Resumen: Leucosis Bovina Enzoótica es la principal virosis que afecta al ganado lechero en Uruguay. La infección subclínica causa disfunciones importantes del sistema inmune impactando directamente en la salud animal. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si la respuesta inmune humoral de vaquillonas holando serológicamente positivas al virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV) es afectada frente a la inmunización a campo con una vacuna clostridial. Se realizó el seguimiento de la respuesta inmune humoral posvacunación durante 12 meses de un grupo de animales serológicamente positivos (n=29) y otro serológicamente negativos a BLV(n=19). Los animales recibieron tres dosis de una vacuna comercial contra Clostridios (días 0, 30, 173) y se extrajeron muestras de sangre los días 0, 30, 60, 90, 180 y 365 luego de la primovacunación. Se cuantificaron anticuerpos totales mediante ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (ELISAs) contra las toxinas alfa, beta y épsilon del C. perfringens y anticuerpos neutralizantes mediante Seroneutralización (SN) in vitro para la toxina épsilon. Los resultados evidenciaron una baja respuesta de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra la toxina épsilon utilizando la técnica de SN in vitro lo cual no se correlacionó con los resultados obtenidos en el ELISA comercial. La respuesta de anticuerpos totales utilizando ELISA comerciales fue variable según el toxoide evaluado. No se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en la concentración de anticuerpos contra Clostridium perfringens entre animales seropositivos y seronegativos a BLV. La utilidad de los test de ELISA comerciales para analizar la respuesta a la vacunación contra clostridiosis, debe ser discutida y analizada a partir de los resultados encontrados en este ensayo.

Summary: Enzootic bovine leukosis is the main virosis that affects dairy cattle in Uruguay. The subclinical infection causes importants dysfunctions in the immune system impacting directly in the animal health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response of Holstein heifers with positive serology against Leukosis bovine virus (BLV) when they were ordinary immunized against Clostridium perfringens. It was evaluated a seropositive group to BLV animals (n=29) and other seronegative group (n=19) during twelve months. The animals recived three immunizations with a commercial polyvalent vaccine against several Clostridios (days 0, 30, 173). Blood samples were taken in days 0, 30, 60, 90, 180 y 360 post vaccination and then the humoral immune response was analyzed through the use of the ELISA technique to quantify total antibodies against C. perfringens toxins alfa, beta and épsilon. Besides it was in vitro analyzed the amount of neutralizing antibodies against epsilon toxin using the reference technique, seroneutralization. The results demonstrated a low response of neutralizing antibodies to epsilon toxin by SN technique showing no correlation with the results obtained by the commercial ELISA kit. Total antibodies response evaluated using commercial ELISA Kit was variable according to the studied toxoid. No significant differences were found in the immune response against Clostridium perfringens vaccination between BLV seropositive and seronegative animals using the techniques mentioned. The commercial ELISA kit use to analyze the response to vaccination against Clostridiosis, must be discussed and analyzed according to the results of this work.

Resumen Según la OMS la forma más eficaz para reducir los casos de rabia anuales en humanos es a través de vacunaciones en perros y gatos, dado que el 90 % de los mismos son debido a mordeduras de estos animales, mayoritariamente caninos, infectados con el virus. En países de la región, donde se ha evaluado el nivel de protección de perros vacunados contra el virus de la rabia, se han encontrado variaciones importantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la respuesta inmune humoral contra la rabia en perros con algún tipo de “modulación inmunológica” inducida experimentalmente. Para esto se inmunizaron cinco grupos de perros con vacunas polivalentes (Grupo 1), monovalentes (Grupo 2), inmunizados durante la castración quirúrgica (Grupo 3), que estaban en tratamiento con Triamcinolona acetonido (corticoides) durante la inmunización (Grupo 4) o que fueron vacunados simultáneamente con un inmunoestimulante comercial (Grupo 5). En términos generales los resultados obtenidos indican que en todos los casos, la mayoría de los animales pudieron superar el límite mínimo de anticuerpos para estar protegidos según la OMS (0.5UI/ml). Sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) en el uso de vacunas mono o polivalente, el uso de corticoides al momento de la inmunización y en la vacunación durante la castración quirúrgica

