ABSTRACT In this study, pollen grains of Harleyodendron unifoliolatum, Holocalyx balansae, and Uribea tamarindoides, three monospecific genera with Neotropical distribution belonging to the clade Exostyleae, one of the basal lineages of the family Leguminosae, subfamily Papilionoideae, were analyzed. The palynological material was acetolyzed and analyzed under light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under LM, small and medium-sized pollen grains were observed, which showed a prolate-spheroidal to prolate shape, 3-colporate, microreticulate and reticulate exine, sexine and nexine of equal thickness in Harleyodendron and Holocalyx, while the sexine was thicker than nexine in Uribea. Analysis under SEM showed finely granulate, psilate, and granulate apertural membrane, while the exine ornamentation varied from perforate-microechinate in Harleyodendron, to perforate in Holocalyx, while in Uribea showed an irregular relief and granular projections on the perforate tectum. The pollen morphology of these species is similar to each other, varying in sexine/nexine ratio, apertural membrane, and exine ornamentation. Harleyodendron has a finely granulate apertural membrane, sexine and nexine of equal thickness, and a perforate-microreticulate exine ornamentation, Holocalyx shows a psilated apertural membrane, sexine and nexine of equal thickness, and exine ornamentation perforate, and Uribea has a granulate apertural membrane, sexine thicker than nexine, and exine ornamentation with granular projections.

ABSTRACT The Caatinga biome in Brazil comprises the largest and most continuous expanse of the seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) worldwide; nevertheless, it is among the most threatened and least studied, despite its ecological and biogeographical importance. The spatial distribution of volumetric wood stocks in the Caatinga and the relationship with environmental factors remain unknown. Therefore, this study intends to quantify and analyze the spatial distribution of wood volume as a function of environmental variables in Caatinga vegetation in Bahia State, Brazil. Volumetric estimates were obtained at the plot and fragment level. The multiple linear regression techniques were adopted, using environmental variables in the area as predictors. Spatial modeling was performed using the geostatistical kriging approach with the model residuals. The model developed presented a reasonable fit for the volume m3 ha with r2 of 0.54 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 10.9 m3 ha–1. The kriging of ordinary residuals suggested low error estimates in unsampled locations and balance in the under and overestimates of the model. The regression kriging approach provided greater detailing of the global wood volume stock map, yielding volume estimates that ranged from 0.01 to 109 m3 ha–1. Elevation, mean annual temperature, and precipitation of the driest month are strong environmental predictors for volume estimation. This information is necessary to development action plans for sustainable management and use of the Caatinga SDTF in Bahia State, Brazil.

ABSTRACT Galactia is a pantropical genus, which is part of the Galactia clade, and together with the genera Betencourtia, Caetangil, Cerradicola, Collaea, Lackeya, Nanogalactia, and Rhodopis, it maintains a taxonomic relationship that has already been the focus of previous studies. However, the palynology of these groups has not been extensively studied, with gaps in pollen descriptions. Thus, a palynological study of 30 species belonging to Galactia and related genera was performed. For this purpose, pollen grains were acetolized using the standard methodology, subjected to scanning electron microscopy analysis, and then quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated. Generally, pollen grains of this genera are medium or large size, isopolar or heteropolar, 3-colporate, and may have microreticulate or reticulate exine. Pollen data for Rhodopis and Nanogalactia agree with the most recently proposed circumscription of these genera. Other genera exhibited similar pollen characteristics; however, the diameter of the lumen, associated with other pollen characteristics, proved to be important for the differentiation of the genera. Thus, the pollen morphology provided information that contributes to the description of the genera, mainly Brazilian representatives of Galactia and related genera.

