Abstract In order to overcome the challenges of discovering new antiprotozoal drugs, we synthesized a new class of hybrids based on S-allylCysteine Ester/Caffeic Acid Amide and evaluated four of them against Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium falciparum. Hybrid 6 exhibited good activity on T. cruzi with an EC50 value of 5.45 µM, whereas hybrid 3 was active over P. falciparum with an EC50 of 18.08 µM. All hybrids displayed a good selectivity index on P. falciparum. Molecular docking computations indicated that several hybrids have good binding affinities towards the protozoa related enzymes (Cruzipain or Falcipain-2) when compared against current inhibitors. In silico studies showed that conjugates 1-3 and 6 fulfilled optimal ADME characteristics, suggesting them as safe alternatives for oral treatment of protozoal infections.

Resumen Antecedentes: las fracturas de cadera son una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad. Los programas de fracturas geriátricas prometen mejorar la calidad de la atención, los desenlaces clínicos y reducir costos, Objetivos: Describir los resultados relacionados con la implementación de un programa de fracturas geriátricas en dos instituciones en Colombia para evaluar la reproducibilidad Métodos: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de los pacientes atendidos en el programa de fracturas geriátricas en dos instituciones en Colombia. Se obtuvo información desde el año de implementación hasta 2018. Se describió información demográfica, de estancia hospitalaria, de complicaciones, de rehospitalizaciones y de mortalidad. Se determinó un caso base de consumo de recursos con expertos y se costeó usando métodos estandarizados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 475 pacientes. Se observó un aumento en la cantidad de pacientes. La duración de estancia disminuyó entre 8.5% y 26.1%, así como la frecuencia de complicaciones. Se encontraron reducciones en mortalidad en el primer año (entre 10.9% y 4.7%), muertes hospitalarias y rehospitalizaciones. Los costos estimados mostraron reducciones entre 22% y 68.3%. Conclusiones: El presente estudio muestra la experiencia de implementación de programa de fracturas geriátricas en dos instituciones en Colombia, mostrando aumento en cantidades de pacientes y reducciones en estancia hospitalaria, frecuencia de complicaciones, rehospitalizaciones, mortalidad y costos estimados. Los resultados fueron similares en las dos instituciones y comparables con otros descritos en literatura. Esto sugiero que los programas de fracturas geriátricas se pueden implementar con resultados reproducibles.

Abstract Background: hip fracture is the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Geriatric fracture programs promise to improve the quality of care, health outcomes and reduce costs. Objective: To describe the results related to the Geriatric fracture programs implementation in two Colombian institutions to assess reproducibility. Methods: We performed A retrospective descriptive study of the patients treated under the Geriatric fracture programs in two institutions in Colombia. The information was collected from the initial year of implementation until 2018. Demographic characteristics, length of stay, hospitalization complications, readmissions and mortality were described. Consumption of healthcare resources was defined using base cases determined with local experts and costs were estimated using standard methods. Results: 475 patients were included in the Geriatric fracture programs. We observed an increase in the number of patients. The length of stay decreased between 8.5% and 26.1% as did the proportion of total complications, with delirium having the greatest reduction. A similar situation was seen for first year mortality (from 10.9% to 4.7%), in-hospital deaths and readmissions. Estimates of costs of stay and complications showed reductions in all scenarios, varying between 22% and 68.3%. Conclusions: The present study presents the experience of two institutions that implemented the Geriatric fracture programs with increase in the number of patients treated and reductions in the time of hospital stay, the proportion of complications, readmissions, mortality and estimated costs. These are similar between both institutions and with other published implementations. This could hint that geriatric fracture program may be implemented with reproducible results.