Abstract According to WHO the most effective way to reduce the incidence of annual human rabies, is through vaccination of dogs and cats, since 90% of human cases are due to bites mainly from canines infected with the virus. The level of protection of dogs vaccinated against rabies varies significantly between countries of the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response against rabies, in dogs with some kind of "immune modulation" experimentally induced. Dogs were immunized with polyvalent (Group 1), monovalent (Group 2) vaccines, and immunized during surgical castration (Group 3), dogs treated with triamcinolone acetonide (steroids) during immunization (Group 4) or vaccinated simultaneously with a commercial immunostimulant (Group 5). The results indicate that in all cases, the majority of animals could exceed the minimum limit of antibodies to be protected according to the WHO (0.5UI / ml). However, significant differences (p <0.05) in the use of mono- or polyvalent vaccines, the use of corticosteroids at the time of immunization and vaccination during surgical castration was found

The present study aimed to detect BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 latent infections in Uruguayan beef cattle. Trigeminal ganglia (TG) were collected from 62 cattle heads in a slaughterhouse. Viral genomes were detected by a type-differential nested PCR (nPCR) targeting the UL44 gene of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5. Viral DNA was detected in 64.5% (40/62) of the animals. Thirty cattle heads (48.4%) contained only BoHV-1 DNA, whereas nine (14.5%) contained DNA of both BoHV-1 and BoHV-5. One cattle head (1.6%) contained BoHV-5 DNA only. Detection of neutralising antibodies was performed on sera of the examined cattle heads by a standard serum neutralization test. Neutralising antibodies were detected in 16 of the viral DNA-carrying animals, corresponding to 40% of the samples from which viral genomes were identified. The type-specific genomic prevalence was substantially different from that reported in a similar study carried out in Brazil and may be associated to the predominant European type of breeds farmed in Uruguay, as opposed to Brazilian cattle which is often crossbred (Bos Taurus x Bos indicus). Therefore, despite both BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 do circulate in Uruguay and sometimes both viruses can co-infect cattle, BoHV-5 infections seem less frequent than BoHV-1 infections.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo detectar la presencia de BoHV-1 y BoHV-5 en infecciones latentes de ganado vacuno en el Uruguay. Se analizaron 62 muestras de ganglios trigéminos (TG) de cabezas de bovinos colectados en un frigorífico. Utilizando un tipo diferencial de PCR (nPCR) focalizando en el gen UL44 de BoHV-1 y BoHV-5 se detectaron los diferentes genomas virales. ADN viral fue detectado en 64,5% (40/62) de los animales. Treinta muestras (48,4%) contenían solo el ADN de BoHV-1, mientras que nueve (14,5%) contenían ADN de ambos BoHV-1 y BoHV-5. Una sola muestra (1,6%) contenía apenas ADN de BoHV-5. La detección de anticuerpos neutralizantes se realizó en los sueros mediante la técnica de seroneutralización in vitro. Anticuerpos neutralizantes fueron encontrados en 16 de los animales portadores de ADN viral, lo que corresponde a 40% de las muestras con genoma viral identificado. La prevalencia genómica específica del tipo viral fue sustancialmente diferente de la que se informó en un estudio similar llevado a cabo en Brasil y puede estar asociada con el tipo de razas europeas predominante criadas en Uruguay, en contrapartida a los bovinos brasileños que son cruzados (Bos taurus x Bos indicus). Sin embargo, y a pesar de que tanto BoHV-1 y BoHV-5 pueden ser causas de coinfecciones ocasionales en Uruguay, BoHV-5 mostró una significativa menor prevalencia comparado con BoHV-1.

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is the etiological agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). Depending on the genotype, it produces a wide variety of clinical syndromes, such as conjunctivitis, abortion and balanoposthitis. Vaccination against BoHV-1 is a common practice, so in order to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals, many BoHV-1 proteins were studied to develop marked vaccines. VP22, the major tegument protein codified by UL49 gene, is a non essential protein for virus multiplication, but induces a relevant immune response in the host. Therefore the variability of the gene UL49 of three BoHV-1 Uruguayan isolates (Uy1999, Uy2002 and Uy2004), was analyzed. Recombinant VP22 was expressed in a prokaryotic system and was recognized by sera of BoHV-1 immunized rabbits by Western blot analysis. Uy1999 (BoHV-1.1), Uy2002 and Uy2004 (BoHV-1.2), have 93.8%, 95% and 88.2% nucleotide similarity to the international Los Angeles BoHV-1.1 reference strain. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Uy1999 is grouped with BoHV-1.1 strains, while Uy2002 and Uy2004 isolates are grouped distant from other BoHV-1.1. The use of VP22 deleted vaccines and a serological technique able to detect antibodies against it, is an excellent alternative to be used in bovine vaccination programmes.

