ABSTRACT: The objective this study was to determine mean values of masseter muscle thickness in male and female, at rest and contraction, in healthy individuals. At first, 102 questionnaires were distributed between students. Thirty patients were selected, 15 male and 15 female, according to the inclusion criteria, excluding all individuals with symptoms of temporo-mandibular dysfunction or syndromes with craniofacial disorders. Masseter muscle thickness was determined bilaterally, at rest and contraction. As a reference point for the measurement of thickness (axial plane), the posterior prolon gation of the labial commissure was used. Normality values of the masseter muscle in females were 11.75 ± 1,14 mm in contraction and 10.19 ± 1.04 mm in relaxation; and in the male were 13.95 ± 1.62 mm in contraction and 11.64 mm ± 1.68 mm in relaxation. The results obtained are in agreement with those described in the literature. Demonstrating the accuracy and reproductibility of the ultrasound if a protocol is applied, mainly aimed at controlling the pressure applied by the transducer.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los valores medios del grosor del músculo masetero, en reposo y contracción, en hombres y mujeres sanos. Inicialmente se distribuyeron 102 cuestionarios entre los estudiantes. Se seleccionaron 30 pacientes, 15 hombres y 15 mujeres, según los criterios de inclusión, excluyendo a todos los individuos con síntomas de disfunción temporo-mandibular o síndromes con alteraciones craneofaciales. El grosor del músculo masetero se determinó de forma bilateral, en reposo y contracción. Como punto de referencia para la medición del espesor (plano axial), la prolongación posterior de la comisura labial. Los valores de normalidad del músculo masetero en las mujeres fue de 11,75 ± 1,14 mm en contracción y 10,19 ± 1,04 mm en relajación; y en los varones 13,95 ± 1,62 mm en contracción y 11,64 mm ± 1,68 mm en relajación. Los resultados obtenidos coinciden con los descritos en la literatura, señalando la precisión y reproducibilidad del ultrasonido si se aplica un protocolo, principalmente dirigido a controlar la presión aplicada por el transductor.

Resumo Nessa entrevista, Jane Calvert, pesquisadora e professora na Universidade de Edimburgo, nos convida a refletir sobre os estudos sociais da ciência e tecnologia (CTS) a partir de sua trajetória interdisciplinar e de suas contribuições a esse campo. Sua larga experiência empírica em laboratórios de biologia sintética no Reino Unido deu origem a análises críticas, epistêmicas e sociais, mas também a colaborações e intervenções, enfatizando a peculiaridade dos estudos em CTS em cruzar, emaranhar e contaminar diferentes áreas do conhecimento.

Abstract In this interview, Jane Calvert, reader and professor in Science, Technology and Innovation Studies at the University of Edinburgh, invites us to reflect on the Social Studies of Science and Technology from her interdisciplinary trajectory and her contributions to this field. Her long-standing empirical experience in UK synthetic biology laboratories has given rise to epistemic and social critical analysis as well as collaborative and participatory research endeavours, emphasizing the peculiarity of STS studies in crossing, entangle and contaminate different areas of knowledge.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta e discute diferentes tipos de trocas econômicas entre castanheiros habitantes da Comunidade São Francisco do Iratapuru, na Amazônia brasileira e a maior indústria de cosméticos do Brasil, Natura S/A. A descrição, baseada em trabalho de campo tanto na empresa de cosméticos quanto na comunidade amazônica, sustenta que este encontro torna visíveis diferentes lógicas de pensamento e de ação, as quais indicam aquilo que possui valor na órbita relacional de castanheiros e empresários. O artigo argumenta em favor da possibilidade de comunicação e intercâmbio por meio de conversões específicas não obstante suas distintas convenções. É precisamente na diferença onde a troca se realiza: onde uns vêem castanhas - na forma de dívidas e mercadorias -, outros vêem cosméticos - na forma de produtos lucrativos. O modelo tornado visível pela etnografia é cotejado à literatura antropológica interessada na distinção entre dádivas e mercadorias, oferecendo uma bifurcação analítica alternativa.

Abstract This article presents and discusses different sorts of economic exchange between nut gatherers from the São Francisco do Iratapuru community, in Brazilian Amazonia, and Brazil’s largest cosmetics company, Natura. Based on fieldwork conducted both at Natura and in the Amazonian community, the ethnography reveals that this encounter makes visible different logics of thought and action, which indicate what has value in the relational sphere of nut gatherers and businessmen. The paper argues in favour of the possibility of communication and exchange through specific conversions, despite their different conventions. Exchange takes place precisely in the domain of difference: in other words, where one sees nuts - in the form of debts and commodities - others see cosmetics - in the form of profitable products. The model, made visible by ethnography, is compared to the anthropological literature dealing with the distinction between gifts and commodities, offering an alternative analytical bifurcation.