Resumen La composición química de la cáscara de cacao Theobroma cacao L. permite catalogarla como un material de difícil degradación debido a su alto contenido de lignina y celulosa, en donde este material lignocelulósico se puede utilizar en una amplia variedad de procesos industriales; sin embargo, esta cáscara generalmente es desechada dentro de los mismos cultivos y genera problemáticas como la proliferación de microorganismos patógenos. Por otra parte, el almidón es una sustancia granulada presente en diferentes matrices vegetales la cual puede usarse desde la industria alimentaria para otorgar características sensoriales y organolépticas, hasta la manufactura de papel y materiales biodegradables. El objetivo de esta investigación fue extraer el almidón presente en la cáscara de cacao. La biomasa vegetal (cáscara de cacao) se caracterizó teniendo en cuenta parámetros como pH, porcentaje de humedad, grasa y fibra, entre otros; seguido de la extracción del almidón por vía húmeda. Los resultados obtenidos a la cáscara de cacao reportaron un valor de pH 5,46±0,006, acidez titulable 0,11±0,038, humedad 84,35±0,02, cenizas 8,21±0,006, grasa 0,80±0,02, fibra 6,80±0,01 y la extracción de almidón reportó 12,04±0,03. Para concluir, con el uso del residuo del cacao pueden generarse alternativas de aprovechamiento, produciendo nuevos biomateriales a partir de este subproducto, siendo esta una alternativa de bioprospección agroindustrial.

Abstract The chemical composition of the cocoa husk Theobroma cacao L. allows to catalog it as material of difficult degradation, due its high lignin and cellulose content, where the lignocellulosic material can be used in a wide variety of industrial processes; however, this husk is generally discarded within the crops themselves and this husk generate problems such as the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. On the other hand, the starch it’s a granulated substance that it’s presented in different plant matrices, which can be used from the alimentary industry for grant sensorial and organoleptic characteristics, to the manufacture of paper and biodegradable materials. The objective of this research was extracting the starch present in the cocoa husk, thus determinate the possible uses of exploitation of starch, as an alternative of bioprospection. The vegetal material (cocoa husk) was characterized taking into account parameters as pH, moisture percentage, fat and fiber, among others; followed by starch extraction by wet method. The obtained results to the cocoa husk reported a value of pH 5.46 ±0.0057, titratable acidity 0.11±0.038, moisture 84.35±0.017, ash 8.21±0.0057, fat 0.80±0.015, fiber 6.80 ±0.01and the extraction of starch reports 12.04±0.025. To conclude, with the use of the cocoa waste exploitation alternatives can be generate, producing new biomaterials starting of this sub product, being this an alternative of agroindustrial bioprospection.

Resumo A composição química da casca de cacau Theobroma cacao L. permite que ela seja classificada como um material de difícil degradação devido ao seu alto teor de lignina e celulose, onde esse material lignocelulósico pode ser usado em uma ampla variedade de processos industriais; no entanto, essa casca é geralmente descartada nas próprias culturas e gera problemas como a proliferação de microorganismos patogênicos. Por outro lado, o amido é uma substância granulada presente em diferentes matrizes vegetais que podem ser utilizadas na indústria de alimentícia para fornecer características sensoriais e organolépticas, para a fabricação de papel e materiais biodegradáveis. O objetivo desta investigação foi extrair o amido presente na casca do cacau. A biomassa vegetal (casca de cacau) foi caracterizada considerando parâmetros como pH, porcentagem de umidade, graxa e fibra, entre outros; seguido pela extração de amido por via úmida. Os resultados obtidos para a casca de cacau relataram um valor de pH de 5,46 ± 0,0057, acidez titulável 0,11 ± 0,038, umidade 84,35 ± 0,017, cinzas 8,21 ± 0,0057, graxa 0,80 ± 0,015, fibra 6,80 ± 0,01 e extração de amido relatadas 12,04 ± 0,025. Concluindo, com o uso de resíduo de cacau, alternativas de exploração podem ser geradas, produzindo novos biomateriais a partir desse subproduto, sendo uma alternativa de bioprospecção agroindustrial.

Abstract: The present investigation is focused on the implementation of alkaline activated fly ash as a total replacement of Portland cement in the manufacture of prefabricated tablets. The experimental program included the physico-chemical characterization of raw materials, finding the optimum alkaline activator/fly ash ratio and mechanical tests of compressive strength and rupture modulus. Additionally, a comparison of the carbon footprint of a batch of prefabricated tablets made from Portland cement mortar and fly ash was also performed. The activation of the fly ash was carried out by means of the combination of alkaline activators composed of NaOH and Na2SiO3. The results obtained showed that fly ash mortars have good mechanical properties and environmental viability in terms of carbon footprint. The fly ash can be used in the industry of prefabricated tablets as an option of lower environmental impact with optimal resistance to compression and rupture modulus.