Herpesvirus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) es el agente responsable de la Rinotraqueitis Infecciosa Bovina (IBR) y de un amplia variedad de síndromes, como conjuntivitis, aborto y balanopostitis, según el genotipo que se encuentre presente. La vacunación contra BoHV-1 es una tarea de rutina en el manejo de ganado, por lo tanto se han estudiado varias proteínas de BoHV-1 con el objetivo de desarrollar vacunas marcadas que permitan la diferenciación entre animales vacunados e infectados. VP22 es la proteína principal del tegumento del virus y es codificada por el gen UL49. No es esencial para el ciclo de replicación viral pero induce una respuesta inmune significativa en el huésped. Por consiguiente se analizó la variabilidad del gen UL49 en tres aislamientos uruguayos de BoHV-1 (Uy1999, Uy2002 y Uy2004), se expresó una VP22 recombinante que fue reconocida por sueros de conejos inmunizados con BoHV-1 mediante su análisis por Western Blot. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que Uy1999 (BoHV-1.1), Uy2002 y Uy2004 (BoHV-1.2), tienen 93.8%, 95% y 88.2% de similitud en la secuencia de nucleótidos al compararlos con la cepa de referencia internacional Los Ángeles BoHV-1.1. El análisis filogenético mostró que Uy1999 está agrupado con cepas BoHV-1.1, mientras que Uy2002 y Uy2004 están agrupadas distantes de los otros BoHV-1.1. El uso conjunto de vacunas a las cuales se les ha eliminado VP22 y de técnicas capaces de detectar anticuerpos contra la proteína eliminada es una excelente alternativa a usar en los programas de vacunación bovina.

Introduction: Spontaneous dissection of the iliac artery (SDIA) is an extremely rare clinical manifestation, associated to different etiologies, and it usually shows an ischemia of the involved lower extremity. Clinical case: We report a case of a 48-year-old man, with past medical history of chronicle consumption of ergotamine, which presented left lower limb ischemia, while practicing physical exercise. An emergent contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan showed a spontaneous dissection of the common and the external left iliac artery. An endovascular therapy of the lesion was performed with self-expanding stents, achieving the reconstruction of the lesion, the recovery of the blood flow and of the lower limb ischemia. Conclusions: There are no previous descriptions of the association between ergotamine consumption, sport and this very rare pathology. Endovascular treatment represents a less invasive and, such as in our case report, successful management of the SDIA, and it should be considered among the alternative therapies.

Introducción: La disección espontánea de la arteria ilíaca es un cuadro muy poco frecuente asociado a diferentes etiologías que habitualmente se presenta como isquemia de la extremidad comprometida. Caso clínico: Se reporta el caso de un paciente masculino de 48 años con antecedente de consumo crónico de ergotamina, quien mientras practicaba deporte presenta cuadro de isquemia aguda de la extremidad inferior izquierda. Angio tomografía computada demostró disección espontánea de la arteria ilíaca común y externa izquierda. Se realizó terapia endovascular de la lesión con stents auto expandibles, logrando la reparación de la lesión, el restablecimiento del flujo y la recuperación de la isquemia de la extremidad. Discusión y conclusiones: No existen reportes previos de esta patología poco frecuente, en que se asocie en forma conjunta la práctica de deporte y el uso de ergotamina. Dentro de las alternativas terapéuticas, la reparación endovascular representa una opción menos invasiva y, como en este caso, con óptimos resultados.

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a leading cause of diarrhea in puppies in several parts of the world. In this study CPV-2 was detected and recovered from puppies showing clinical disease from Montevideo, Uruguay. Samples were processed and used to infect CRFK and MDCK cells in order to isolate the virus. Out of twelve, two samples were positive for CPV-2. A genomic region of 583 bp was amplified and the molecular characterization was performed by sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Two isolated viruses (UY1 and UY2) were CPV-2c-like viruses. The comparison between the cytophatic effect (CPE) of CPV-2 (vaccinal virus) and CPV-2c (isolated virus) on primary canine cells cultures and on CRFK line cells, demonstrated that CPV-2c is less citopathogenic in CRFK than in primary cultures. Our study represents the first report on isolation and characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c (CPV-2c) in cell cultures from South American dogs.