Abstract Floral traits associated with functional groups of pollinators have been largely employed to understand mechanisms of floral diversification. Hymenaea is a monophyletic legume genus widely recognized to being bat-pollinated, with nocturnal anthesis and copious nectar. The most of species has short-paniculate inflorescences, white and robust flowers, congruent with a bat-pollination syndrome. However, other Hymenaea species show a different floral pattern (e.g., long-paniculate inflorescences and smaller flowers) which we report here as being bird pollinated. We examined the floral traits and visitors of Hymenaea oblongifolia var. latifolia and identified evolutionary shifts in floral traits associated with potential pollinators of Hymenaea species. Floral traits of H. oblongifolia var. latifolia differ from those expected for bat-pollinated flowers in species of sect. Hymenaea, and we observed hummingbirds collecting nectar legitimately. Our phylogenetic analysis did not support the monophyly of the taxonomic sections and suggests that bat pollination is ancestral in Hymenaea, with bird pollination evolving later. The transition coupling with shifts in the timing of anthesis and other floral traits. Pollinator-mediated evolutionary divergence hypothesis partially explains the Hymenaea diversification in the Neotropics. It is congruent with those species shifting from traits linked traditionally to bat pollination to hummingbird pollination.

Resumo Avaliou-se o desempenho operacional e ambiental de uma unidade descentralizada e de pequeno porte (UDR) para a promoção da reciclagem de resíduos da construção e demolição (RCD). A UDR foi definida como aquela capaz de reciclar até 5 m³ por hora e ocupando uma área inferior a 100 m². Os indicadores de avaliação de desempenho foram obtidos por meio de ampla revisão de literatura e selecionados pelo julgamento de especialistas na área. Após essa etapa, obtiveram-se os valores desses indicadores em uma UDR implantada em escala real no estado da Bahia, Brasil. Os resultados mostraram que a UDR apresenta pequenos níveis de emissão de ruídos, consumo de água e energia. Ademais, os valores de emissão de concentração de partículas inaláveis foram sempre inferiores aos máximos permitidos na legislação ambiental brasileira. Observou-se que 90% dos RCD devidamente segregados possuíam potencial para reciclagem. Uma Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) da UDR foi realizada e permitiu concluir que o uso do agregado reciclado para produção de concreto sem função estrutural reduziu significativamente o impacto ambiental em todas as categorias selecionadas. As características do agregado reciclado atestam sua adequabilidade para uso em obras de pavimentação e fabricação de concreto sem função estrutural. Além dos reduzidos custos de investimento e operação, concluiu-se que a implementação dessas UDR em larga escala, nos países em desenvolvimento, pode ser uma importante iniciativa, representando um passo efetivo para redução dos impactos ambientais oriundos do setor de construção.

Abstract Environmental and operational performance of a full-scale small and decentralized construction and demolition waste (C&DW) recycling unit (SDRU) were evaluated. The SDRU was defined as having a production capacity of up to 5 m3 per hour, occupying up to 100 m2. The operational and environmental performance indicators of the SDRU were obtained from the literature and validated by expert judgment. Subsequently, the values of these indicators were obtained from a real-scale SDRU in Bahia state, Brazil. The results showed that the SDRU presented lower levels of noise emission, very small water and energy consumption, and inhalable-particle concentration values lower than the requirements of Brazilian environmental legislation. It was observed that 90% of the C&DW in the storage area had recycling potential. The characteristics of the fine recycled aggregate make it suitable for use in road or sidewalk paving, and the coarse recycled aggregate is suitable for use in concrete without structural function. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the SDRU was also applied and it was concluded that the use of the recycled aggregate for manufacturing concrete without structural function reduced the environmental impact in all the categories considered, compared with the impact of natural sand and gravel extraction from nature. It was possible to conclude that the implementation of the SRDU in developing countries can provide an effective step towards reducing environmental impacts from the construction sector.

Resumo Introdução: O gliossarcoma (GSM) do sistema nervoso central (SNC) é uma neoplasia primária rara, caracterizada pela presença de componentes gliais e sarcomatosos. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo é descrever os aspectos clínicos e de neuroimagem de três casos com este diagnóstico e correlacioná-los com os achados patológicos. Também foi realizada uma breve revisão da literatura relevante. Métodos: Três pacientes foram avaliados por ressonância magnética (RM), e biópsias confirmaram o diagnóstico de GSM primário, sem radioterapia prévia. Resultados: Foram analisadas as sequências convencionais (T1, T1 após injeção de contraste, T2, FLAIR-fluid attenuation inversion recovery, SWI, DWI/mapa ADC) e as sequências avançadas (espectroscopia de prótons 1H e perfusão), observando-se aspecto necrótico e irregular da lesão, edema/infiltração peritumoral, isointensidade do componente sólido em T2, associada a realce irregular e periférico pelo meio de contraste, pico de lípides e de lactato e aumento dos níveis de colina e creatina na espectroscopia de prótons, aumento do volume sanguíneo cerebral relativo (rCBV) na perfusão, multifocalidade e “drop” mestástase em um dos casos. Conclusão: O presente estudo descreve características do GSM, discutindo as informações na literatura científica, ilustrando algumas particularidades desses tumores.

