características sociodemográficas e o uso de serviços de saúde. A Enquete de Saúde de Catalunha de 2006 incluiu uma amostra representativa da população de 0 a 14 anos (n = 2.200). Pessoas adultas informaram suas experiências com a atenção primária à saúde de seus filhos com uma seleção de 17 itens do Primary Care Assessment Tool. Estimaram-se razões de prevalência (RP) de baixa pontuação em seis funções da atenção primária à saúde mediante modelos multivariados. A declaração de doenças crônicas se associou à baixa pontuação no primeiro contato-acessibilidade. Os pais imigrantes declararam pior experiência com várias funções da atenção primária à saúde. As pontuações no primeiro contato-acessibilidade, continuidade da atenção e competência cultural foram mais altas quando as crianças tinham cobertura sanitária dupla e mais baixas quando tinham visitado os serviços de emergência. Melhorias em algumas funções da atenção primária à saúde poderiam reduzir o uso de serviços de urgência e iniquidade.

This study aimed to evaluate user experiences with primary care for children and adolescents according to health, socio-demographic characteristics, and use of healthcare services. The 2006 Catalan Health Interview Survey studied a representative sample of the population aged 0 to 14 (n = 2,200). Parents reported their experiences with primary care through 17 items from the Primary Care Assessment Tool. Multivariate models were fitted to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) of scoring low on experiences with primary care by health, use of services, and socio-demographic variables. A low first contact-accessibility score was associated with declared chronic conditions. Immigrant parents declared a poor experience with several primary care functions. A low score on first contact-accessibility, continuity of care, and cultural competence was less likely when children had double healthcare coverage and more likely when they had visited emergency services. Improvement of some aspects of primary care services may reduce both use of emergency services and inequity in this area.

Este estudio evaluó las experiencias en la atención primaria de salud para niños y adolescentes, considerando niveles de salud, características sociodemográficas y el uso de servicios de salud. La Encuesta de Salud de Cataluña de 2006 incluyó una muestra representativa de la población de 0 a 14 años (n = 2.200). Personas adultas informaron sobre sus experiencias con la atención primaria de salud de sus hijos con una selección de 17 ítems del Primary Care Assessment Tool. Se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) de baja puntuación en seis funciones de la atención primaria de salud, mediante modelos multivariados. La declaración de enfermedades crónicas se asoció a la baja puntuación en primer contacto-accesibilidad. Los padres inmigrantes declararon peor experiencia con varias funciones de la atención primaria de salud. Las puntuaciones en primer contacto-accesibilidad, continuidad de la atención y competencia cultural fueron más altas cuando los niños tenían cobertura sanitaria doble y más bajas cuando habían visitado los servicios de emergencia. Mejoras en algunas funciones de la atención primaria de salud podrían reducir el uso de servicios de urgencia y la inequidad.

Este estudo avaliou as experiências com a atenção primária à saúde para crianças e adolescentes, considerando níveis de saúde, características sociodemográficas e o uso de serviços de saúde. A Enquete de Saúde de Catalunha de 2006 incluiu uma amostra representativa da população de 0 a 14 anos (n = 2.200). Pessoas adultas informaram suas experiências com a atenção primária à saúde de seus filhos com uma seleção de 17 itens do Primary Care Assessment Tool. Estimaram-se razões de prevalência (RP) de baixa pontuação em seis funções da atenção primária à saúde mediante modelos multivariados. A declaração de doenças crônicas se associou à baixa pontuação no primeiro contato-acessibilidade. Os pais imigrantes declararam pior experiência com várias funções da atenção primária à saúde. As pontuações no primeiro contato-acessibilidade, continuidade da atenção e competência cultural foram mais altas quando as crianças tinham cobertura sanitária dupla e mais baixas quando tinham visitado os serviços de emergência. Melhorias em algumas funções da atenção primária à saúde poderiam reduzir o uso de serviços de urgência e iniquidade.