Background:Re-stenosis after percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) is related to clinical and angiographic features. Aim: To describe the clinical and angiographic characteristic of our patients with coronary cardiopathy subjected to PTCA and the predictor factors for re-stenosis. Material and methods: We gathered the clinical and angiographic characteristics of all patients who underwent a successful PTCA of a native coronary artery. All patients had a clinical assessment one year after the procedure. Patients were classified in Group 1, if they did not have angina or coronary events after the angioplasty or Group 2, if they had angina or a coronary event after the procedure. Only Group 2 patients were subjected to a coronary angiogram. Results: We collected 383 PTCA procedures. Follow up information was obtained in 92.2%. Three hundred forty two patients (89.3%) were assessed one year the procedure. Nine patients (2.3%) died of a cardiovascular cause. Ninety patients (26.3%) were classified in Group 2. In 65 patients, angiographic re-stenosis was demonstrated (19%). Re-stenosis occurred in 36 and 13% of patients with an without Diabetes Mellitus, respectively (p <0.01). The other clinical predictor variables were a history of myocardial infarction (p =0.007), obesity (p =0.041) and hypercholesterolemia (p =0.050). None of the angiographic characteristics predicted restenosis. Stents were protective factors against restenosis (15.6% in stented lesions vs 25.4% in nonstented; p =0.01). Conclusions: Re-stenosis after angioplasty occured in 19% of our patients with angina or coronary events. The clinical variables associated with a higher risk of re-stenosis were diabetes (the main risk factor), previous myocardial infarction, obesity and hypercholesterolemia. Angiographic variables were not associated with re-stenosis. The use of stents decreases the incidence of re-stenosis in all groups)

Nephropathy caused by cystinosis is a rare recessive disorder produced by a defect in the lysosomal transport of cysteine. This results in intracellular crystal deposits in the kidneys, cornea and other tissues. It constitutes the commonest congenital cause of Fanconi's syndrome and progresses during the first decade of life to chronic renal failure. The diagnosis is confirmed by the detection of cystine in circulating leucocytes and lymphoblasts. The treatment consists in replacing the losses caused by the tubular defect and the oral administration of cystamine which depletes cystine and favours its transport across the lysosomal membrane. The objective of this report is to present the first case of cystinosis diagnosed and treated in Chile. The patient was hospitalized at the age of 15 months with advanced disnutrition, clinical rickets, severe dehydration, hypokalaemia, hypophosphataemia, metabolic acidosis consistent with Fanconi's syndrome. An elevated concentration of cystine was found in the polymorphic leucocytes confirming the diagnosis. After 2 years of treatment with oral cystamine the patient demonstrates an excellent evolution with regards to stature and conservation of renal function, although the tubular defect persists

La cistinosis nefropática, rara afección recesiva, se produce por defecto en el transporte lisosomal de cistina, y depósitos de cristales intracelulares en riñón, córnea, y otros tejidos. Constituye la primera causa congénita de síndrome de Fanconi, y evoluciona en la primera década de la vida a insuficiencia renal crónica. El diagnóstico se confirma por una detección de cistina en leucocitos y linfoblastos circulantes. Su tratamiento consiste en la reposición de las pérdidas por la tubulopatía, administración de cisteamina, que depleta cistina y favorece su transporte por la pared lisosomal. El objetivo de la presentación es dar a conocer el primer caso de cistinosis documentado y tratado en Chile. Se presenta el caso de un menor hospitalizado a los quince meses de vida, con desnutrición avanzada, raquitismo clínico, deshidratación severa, acidosis metabólica, hipokalemia e hipofosfemia severas, comprobándose tubulopatía de Fanconi, Se detectó concentración elevada de cistina en polimorfonucleares, confirmando diagnóstico de cistinosis. En tratamiento desde hace dos años con cisteamina oral, muestra excelente evolución pondoestatural y conservación de la función renal, persistiendo la tubulopatía

We describe a child with right pulmonary agenesis associated with multiple bilateral malformations. Pulmonary agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of newborn RDS (respiratory distress syndrome), particularly in patients with multiple malformations. Symptom severity is variable and the prognosis is to a great extent dependent on the associated malformations. Diagnosis should be confirmed by CT or MR imaging. Management is usually conservative, although the use of tissue expanders to prevent mediastinal shift should be considered in patients with cardiovascular instability

Se describe un niño con agenesia pulmonar derecha asociada a malformaciones bilaterales múltiples. La agenesia pulmonar es una anomalía congénita rara que debe ser considerada dentro del diagnóstico diferencial del distress respiratorio del recién nacido, en especial en el paciente con malformaciones múltiples. La severidad de los síntomas es variable y el pronóstico depende en gran medida de las anomalías asociadas. El diagnóstico debe confirmarse con TAC de tórax o RNM. El manejo es usualmente conservador, aunque el uso de expansores tisulares para evitar el desplazamiento mediastínico puede ser considerado en pacientes con inestabilidad cardiovascular