Abstract Background: Central nervous system (CNS) gliosarcoma (GSM) is a rare primary neoplasm characterized by the presence of glial and sarcomatous components. Objective: In this report, we describe the clinical and neuroimaging aspects of three cases of GSM and correlate these aspects with pathological findings. We also provide a brief review of relevant literature. Methods: Three patients were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and biopsies confirmed the diagnosis of primary GSM, without previous radiotherapy. Results: The analysis of conventional sequences (T1, T1 after contrast injection, T2, Fluid attenuation inversion recovery, SWI and DWI/ADC map) and advanced (proton 1H MR spectroscopy and perfusion) revealed an irregular, necrotic aspect of the lesion, peritumoral edema/infiltration and isointensity of the solid component on a T2-weighted image. These features were associated with irregular and peripheral contrast enhancement, lipid and lactate peaks, increased choline and creatine levels in proton spectroscopy, increased relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in perfusion, multifocality and drop metastasis in one of the cases. Conclusion: These findings are discussed in relation to the general characteristics of GSM reported in the literature.

RESUMO Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 52 anos, apresentando história de tontura e perda da coordenação motora do lado esquerdo há duas semanas. A RM (ressonância magnética) de crânio revelou uma lesão hiperintensa nas imagens ponderadas em T2, sem restrição à difusão, localizada no pedúnculo cerebelar médio esquerdo. A espectroscopia demonstrou pico de lipídeos, sem elevação do volume sanguíneo cerebral relativo (rCBV) à perfusão. A paciente foi submetida à biópsia a céu aberto, estabelecendo o diagnóstico de linfoma difuso de grandes células B (DLBCL). Houve remissão dos sintomas após o início do tratamento com dexametasona endovenosa, seguida de quatro ciclos de metotrexato associado à citarabina. Após três meses, a paciente retornou apresentando rebaixamento do nível de consciência, e a RM de crânio revelou uma nova lesão de origem linfomatosa no giro frontal superior direito. A paciente faleceu após cinco dias.

SUMMARY We describe the case of a female patient, 52 years old, with dizziness and left motor incoordination for 2 weeks. Brain MRI magnetic resonance imaging) revealed a hyperintense lesion on T2-weighted images, without restricted diffusion, in the left middle cerebellar peduncle. Spectroscopy demonstrated peak of lipids and perfusion did not show any elevation in relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV). The patient underwent an open biopsy and resection, and the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was established. The patient received intravenous dexamethasone with symptoms remission, followed by four cycles of methotrexate plus cytarabine. After 3 months, the patient returned with decreased consciences level and a new MRI revealed a right superior frontal gyrus lesion with features suggesting a lymphomatous lesion. The patient died five days after her relapse.

ABSTRACT Peltogyne chrysopis is an arboreal legume endemic to the Atlantic Forest and known only from the state of Bahia, Brazil. Focal observations were made of anthesis, pollen availability, stigma receptivity, nectar production, and the presence of osmophores and UV-reflective pigments for the species. Floral visitors were also observed and classified based on the timing and frequency of their visits and their foraging behavior. The breeding system was inferred from the pollen-ovule ratio and pollen tube growth after pollination treatments. Peltogyne chrysopis was found to be melittophilous, with anthesis occurring from 02h00min to 05h00min, and protogynous and xenogamous, with flower scent emission and pollen release before sunrise. Xenochlora nigrofemorata was the main pollinator, as it effectively collected and transferred pollen grains. Nectar production appears to be a secondary resource to ensure the attraction of a diversity of floral visitors and potential pollinators in the absence of effective pollinators. The results of the present study contribute to understanding the pollination mechanisms of Peltogyne, a genus that has been neglected with regard to its reproductive mechanism, and documents, for the first time, the role of the bee genus Xenochlora in plant pollination.