This study aimed to evaluate user experiences with primary care for children and adolescents according to health, socio-demographic characteristics, and use of healthcare services. The 2006 Catalan Health Interview Survey studied a representative sample of the population aged 0 to 14 (n = 2,200). Parents reported their experiences with primary care through 17 items from the Primary Care Assessment Tool. Multivariate models were fitted to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) of scoring low on experiences with primary care by health, use of services, and socio-demographic variables. A low first contact-accessibility score was associated with declared chronic conditions. Immigrant parents declared a poor experience with several primary care functions. A low score on first contact-accessibility, continuity of care, and cultural competence was less likely when children had double healthcare coverage and more likely when they had visited emergency services. Improvement of some aspects of primary care services may reduce both use of emergency services and inequity in this area.

Este estudio evaluó las experiencias en la atención primaria de salud para niños y adolescentes, considerando niveles de salud, características sociodemográficas y el uso de servicios de salud. La Encuesta de Salud de Cataluña de 2006 incluyó una muestra representativa de la población de 0 a 14 años (n = 2.200). Personas adultas informaron sobre sus experiencias con la atención primaria de salud de sus hijos con una selección de 17 ítems del Primary Care Assessment Tool. Se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) de baja puntuación en seis funciones de la atención primaria de salud, mediante modelos multivariados. La declaración de enfermedades crónicas se asoció a la baja puntuación en primer contacto-accesibilidad. Los padres inmigrantes declararon peor experiencia con varias funciones de la atención primaria de salud. Las puntuaciones en primer contacto-accesibilidad, continuidad de la atención y competencia cultural fueron más altas cuando los niños tenían cobertura sanitaria doble y más bajas cuando habían visitado los servicios de emergencia. Mejoras en algunas funciones de la atención primaria de salud podrían reducir el uso de servicios de urgencia y la inequidad.

Objective: To identify and describe studies on social inequalities in child and adolescent health conducted in Spain with special emphasis on social determinants. Methods: In July 2012, we conducted a systematic review in the PubMed, MEDES, SCOPUS and COCHRANE databases. We included studies on social inequalities in child and adolescent health in Spain published between 2000 and 2012. A total of 2147 abstracts were reviewed by two researchers and 80 manuscripts were fully reviewed by three researchers. Risk of bias was assessed. Seventy-two articles were finally included. Results: A total of 83% of the studies were cross-sectional and the most frequently studied age group consisted of 13-15-year-olds. More than 20 individual or group determinants were identified. The most frequently analyzed determinants were the most advantaged educational level and occupation of the mother or the father. In 38% of the studies analyzing education and occupation, there was no definition of the determinant. Social inequalities were detected in dental health with all determinants and in all age groups (9% of studies with a high risk of bias). Social inequalities were also detected in obesity, physical activity and mental health with some determinants. Specific data were missing for younger children. No social inequalities were found in the use of health services, excluding dental care. Few studies analyzed immigration and 42% of them had a high risk of bias. Conclusion Wide diversity was found in the measurement of social determinants, with a lack of studies in preschoolers and of studies with longitudinal designs. The results of this study confirm social inequalities in some aspects of health.

Objetivo: El objetivo del trabajo es recopilar y describir los estudios realizados en España sobre desigualdades sociales en salud infantil y adolescente, con especial énfasis en los determinantes sociales. Método En julio de 2012 se realizó una revisión sistemática en PubMed, MEDES, SCOPUS y COCHRANE. Se incluyeron estudios sobre desigualdades sociales en salud infantil y adolescente española publicados entre los años 2000 y 2012. Se revisaron por duplicado 2147 resúmenes y 80 artículos entre tres revisores y se evaluó el riesgo de sesgo. Se incluyeron 72 estudios. Resultados: El 83% son estudios transversales y la edad más estudiada es de los 13 a los 15 años. Se detectan más de 20 determinantes sociales individuales o grupales, y los más analizados son el nivel educativo y la ocupación más favorecida del padre o la madre. En el 38% de los estudios en que se analiza la educación o la ocupación no se indica la definición del determinante. Se detectan desigualdades sociales en salud dental con todos los indicadores y grupos de edad (9% de los estudios con alto riesgo de sesgo), así como en obesidad, actividad física y salud mental por algunos indicadores. Faltan datos específicos en población escolar y preescolar. El uso de servicios sanitarios, excluyendo el dentista, no muestra desigualdades. Hay pocos estudios sobre inmigración y el 42% presentan alto riesgo de sesgo. Conclusión Se ha detectado una gran diversidad en la medición de los determinantes sociales y una falta de estudios especialmente en edades preescolares y con diseños longitudinales. Se confirman las desigualdades sociales en algunos aspectos de salud.

