Abstract The Rio dos Remédios Group comprises a supracrustal sequence that occupies the base of the Espinhaço Supergroup, São Francisco Craton, Brazil. Its basal formation, Novo Horizonte, crops out in the Paramirim region mainly as metavolcanic rocks that represent one of the fewer occurrences of blue quartz phenocrysts in South America. Their mineralogy consists of quartz and K-feldspar phenocrysts, whereas biotite, muscovite, fluorite, allanite, chlorite, sericite, zircon, and opaque phases occur immersed in a quartz-feldspar-rich groundmass. Such heterogeneous composition is also supported by x-ray diffraction and chemical data. Electron probe microanalysis in some samples revealed the presence of two distinct groups of biotite (magmatic and neoformed), in addition to the presence of iron-rich white mica and almost pure orthoclase feldspar. Our data suggest that the studied metavolcanic rocks have maintained their magmatic characteristics, which were progressively overprinted by hydrothermal fluids and ductile-to-brittle deformation. The magmatic mineralogy is akin to strongly peraluminous and alkaline magmas, common in anorogenic settings – a fertile site for the origin of blue quartz-bearing rocks worldwide.

Abstract Sinter overlying the first quartz andesite flow at the base of the Serra Geral Group is a surface manifestation of intense hydrothermal processes operating in the Paraná Basin during the Early Cretaceous. The coarse quartz sinter from western Rio Grande do Sul state was studied in satellite images, field surveying, optical petrography, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalyses, including backscattered electron images and chemical analyses of rocks. Quartz forms large crystals (10 cm) because it was either deposited in a dilute aqueous solution or recrystallized from fine-grained sinter. Well-crystallized chamosite — an iron aluminosilicate (Fe-chlorite) — occurs in quartz crystals, partly associated with fractures. The composition of chamosite is akin to that in ore deposit associations. Noble metals in two sinter samples are present in concentrations of 0.1 ppm Ag and 15 ppb Au. The contents of Ba, Bi, Cu, Mo, S, and W are low but are significant. The present description of sinter quartz signals the presence of a major paleo-hotspring field in the Fronteira Oeste Rift, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, that mertis further study to fully characterize the extent and metallogenetic endowment (Au-Ag-Cu) of the epithermal province.

Abstract The Moeda Formation (Caraça Group, base of Minas Supergroup) registers the initial rift stages of the Minas Basin in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Southern São Francisco craton, SE-Brazil. We present stratigraphic and U-Pb detrital zircon dating analyses of the Moeda Formation that contribute to the comprehension of its sedimentary evolution in the southernmost Gandarela and Ouro Fino synclines (Central-Eastern Quadrilátero Ferrifero). The Moeda Formation sequence consists of a basal proximal alluvial fan with clast-supported conglomerates, grading upward into an alluvial floodplain with quartz arenites, and upper massive sandstones from distal fluvial fans. Because the Moeda Formation is normally limited by similar lithologies at both its base (Nova Lima Group, Rio das Velhas Supergroup) and top (Batatal Formation, uppermost Caraça Group) and stratigraphic inversion has occurred in the study area, U-Pb detrital zircon dating was also extended to these units to differentiate them stratigraphically. The youngest clusters of detrital zircon ages in the Nova Lima Group and Moeda and Batatal formations were 2716, 2777 and 2786 Ma, respectively. Based on our data and relevant literature, the depositional age of the Moeda Formation was interpreted as between 2716 and 2520 Ma with the Mesoarchean continental crust, the Rio das Velhas Supergroup and the Archean TTG complexes as its main source areas.