ABSTRACT The genetic study of sandfly populations needs to be further explored given the importance of these insects for public health. Were sequenced the NDH4 mitochondrial gene from populations of Nyssomyia neivai from Doutor Camargo, Lobato, Japira, and Porto Rico, municipalities in the State of Paraná, Brazil, to understand the genetic structure and gene flow. Eighty specimens of Ny. Neivai were sequenced, 20 from each municipality, and 269 base pairs were obtained. A total of 27 haplotypes and 28 polymorphic sites were found, along with a haplotypic diversity of 0.80696 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.00567. Haplotype H5, with 33 specimens, was the most common among the four populations. Only haplotypes H5 and H7 were present in all four populations. The population from Doutor Camargo showed the highest genetic diversity, and only this population shared haplotypes with those from the other municipalities. The highest number of haplotypes was sheared with Lobato which also had the highest number of unique haplotypes. This probably occurred because of constant anthropic changes that happened in the environment during the first half of the twentieth century, mainly after 1998. There was no significant correlation between genetic and geographical distances regarding these populations. However, the highest genetic and geographical distances, and the lowest gene flow were observed between Japira and Porto Rico. Geographical distance is a possible barrier between these municipalities through the blocking of haplotype sharing.

Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a member of Gammaherpesvirinaesub-family and belongs to genus Rhadinovirus. This virus has been associated with different clinical manifestations and research activity has put forward a strong correlation among virus infection, postpartum metritis, and abortion. The goal of this work was to characterize a virus strain isolate from a cow’s uterine outflow. From swabs drawn of uterine secretion, a virus strain was isolated and characterized by its cytopathology, morphology, and molecular biology approaches. In culture there was CPE development, characterized mainly by long strands with several small balloons along them, radiated from infected cells. Electron microscopy analysis revealed virus particles that had icosahedrical capsid symmetry surrounded by a loose envelope, typical of a herpesvirus. A 2,571 bp PCR product after HindIII digestion generated four fragments, whose base pair composition were 403, 420, 535, and 1,125 bp. Restriction enzymes HindIII and BamHI generated the expected diagnostic bands as well as a 2,350 bp hypermolar fragment as a result of BamHI treatment to demonstrate that agent was a bovine herpesvirus 4, appertaining to DN-599 group.

Introduction The blood meal source of sandflies provides valuable information about the vector/host interaction and allows for an understanding of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) transmission mechanisms. The aim of this study was to identify the blood meal sources of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia in an endemic area of leishmaniasis in Brazil's State of Paraná using a precipitin test. Methods Sandflies were collected in the rural locality of Epitácio Pessoa within the City of Adrianópolis, State of Paraná, in southern Brazil. A total of 864 female sandflies were captured, and 862 (99.8%) were identified as L. intermedia species. However, two unidentified specimens were considered to be part of the genus Lutzomyia. Results Among the females examined, 396 specimens presented reactions to a certain type of tested antiserum, and most (67.9%) reacted to the simple type. These sandflies fed mainly on the blood of birds, opossums, and rodents, but specimens that fed on the blood of humans, dogs, horses, cattle, and cats were also found. Among the cross-reactions found (32.1%), bird/rodent, bird/opossum, bird/dog, bird/human, and horse/dog cross-reactions were the most common. Conclusions These results demonstrate a tendency in the eclectic feeding behavior of L. intermedia and support its potential role as a vector for ACL in the study area.

O antropólogo, de acordo com Roy Wagner, é aquele que usa muito a palavra cultura. O que acontece quando empresas, marcas e bens materiais passam também a reivindicá-la? O objetivo deste texto é pensar o processo de invenção da cultura brasileira por meio da marca de sandálias Havaianas. O percurso metodológico será o de descrever sua biografia social, objetivando realizar uma análise que possibilite compreender como entidades não humanas adquirem significados e, a partir de então, passam também a agir no ambiente social. A reflexão tem como base a trajetória do objeto, imagens publicitárias e o trabalho de campo realizado em empresas e agências de publicidade entre os anos de 2008 e 2010. Neste caso particular, observaremos o processo de invenção da cultura brasileira como expressão máxima dos agenciamentos exercidos pela marca Havaianas.

According to Roy Wagner, the anthropologist is the one that uses often the word culture. What happens when corporations, brands and material goods start to claim it as well? This article aims to think about the invention of Brazilian culture through the brand Havaianas. The methodological approach begins with the description of its social history, in order to perform an analysis which allows for a better understanding of how non-human entities acquire social meanings, and, from then on, their act in the social world. The reflection is based on the history of Havaianas, advertising images and fieldwork done in corporate environments between 2008 and 2010. Through this specific approach, the process of invention of Brazilian culture was observed as the highest expression of agency exercised by the Havaianas brand.