Objective: To identify and describe studies on social inequalities in child and adolescent health conducted in Spain with special emphasis on social determinants. Methods: In July 2012, we conducted a systematic review in the PubMed, MEDES, SCOPUS and COCHRANE databases. We included studies on social inequalities in child and adolescent health in Spain published between 2000 and 2012. A total of 2147 abstracts were reviewed by two researchers and 80 manuscripts were fully reviewed by three researchers. Risk of bias was assessed. Seventy-two articles were finally included. Results: A total of 83% of the studies were cross-sectional and the most frequently studied age group consisted of 13-15-year-olds. More than 20 individual or group determinants were identified. The most frequently analyzed determinants were the most advantaged educational level and occupation of the mother or the father. In 38% of the studies analyzing education and occupation, there was no definition of the determinant. Social inequalities were detected in dental health with all determinants and in all age groups (9% of studies with a high risk of bias). Social inequalities were also detected in obesity, physical activity and mental health with some determinants. Specific data were missing for younger children. No social inequalities were found in the use of health services, excluding dental care. Few studies analyzed immigration and 42% of them had a high risk of bias. Conclusion Wide diversity was found in the measurement of social determinants, with a lack of studies in preschoolers and of studies with longitudinal designs. The results of this study confirm social inequalities in some aspects of health.

Objetivo: El objetivo del trabajo es recopilar y describir los estudios realizados en España sobre desigualdades sociales en salud infantil y adolescente, con especial énfasis en los determinantes sociales. Método En julio de 2012 se realizó una revisión sistemática en PubMed, MEDES, SCOPUS y COCHRANE. Se incluyeron estudios sobre desigualdades sociales en salud infantil y adolescente española publicados entre los años 2000 y 2012. Se revisaron por duplicado 2147 resúmenes y 80 artículos entre tres revisores y se evaluó el riesgo de sesgo. Se incluyeron 72 estudios. Resultados: El 83% son estudios transversales y la edad más estudiada es de los 13 a los 15 años. Se detectan más de 20 determinantes sociales individuales o grupales, y los más analizados son el nivel educativo y la ocupación más favorecida del padre o la madre. En el 38% de los estudios en que se analiza la educación o la ocupación no se indica la definición del determinante. Se detectan desigualdades sociales en salud dental con todos los indicadores y grupos de edad (9% de los estudios con alto riesgo de sesgo), así como en obesidad, actividad física y salud mental por algunos indicadores. Faltan datos específicos en población escolar y preescolar. El uso de servicios sanitarios, excluyendo el dentista, no muestra desigualdades. Hay pocos estudios sobre inmigración y el 42% presentan alto riesgo de sesgo. Conclusión Se ha detectado una gran diversidad en la medición de los determinantes sociales y una falta de estudios especialmente en edades preescolares y con diseños longitudinales. Se confirman las desigualdades sociales en algunos aspectos de salud.

The scope of this study was to develop the culturally-adapted version of the KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire for Mexican adolescents aged 8 to 18, and to analyze its reliability and validity. A translation and back translation was carried out from English to Spanish and vice versa. Cognitive interviews were conducted and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to verify the content validity of the questionnaire. Based on previous studies (i.e. the Argentinian version) mean scores of dimensions were compared to assess construct validity. Reliability was also analyzed. The results showed that the content validity of the version retained the original concepts, duly adapted to the Mexican culture and language. The AFC confirmed the structure of the 10 original dimensions. Two scales achieved the ceiling effect. The instrument's internal consistency was acceptable (ranged from 0.5 to 0.86), and reproducibility obtained low coefficients in 5 dimensions (0.22 to 0.78). The Mexican KIDSCREEN-52 version is equivalent to the original in terms of content, structure, and construct validity. The conclusion was that theKIDSCREEN -52 tool is suitable for application in the Mexican population aged 8 to 18. Further studies are needed to explore its application in clinical settings.