Abstract The isotopic and geochemical evolution of tourmaline constrain the processes of paleo-oceanic lithosphere in ophiolites. The Brasiliano Orogen is a major structure of South America and requires characterization for the understanding of Gondwana supercontinent evolution. We made a pioneering investigation of tourmaline from a tourmalinite in the Ibaré ophiolite by integrating field work with chemical analyses of tourmaline by electron microprobe (EPMA) and δ11B determinations via laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS). Remarkably massive tourmalinite (>90 vol.% tourmaline, some chlorite) enclosed in serpentinite has homogeneous dravite in chemical and isotopic composition (δ11B = +3.5 to +5.2‰). These results indicate a geotectonic environment in the altered oceanic crust for the origin of the tourmalinite. This first δ11B characterization of tourmaline from tourmalinite sets limits to the evolution of the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Brasiliano Orogen and Gondwana evolution.

Abstract Mineralogical evolution of ophiolites is significant to understand paleo-oceanic crust and mantle requiring multi-proxy techniques to identify steps in the processes. We studied the Bossoroca ophiolite from the southern Brasiliano Orogen, a prime example of Tonian accretion to an oceanic island arc. Integration of field geology, aeromagnetometry, aerogamaspectrometry, electron microprobe analyses, and compositional maps of minerals led to the decoding of oceanic and continental processes. The ophiolite is highly magnetic and low-K and is positioned at the base of the superstructure. We studied amphibolite, tourmalinite, and chromite-talc-magnesite granofels from the ophiolite, Capivaras diorite from the Cambaí Complex infrastructure and one metavolcanoclastic rock from the Vacacaí Group superstructure. Honblende is zoned in all rock types. Low-Ti hornblende is compatible with medium-pressure metamorphism at 7 kbar. This M1 to M2 amphibolite facies resulted in the widespread association of olivine + talc in metaserpentinite. Dravite is similar to tourmaline from the Ibaré ophiolite. Andesine and oligoclase are dominant and albite minor. Cr-spinel in granofels recrystallized in greenschist facies; host rock originated by carbonatization of serpentinite formed in the oceanic crust along with chloritite and tourmalinite. Serpentinite rare earth elements (REE) suggest origin in depleted mantle peridotite. The ophiolite evolved in the Adamastor Ocean until incorporation into the island arc.

ABSTRACT In the Southeastern Quadrilátero Ferrífero, a package of metapelitic rocks previously attributed to the Archean Rio das Velhas Supergroup crops out in Piranga locality. This study presents the mineral chemistry and U-Pb-Hf zircon geochronology on foliated staurolite-garnet mica schists. Garnet and staurolite index minerals are syn- to post-kinematic towards the main schistosity. Garnet porphyroblasts display well-developed compositional zoning of Mg-Fe-Mn-Ca, with increase of almandine and pyrope and decrease of spessartine towards the rim, implying in prograde metamorphic pattern. Estimates of P-T values for the metamorphic peak resulted in temperatures between 630 to 650ºC and pressure around 7 kbar. Pseudosections show well-defined stability fields in amphibolite facies, with a metamorphic path displaying progressive increase in P-T conditions. Maximum depositional age of 1,875 ± 51 Ma is established for the Piranga mica schists pointing to a depositional history that is younger than those previously described. Metamorphic Cambrian ages characterize the strong influence of deformational processes related to the final stages of Brasiliano Orogeny in the Southeastern Quadrilátero Ferrífero.

Abstract The Córrego dos Boiadeiros Body (CBB) comprises a metaultramafic-metamafic sequence located in the vicinities of Nova Lima town, central area of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero province. The main rock type is a serpentinite that grades upwards to weathering mantles with well-preserved pedogenetic horizons composed, from bottom to top, of four facies: the R Horizon (Fresh rock facies), the C Horizon (Alterite facies), the B Horizon (Transition facies) and the A Horizon (Solum facies). This article presents the results of geochemical and mass balance studies along a representative pedogenetic profile in order to evaluate the chemical transformations concerning major, trace and Rare Earth Elements. From bottom to top of the selected profile, there is enrichment in Fe2O3, Al2O3 and depletion in MgO and SiO2. There are also relative gains of metallic elements as Ni, Co, V and loss of Au. Cr is enriched at the uppermost horizon. Pt is enriched at the basis of the profile, but decreases towards the upper layers. The weathering mantle is REE-enriched and shows major fractionating of LREE over HREE. In order to evaluate the economic potential of the lateritic deposits, especially concerning Cr content, additional chemical analyses should be distributed over the entire body and its surroundings.