A incidência e o diagnóstico das ataxias espinocerebelares (SCA) é algumas vezes difícil de avaliar devido a sobreposição dos diversos subtipos e por algumas serem devido a mutações das expansões do mesmo trinucleotídeo CAG. Para investigar a incidências das SCA no sul do Brasil, analisamos as repetições do trinucleotídeo (CAG)n nos loci das SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6 e SCA7, a fim de identificar os seus limites e freqüência. Examinamos o sangue de 154 doadores de sangue assintomáticos e 115 pacientes com ataxias progressivas. O produto do PCR do sangue foi submetido a eletroforese capilar. Nos doadores de sangue, as expansões encontradas nos cinco loci foram: SCA1, 19 a 36 (CAG)n; SCA2, 6 a 28 (CAG)n; SCA3, 12 a 34 (CAG)n; SCA6, 2 a 13 (CAG)n; and SCA7, 2 a 10 (CAG)n. Não foi detectado desequilíbrio na equação de Hardy-Weinberg. No grupo das ataxias encontramos repetições CAG acima das freqüências dos doadores de sangue na SCA3 (21,7%), seguido da SCA2 (5,22%), SCA7 (2,61%), SCA6 (0,8%) e não foi encontrado nenhum caso de SCA1. Os 80 casos restantes (69,56%) devem ter uma forma de ataxia diferente das aqui estudadas. Esses dados definem os alelos e suas freqüências, bem como demonstram a sua estabilidade na população não afetada. O diagnóstico molecular confirmou o diagnóstico clínico em 28/45 dos casos e permitiu classificar outros 7/70 que pertenciam ao grupo de ataxias clinicamente não classificadas.

The diagnosis and incidence of spinocerebelar ataxias (SCA) is sometimes difficult to analyze due the overlap of phenotypes subtypes and are disorders of mutations caused by CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion. To investigate the incidence of the SCA in Southern Brazil, we analyzed the trinucleotide repeats (CAG)n at the SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6 and SCA7 loci to identify allele size ranges and frequencies. We examined blood sample from 154 asymptomatic blood donors and 115 individuals with progressive ataxias. PCR products were submitted to capillary electrophoresis. In the blood donors, the ranges of the five loci were: SCA1, 19 to 36 (CAG)n; SCA2, 6 to 28 (CAG)n; SCA3, 12 to 34 (CAG)n; SCA6, 2 to 13 (CAG)n; and SCA7, 2 to 10 (CAG)n. No deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected. In the ataxia group, we found (CAG)n above the range of the asymptomatic blood donors in SCA3 (21.74%) followed by SCA2 (5.22%), SCA7 (2.61%), SCA6 (0.87%), and no cases of SCA1. The remaining 80 cases (69.56%) have different diagnoses from the type here studied. These data defined the alleles and their frequencies, as well as demonstrated their stability in the population not affected. The molecular diagnosis test confirmed the clinical diagnosis in 28/45 cases and classified another 7/70 from the clinical unclassified ataxias group.

Aedes aegypti populations from five districts in Rio de Janeiro were analyzed using five microsatellites and six isoenzyme markers, to assess the amount of variation and patterns of gene flow at local levels. Microsatellite loci were polymorphic enough to detect genetic differentiation of populations collected at small geographic scales (e.g. within a city). Ae. aegypti populations were highly differentiated as well in the city center as in the outskirt. Thus, dengue virus propagation by mosquitoes could be as efficient in the urban area as in the outskirt of Rio de Janeiro, the main entry point of dengue in Brazil.

RESUMO Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo das estratégias de extensão de marca e seu papel para a competitividade, bem como a percepção dos consumidores relativa a esta estratégia. O trabalho é norteado pelo tripé: marca-produto-con-sumidor. Inclui estudos que visam explorar e conceituar a estratégia de extensão de marca; identificar as diferenças entre extensão de marca e extensão de linha; apresentar os riscos e benefícios desta estratégia; e por fim entender a percepção dos consumidores relativa à prática da extensão. O tema deste estudo é bastante relevante para o meio acadêmico e profissional, uma vez que a prática da extensão tem se tornado cada vez mais comum e presente nas decisões estratégicas relativas às marcas. A era é da extensão e não mais da criação de novas marcas. Como se trata de uma pesquisa teórica, são utilizados livros, textos e artigos dos principais autores que tratam de extensão de marca no Brasil e no mundo.

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this paper is to study the brand extension strategy and his hole in competitive as well as customer perception related to this strategy. Including the studies that explore the conceptions of brand extension strategy, the identification of the differences related to brand extension and product line extension strategy, and finally the customer perception related this strategy. This paper still included an analysis about which are the benefits and risks that brand extension strategy brings to companies and consumer. The theme of this paper is relevant to the academic and professional sphere, as the brand extension strategy have become usual inside companies. As this paper is a theoretical research it will be used books, texts and papers of the main authors of brand extension strategy of Brazil and the world. The corporate investment growth in brand extension and products portfolio justifies the concerning with this theme, now we are in brand extension era, and not of new brands creation.

The utilization of artificial receptacles to oviposition by mosquitoes in forest environment may indicate a sinantropic tendency or behaviour. Our data revealed that tires were as the most acceptable breeding for Culex (Culex) eduardoi Casal & Garcia 1968.The population density of this species was higher and summer seasons.

Specimens of Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) were caugth using human bait with electric aspirator and a modified CDC trap.