Con el objeto de adaptar culturalmente el cuestionario KIDSCREEN-52 a adolescentes mexicanos de 8 a 18 años, y analizar su fiabilidad y validez, se realizó la traducción del cuestionario del inglés al español y una retro traducción. Se realizaron entrevistas cognitivas y un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) para verificar la validez del contenido del cuestionario. Se compararon las puntuaciones de las dimensiones siguiendo los mismos criterios que en otras versiones (ej. Argentina) para analizar la validez de constructo, y se verificó la fiabilidad. La validez del contenido mantuvo las características del cuestionario original. El AFC confirmó la estructura de las 10 dimensiones originales. Dos escalas mostraron efecto techo. La consistencia interna del instrumento fue aceptable (rango 0,5-0,86) y la reproducibilidad obtuvo coeficientes bajos en 5 dimensiones (0,22-0,78). La versión mexicana del cuestionario KIDSCREEN-52 es equivalente al original en términos de contenido, estructura, y validez de constructo. En conclusión, el instrumento KIDSCREEN-52 es adecuado para aplicarse en población mexicana de estudiantes de 8 a 18 años. Son necesarios nuevos estudios para explorar su aplicación en contextos clínicos.

The scope of this study was to develop the culturally-adapted version of the KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire for Mexican adolescents aged 8 to 18, and to analyze its reliability and validity. A translation and back translation was carried out from English to Spanish and vice versa. Cognitive interviews were conducted and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to verify the content validity of the questionnaire. Based on previous studies (i.e. the Argentinian version) mean scores of dimensions were compared to assess construct validity. Reliability was also analyzed. The results showed that the content validity of the version retained the original concepts, duly adapted to the Mexican culture and language. The AFC confirmed the structure of the 10 original dimensions. Two scales achieved the ceiling effect. The instrument's internal consistency was acceptable (ranged from 0.5 to 0.86), and reproducibility obtained low coefficients in 5 dimensions (0.22 to 0.78). The Mexican KIDSCREEN-52 version is equivalent to the original in terms of content, structure, and construct validity. The conclusion was that theKIDSCREEN -52 tool is suitable for application in the Mexican population aged 8 to 18. Further studies are needed to explore its application in clinical settings.

Con el objeto de adaptar culturalmente el cuestionario KIDSCREEN-52 a adolescentes mexicanos de 8 a 18 años, y analizar su fiabilidad y validez, se realizó la traducción del cuestionario del inglés al español y una retro traducción. Se realizaron entrevistas cognitivas y un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) para verificar la validez del contenido del cuestionario. Se compararon las puntuaciones de las dimensiones siguiendo los mismos criterios que en otras versiones (ej. Argentina) para analizar la validez de constructo, y se verificó la fiabilidad. La validez del contenido mantuvo las características del cuestionario original. El AFC confirmó la estructura de las 10 dimensiones originales. Dos escalas mostraron efecto techo. La consistencia interna del instrumento fue aceptable (rango 0,5-0,86) y la reproducibilidad obtuvo coeficientes bajos en 5 dimensiones (0,22-0,78). La versión mexicana del cuestionario KIDSCREEN-52 es equivalente al original en términos de contenido, estructura, y validez de constructo. En conclusión, el instrumento KIDSCREEN-52 es adecuado para aplicarse en población mexicana de estudiantes de 8 a 18 años. Son necesarios nuevos estudios para explorar su aplicación en contextos clínicos.