ABSTRACT Podcasts - online distributed audio files - are easy access and production media, which can be used for Scientific Communication (SC) but few are presented in Portuguese. The objective of this work is to perform a case study with data from a survey for two Brazilian SC podcasts (Dragões de Garagem and Fronteiras da Ciência) to evaluate the increase of science podcast media in Brazil, the involved potential, their advantages, shortcomings, and perspectives. We noted an increase of listeners over the years, probably due to the internet popularization and the massive increase of mobile phones. Scientific content is underexplored, despite the great interest of the public. Humorous and informal podcasts are the most appealing to the public and they usually listen to them on informal educational sites. The majority of the public is from the South and Southeast regions, they are young male adults with undergraduate or graduate degrees. SC podcasts, despite their potential to communicate science, still have shortcomings to overcome. Nevertheless, independent initiatives can solve this difficulty, making possible for the media to reach a varied audience, affecting different groups that would not have interest in a specific content before, or even the access itself to the scientific knowledge.

Resumo A Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) foi aplicada para quantificar e analisar os impactos ambientais oriundos da construção e operação de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos (ETE) localizada no município de Lauro de Freitas, Bahia, Brasil. O processo de tratamento consiste de um reator UASB seguido de quatro wetlands construídos e uma etapa final de desinfecção. A unidade funcional foi definida como um mero cúbico de esgoto tratado durante a vida útil da ETE (20 anos). A ACV foi realizada por meio da utilização do software SimaPro® e o método de avaliação de impactos escolhido foi o CML. As fôrmas confeccionadas com madeira tratada e o aço CA 50 apresentaram maior potencial de geração de impactos ambientais para a fase de construção. Já na fase de operação, o uso do cloro como desinfetante resultou em maiores impactos nas categorias de depleção abiótica e acidificação. A presença de macronutrientes e a geração do gás metano, também, foram responsáveis por significativos impactos ambientais durante a vida útil da ETE. Os resultados demonstram a importância da aplicação de metodologia de avaliação de impactos ambientais como a ACV de modo a auxiliar na tomada de decisão para as fases de implantação, construção e operação dessas ETE.

Abstract Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to estimate and analyze the environmental impacts from the construction and operation phases of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located in the municipality of Lauro de Freitas, Bahia, Brazil. The WWTP process consists of the association of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor followed by four constructed wetlands (CWL) and a disinfection step. The functional unit was defined as one cubic meter of treated effluent during the useful life of this WWTP (20 years). The LCA was carried out using SimaPro® software and the Centre of Environmental Science (CML) assessment method. The environmental impacts during construction phase were mainly from the wooden forms for concrete and the use of reinforcing steel. During the operation phase, the chlorine used as effluent disinfectant caused the greatest impacts in the abiotic depletion and acidification categories. Macronutrient concentrations present in the treated effluent and the methane generated also caused significant environmental impacts during the WWTP’s useful life. The results obtained highlight the importance of the application of a methodology like LCA to assist in decision-making with regard to the implementation, construction and operation of a WWTP.

Resumo Na perfuração e produção de petróleo no mar, uma grande quantidade de água potável utilizada é mais comumente transportada para plataformas de petróleo usando rebocadores. A dessalinização da água do mar também é usada, mas somente em algumas plataformas.Para minimizar o consumo de energia, opções de abastecimento de água foram estudadas. A dessalinização da água do mar e a reutilização de água cinza (clara e escura) e água negra foram avaliadas e comparadas com as características do fornecimento de água através de rebocadores. Tanto no suprimento de água por dessalinização quanto por rebocadores, o tratamento de esgoto eletrolítico é usado. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a atual situação do abastecimento de água em plataformas offshore localizados na Bacia de Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, e propor medidas para obter vantagens das oportunidades de reutilização de água e reduzir o consumo de energia. Dois cenários alternativos foram desenvolvidos. Essas opções envolvem o reúso de água que vem do efluente de uma planta de tratamento biológico de esgoto (ETE). Informações sobre a logística de fornecimento de água potável para as plataformas foram obtidas através de consulta direta com empresas e fontes na literatura. Os resultados mostram que, atualmente, o consumo anual de energia (captação, tratamento, transporte, uso e tratamento de esgoto) para fornecimento de água a uma plataforma offshore é igual a 1,89 GWh. Uma redução de 1,8 GWh da energia consumida pode ser conseguida, usando tratamentos avançados de reúso de água. O consumo de energia no tratamento para reuso de água é mais competitivo do que o transporte via rebocador ou a dessalinização de água do mar.