RESUMO: Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de petrografia, química mineral e geocronologia de escarnitos gerados no contato de mármores do Complexo Paraíba do Sul com diques metamáficos e félsicos, no sul do Espírito Santo. Os mármores foram metamorfizados sob condições de pressão e temperatura da fácies granulito durante a fase sin-colisional do orógeno neoproterozoico Araçuaí. Os corpos metamáficos são compostos de anfibolito e hornblenda granofels, enquanto os diques félsicos consistem de álcali-feldspato granito, monzogranito ou sienogranito. Do mármore para o dique, escarnitos associados com os diques metamáficos são compostos das zonas carbonato + olivina e diopsídio + hornblenda. Escarnitos associados com os diques graníticos são compostos de três zonas mineralógicas distintas: carbonato + tremolita, diopsídio e escapolita + diopsídio. Variações na composição química mineral ao longo das zonas metassomáticas sugerem introdução de Mg e Ca dos mármores, Fe dos diques metamáficos e Na dos granitos. A presença de espinélio nos diques metamáficos e em seus escarnitos indica que ambos foram metamorfizados sob condições de fácies granulito durante o estágio sin-colisional (580-560 Ma). A geocronologia U-Pb via LA-ICP-MS em zircões de um dique de álcali-feldspatogranito resultou em uma idade de cristalização de ca.540 Ma, o que sugere que seus escarnitos são, portanto, mais novos que os escarnitos associados com os diques metamáficos sin-colisionais.

ABSTRACT: This paper concerns the study of petrography, mineral chemistry and geochronology of skarns generated at the contact of marbles of the Paraíba do Sul Complex with felsic and metamafic dykes in the southern Espírito Santo State. The marbles were metamorphosed under P-T granulite facies conditions during the syn-collisional stage of the Neoproterozoic Araçuaí orogen. Metamafic bodies are composed of amphibolite and hornblende granofels, while felsic dykes consist of alkali-feldspar granite, monzogranite or syenogranite. From marble towards the dyke, skarns related to the metamafic bodies are composed of carbonate + olivine and diopside + hornblende zones. Skarn associated to the granitic dykes are composed of three different zones: carbonate + tremolite, diopside, scapolite + diopside. Variations in mineral chemical compositions along the metasomatic zones suggest introduction of Mg and Ca from the marbles, Fe from the metamafic dykes and Na from the granitoids. The presence of spinel in the metamafic dykes and their skarns indicates that both were metamorphosed under granulite facies conditions during the 580-560 Ma syn-collisional stage. U-Pb zircon geochronology (LA-ICP-MS) of an alkali-feldspar granite dyke resulted in a crystallization age of ca.540 Ma, which suggests that its skarns are therefore younger than skarns associated with the syn-collisional metamafic dykes.

Abstract The Acaiaca Complex (AC) is located in southeastern Minas Gerais state, and comprises felsic, mafic, ultramafic, and aluminous granulites as well as lower grade gneisses and mylonites. The complex is distributed over an area of ca. 36 km by 6 km, surrounded by amphibolite facies gneisses of the Mantiqueira Complex (MC). The discrepancy in the metamorphic grade between both complexes led to the present study aiming to understand the metamorphic history of the AC by means of geothermobarometric calculations and electron microprobe Th-U-Pb monazite dating. Estimates of the metamorphic conditions of the granulites based on conventional geothermobarometry and THERMOCALC resulted in temperatures around 800 ºC and pressures between of 5.0 and 9.9 kbar and a retrometamorphic path characterized by near-isobaric cooling. Part of the granulites was affected by anatexis. The melting of felsic granulites resulted in the generation of pegmatites and two aluminous lithotypes. These are: i) garnet-sillimanite granulite with euhedral plagioclase and cordierite that show straight faces against quartz, and is the crystallization product of an anatectic melt, and ii) garnet-kyanite-cordierite granulite, which is probably the restite of anatexis, as indicated by textures and high magnesium contents. Th-U-Pb monazite geochronology of two granulite samples resulted in a metamorphic age around 2060 Ma, which is similar to the age of the MC registered in the literature. The similar Paleoproterozoic metamorphic ages of both complexes lead to the conclusion that the Acaiaca Complex may be the high grade metamorphic unit geochronologically related to the lower grade Mantiqueira Complex.