Objective: To describe gender differences in self-perceived health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in childhood and adolescence in Spain, to compare the results in distinct studies using different HRQoL instruments, and to analyze the influence of sociodemographic factors and reported morbidity on self-perceived health and HRQoL according to gender. Methods: We analyzed data from previous studies of HRQoL: the Child Health and Illness Profile (child and adolescent editions, n=2451), the KIDSCREEN (n=908), and Vecú Perçue et Santé de l'Adolescent (n=1,242). Logistic regression models of worse perceived health (good/fair/poor vs. excellent/very good) and worse HRQoL (less than 0.8 standard deviations from the mean vs. the remaining distribution) were adjusted to analyze gender differences. A summary measure of differences in perceived health according to gender was obtained. Results: The response rates varied among the studies (total sample n=4.601). Girls showed a higher odds ratio (OR) than boys for perceiving worse overall health and physical and emotional health, but a lower OR in school environment dimensions. The overall OR for worse perceived health was 1.28 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.97-1.68) in younger girls and was 2.17 (95%CI: 1.88-2.51) in adolescent girls. Conclusions: Girls were twice as likely as boys to perceive worse health, as well as worse HRQoL in the physical and emotional dimensions. Gender perspective should be taken into account when implementing preventive and health promotion measures for children and adolescents.

Objetivo: Describir las diferencias de género en salud autopercibida y en calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en la infancia y la adolescencia en España; comparar los resultados entre estudios que utilizaron diferentes instrumentos de medida; y analizar la influencia de factores sociodemográficos y de la morbilidad declarada en la salud percibida y la CVRS según el género. Métodos: Se analizaron datos de estudios previos de CVRS: el Child Health and Illness Profile (versiones infantil y de adolescentes, n=2451), el KIDSCREEN (n=908), y el Vecú et Sante Perçue de l'Adolescent (n=1.242). Se construyeron modelos de regresión logística de peor salud percibida (buena/regular/mala frente a excelente/muy buena) y peor CVRS (menos de 0,8 desviaciones estándar de la media frente al resto de la distribución) para analizar las diferencias de género. Se obtuvo una medida resumen de las diferencias en salud percibida según el género. Resultados: La proporción de respuesta fue variable entre los estudios (n total=4.601). Las chicas presentaron odds ratio (OR) mayores que los chicos para percibir peor salud general, física y emocional, pero menores en el ámbito escolar. La OR global de peor salud general fue de 1,28 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 0,97-1,68) en niñas y de 2,17 (IC95%: 1,88-2,51) en chicas. Conclusiones: Ser chica condiciona el doble de probabilidades de percibir peor salud y CVRS en los aspectos físicos y emocionales que los chicos. La perspectiva de género se debería tener en cuenta en la implementación de medidas de prevención y promoción de la salud infantil y adolescente.

Objective: To describe gender differences in self-perceived health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in childhood and adolescence in Spain, to compare the results in distinct studies using different HRQoL instruments, and to analyze the influence of sociodemographic factors and reported morbidity on self-perceived health and HRQoL according to gender. Methods: We analyzed data from previous studies of HRQoL: the Child Health and Illness Profile (child and adolescent editions, n=2451), the KIDSCREEN (n=908), and Vecú Perçue et Santé de l'Adolescent (n=1,242). Logistic regression models of worse perceived health (good/fair/poor vs. excellent/very good) and worse HRQoL (less than 0.8 standard deviations from the mean vs. the remaining distribution) were adjusted to analyze gender differences. A summary measure of differences in perceived health according to gender was obtained. Results: The response rates varied among the studies (total sample n=4.601). Girls showed a higher odds ratio (OR) than boys for perceiving worse overall health and physical and emotional health, but a lower OR in school environment dimensions. The overall OR for worse perceived health was 1.28 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.97-1.68) in younger girls and was 2.17 (95%CI: 1.88-2.51) in adolescent girls. Conclusions: Girls were twice as likely as boys to perceive worse health, as well as worse HRQoL in the physical and emotional dimensions. Gender perspective should be taken into account when implementing preventive and health promotion measures for children and adolescents.