Abstract In the drilling and production of oil at sea, a large quantity of potable water used is most commonly transported to oil platforms using offshore supply vessels (OSVs). Sea water desalination is used as well, but only in a few oil platforms. To minimize energy consumption, water supply options were studied. The desalination of seawater and the reusing of streams of grey water and black water were evaluated and compared with the characteristics of the current supply via OSVs. In both desalination and OSV water supply options an electrolytic wastewater treatment plant is used. The objective of this study was to analyze the current situation regarding water supply on offshore platforms located in the Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to propose measures to take advantage of opportunities to reuse water and reduce energy expenditure. Two alternative scenarios were developed that involved the reuse of water that comes from the effluent of a biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Information on the logistics of supplying water to platforms was obtained through direct consultation with companies and sources in the literature. The results show that annual energy consumption (uptake, treatment, transportation, use and waste water treatment) of water on offshore platforms is currently 1.89 GWh, and that a reduction of 1.8 GWh of the energy consumed can be achieved using advanced reuse treatments. Energy consumption in the water reuse treatment is more competitive than those of transport by OSVs or seawater desalination.

Resumo A compostagem doméstica de resíduos alimentares é uma opção atraente para a gestão dos resíduos no Brasil; no entanto, existem apenas poucos programas, estudos e experiências sobre o comportamento deste processo em pequena escala. Esta pesquisa investigou o desempenho da compostagem de resíduos de alimentos em uma composteira simples e de pequena escala doméstica. Três ensaios de compostagem foram realizados com resíduos de alimentos e aparas de madeira em recipientes de plástico de 10 L utilizando diferentes estratégias de preenchimento. No primeiro ensaio, a composteira foi preenchida semanalmente durante dois meses. No segundo ensaio, a composteira foi preenchida uma única vez com uma mistura de resíduos de alimento e das aparas de madeira utilizadas no ensaio anterior. No último ensaio, a composteira foi preenchida com resíduos de alimentos e aparas de madeiras (50% de aparas de madeira utilizados na segunda etapa e 50% de aparas de madeira não tratadas). Os parâmetros físicos e químicos foram monitorados e os coliformes totais e E. coli foram quantificados no composto. Em todos os ensaios, a temperatura variou entre 26,7°C e 46,2°C ao longo do processo. A redução da massa úmida foi de 58-69%, enquanto que a redução da massa seca foi de 37-61%. O valor de pH, os teores de carbono e nitrogênio e a relação C/N estavam de acordo com os valores recomendados na instrução normativa 25 (Julho, 2009) do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Apenas o composto final do ensaio 2 não correspondeu aos padrões para contagem de E. coli, com 1900 NMP g-1 sólidos totais. Quando as temperaturas não atingem a faixa termofílica, o tempo relativamente longo em que o resíduo permanece na composteira permite que esses micro-organismos patogênicos decaiam naturalmente.

Abstract Household food-waste composting is an attractive alternative for Brazilian waste management; however, there are few programs or studies regarding the implementation or management of this small-scale process. This study investigates the performance of food-waste composting using a simple and small-scale domestic composter. Three composting trials were conducted using food waste and wood chips in 10 L plastic bins using different filling schemes. In the first trial, the composter was filled weekly over two months. In the second, the composter was filled once with a mixture of food waste and 100% of the used wood chips from the previous trial. In the last third trial, the composter was filled with food waste and wood chips (50% of wood chips used in the second trial and 50% of untreated wood chips). The physical chemical parameters of the compost were monitored and the total coliforms and E. coli were measured. In all trials, the temperature varied between 26.7°C and 46.2°C throughout the process. The reduction in wet mass was 58-69%, while the reduction in dry mass was 37-61%. The pH value, the contents of carbon and nitrogen and the C/N ratio were in accordance with the values recommended in norm 25 (July, 2009) adopted by Brazil's Agriculture Ministry. Only the compost from Trial 2, which had 1900 MPN g-1 total solids, did not meet the E. coli standards; this was likely due to the fact that when the temperatures did not reach the thermophilic phase, the relatively long time the waste remains in the composter allows these pathogenic microorganisms to decay naturally.