Abstract The Capelinha Formation (Macaúbas Group) consists of a lower quartzitic unit with metamafic intercalations and an upper metapelitic sequence. It occurs in a complex tectono-metamorphic sector of the Araçuaí orogen, where post-collisional collapse-related structures superimposed collisional structures. The garnet-bearing assemblages started crystallization in the collisional deformation stage that formed the main regional foliation around 570 Ma. Garnet porphyroblasts display a well-developed growth zonation of Fe-Mg-Ca-Mn and show, from core to rim, increasing almandine and pyrope contents in contrast with decreasing grossular and spessartine contents. Mineral relations and microstructures provide criteria for local equilibria and a structurally controlled application of geothermobarometers based on cation exchange and net transfer reactions. The P-T values calculated from cores to rims of garnets, aligned along clockwise trends, resulted in increasing temperatures (from 500 ºC up to 620 ºC) under decompression conditions (from 8.0 kbar to 4.5 kbar). The Th-U-Pb dating of homogeneous monazites by electron microprobe revealed a recrystallization period at around 490 - 480 Ma. These ages can be related to the tectono-thermal event associated with the gravitational collapse, constraining the youngest time limit for metamorphic processes in the Araçuaí orogen.

Ofiolitos são fragmentos de antigas litosferas oceânicas formados em margens de placa construtivas ou divergentes transformantes. Por meio de extensos falhamentos de empurrão, esses corpos ou parte deles são colocados na crosta continental, dentro de pacotes de rochas dos cinturões orogênicos, em estado sólido, mas podendo estar, ainda, relativamente quentes. Os possíveis ambientes produtores de litosfera oceânica incluem cadeias meso-oceânicas, bacias relacionadas a arcos-de-ilhas juvenis e bacias de retroarco. Ofiolitos de idade fanerozoica são abundantes em cinturões orogênicos ao redor do mundo, enquanto que os remanescentes oceânicos do Pré-Cambriano são pouco comuns e encontram-se distribuídos, principalmente, na Finlândia, Canadá, Marrocos, Arábia Saudita, Egito, Rússia, Brasil e China. Diversos registros de remanescentes oceânicos pré-cambrianos de diferentes idades foram reconhecidos no Brasil. A maioria desses corpos situa-se nas faixas orogênicas brasilianas e registra o consumo dos oceanos neoproterozóicos. A partir do que foi exposto, esse trabalho procura sintetizar as principais informações acerca de sequências ofiolíticas, trazendo uma breve revisão de conceitos e classificações ao longo dos quase 200 anos de utilização desse termo.

Ophiolites are fragments of the ancient oceanic lithosphere formed at constructive plate margins or transforming divergent plates. Through extensive thrust faults, these bodies or part of them are emplaced into the continental crust, inside rock piles of orogenic belts, in solid state, but these bodies can be relatively warm. The possible environments which produce oceanic lithosphere include meso-oceanic ranges, basins related to juvenile island arcs and retro-arc basins. Ophiolites of the Phanerozoic age are abundant in orogenic belts around the world whilst Precambrian oceanic remnants are less common and are distributed mainly in Finland, Canada, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Russia, Brazil and China. Several registers of Precambrian oceanic remnants of different ages were recognized in Brazil. Most of these bodies are situated in Brazilian orogenic belts and they register the consumption of the Neoproterozoic oceans. This paper aims to synthetize the main information about ophiolitic sequences, bringing a brief review of concepts and classifications along the 200-year use of this term.