Objetivo: Describir las diferencias de género en salud autopercibida y en calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en la infancia y la adolescencia en España; comparar los resultados entre estudios que utilizaron diferentes instrumentos de medida; y analizar la influencia de factores sociodemográficos y de la morbilidad declarada en la salud percibida y la CVRS según el género. Métodos: Se analizaron datos de estudios previos de CVRS: el Child Health and Illness Profile (versiones infantil y de adolescentes, n=2451), el KIDSCREEN (n=908), y el Vecú et Sante Perçue de l'Adolescent (n=1.242). Se construyeron modelos de regresión logística de peor salud percibida (buena/regular/mala frente a excelente/muy buena) y peor CVRS (menos de 0,8 desviaciones estándar de la media frente al resto de la distribución) para analizar las diferencias de género. Se obtuvo una medida resumen de las diferencias en salud percibida según el género. Resultados: La proporción de respuesta fue variable entre los estudios (n total=4.601). Las chicas presentaron odds ratio (OR) mayores que los chicos para percibir peor salud general, física y emocional, pero menores en el ámbito escolar. La OR global de peor salud general fue de 1,28 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 0,97-1,68) en niñas y de 2,17 (IC95%: 1,88-2,51) en chicas. Conclusiones: Ser chica condiciona el doble de probabilidades de percibir peor salud y CVRS en los aspectos físicos y emocionales que los chicos. La perspectiva de género se debería tener en cuenta en la implementación de medidas de prevención y promoción de la salud infantil y adolescente.

Background. Health related quality of life (HRQOL) measures are increasingly used in research and clinical practice. The KIDSCREEN is a questionnaire developed in Europe for an 8 to 18 year-old population. Objective. To cross-culturally adapt this questionnaire for the Argentinean population, and to evaluate its cultural adequacy and semantic equivalence against the original version. Methods. Forward and backward translation according to international recommendations for cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires, including the translation by professional linguists, cognitive interviews with people of different ages, gender and socioeconomic status to analyze cultural adequacy, and comparison of the Argentinean with the original versions to establish semantic equivalence. Results. The language required adaptation in the use of pronouns and verb tenses. Most of the items were considered to have low translation difficulty and high semantic equivalence. Boys and girls 8-11 years (n= 7), 12-15 years (n= 7), and 16-18 years (n= 2) participated in the interviews, as well as 6 mothers. There were no major difficulties in understanding, but younger children being in the lower socioeconomic status had some difficulties to answer the questionnaire. Eight questions were modified to achieve greater semantic equivalence. Conclusions. The Argentinean version of the KIDSCREEN questionnaire obtained through cross-cultural adaptation process, was equivalent to the European version. Future studies should establish its reliability and validity. It provides a useful measure of HRQOL for studies in clinical, school or community settings, with the possibility to establish international comparisons.

Introducción. Las medidas de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud son cada vez más utilizadas en investigación y en la práctica clínica. El KIDSCREEN es un cuestionario desarrollado en Europa para población de 8-18 años. Objetivo. Adaptar transculturalmente este instrumento para la población argentina y evaluar su adecuación cultural y equivalencia semántica respecto de la versión original. Métodos. Traducción directa e inversa según recomendaciones internacionales para adaptación transcultural de instrumentos, incluyendo participación de lingüistas profesionales en las traducciones, entrevistas cognitivas con personas de diferentes edades, sexo, nivel de estudios y socioeconómico para analizar la adecuación cultural; y comparación de la versión argentina con la versión original para constatar la equivalencia semántica. Resultados. El lenguaje requirió adaptación en el uso de pronombres y tiempos verbales. La mayoría de los ítems se consideraron de baja dificultad de traducción y alta equivalencia semántica. Se entrevistaron chicos y chicas de 8-11 (n= 7), 12-15 (n= 7) y 16-18 años (n= 2), así como 6 madres. No hubo dificultades importantes en la comprensión, pero los niños más pequeños y de menor nivel socioeconómico tuvieron algunas dificultades para responder. Ocho preguntas se modificaron para alcanzar mayor equivalencia semántica. Conclusiones. La versión argentina del cuestionario KIDSCREEN obtenida por adaptación transcultural, es equivalente a la versión europea. Futuros estudios deberán comprobar su fiabilidad y validez. Se dispone de una medida de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud útil para estudios en ámbitos clínicos, escolares o poblacionales, con posibilidad de establecer comparaciones internacionales.