Resumen: La presente investigación está orientada a la implementación de ceniza volante activada alcalinamente como sustitución total del cemento Portland en la elaboración de tabletas prefabricadas. El programa experimental comprendió la caracterización fisicoquímica de materias primas, hallazgo de la relación óptima activador alcalino/ceniza volante y ensayos mecánicos de resistencia a la compresión y módulo de rotura. Adicionalmente se incluyó un comparativo de la huella de carbono de un lote de tabletas prefabricadas de mortero de cemento Portland y ceniza volante. La activación de ceniza volante se realizó por medio de la combinación de activadores alcalinos compuestos por NaOH y Na2SiO3. Los resultados demostraron que los morteros de ceniza volante presentan buenas propiedades mecánicas y viabilidad ambiental en términos de huella de carbono. La ceniza volante puede ser acogida en la industria de tabletas prefabricadas como opción de menor impacto ambiental con óptimas resistencias a la compresión y módulo de rotura.

Abstract Phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600) is predominantly caused by mutations in the PAH gene. One hundred and three Argentine PKU patients were studied by Sanger sequencing; 101 were completely characterized (90.3% were compound heterozygotes). Fifty-four different pathogenic variants were identified. Mutations were distributed all along the PAH gene but concentrated in exon 7 (26%), 12 (12%), 11 (10%), and 6 (10%). 77% were missense, and 77% affected the enzyme catalytic domain, nine mutations accounted for 57% of 179 studied alleles: p.Arg261Gln (Allele frequency(AF):10.6%), c.1066-11G>A (AF:9,5%), p.Arg408Trp (AF:8,3%), p.Tyr414Cys (AF:5,5%), p.Ala403Val, p.Val388Met, and p.Arg158Gln (AF: 5% each), p.Leu48Ser, and p.Ile65Thr (AF:4% each). The predicted phenotype was assigned by Guldberg´s arbitrary value (AV) and compared with the clinical phenotype based in tolerance to Phe intake. 29.1% (n:30) were hyperphenylalaninemias, 18.5% (n:19) mild-PKU, 27.2% (n:28) moderate-PKU and 25.2 % (n:26) classical-PKU. Genotype/phenotype correlation was statistically significant (p<0.001) Overall concordance was 62,5%: 93.3% in hyperphenylalaninemia, 64.7% in mild-PKU and 65.4% in classical patients. The moderate-PKU showed a weak concordance (17%) with milder AV prediction than clinical assessment. 74% of discordant moderate patients harbored p.Arg261Gln, and p.Val388Met. Our cohort is highly heterogeneous, with predominant Mediterranean influence (mainly Spanish), but with differences with other Latin-American countries.

ABSTRACT: This paper addresses the study of the sustainability in urban contexts and presents the methodology used to approach the specific case of Havana at the same time that reviews the ecological viability and social and gender justice of the urban context, based on the voices of some key interviewees. The paper also outlines some theoretical and political proposals from a socioecosystemic approach and concludes drawing conclusions on the strengths and weaknesses that the city presents to tread the road to sustainability, understood in a complex sense.

RESUMEN: En el siguiente artículo se aborda el estudio de la sostenibilidad en los contextos urbanos y se expone la metodología seguida para aproximarse al caso concreto de La Habana. Además, contando con las voces de informantes urbanos claves en la materia, se realiza un diagnóstico plural que implica la revisión de la viabilidad ecológica y la justicia social y de género del modelo urbano. También se esbozan propuestas teóricas y políticas desde un enfoque socioecosistémico. Por último, se exponen algunas conclusiones en relación a las fortalezas y debilidades que presenta la ciudad para caminar por la senda de la sostenibilidad entendida en un sentido complejo.

La necesidad de crear mecanismos o sistemas que permitan adquirir, representar y transmitir el conocimiento es uno de los problemas con prioridad que se ha dado en el transcurrir de los años de investigación; esta necesidad de adquisición ha generado la necesidad de contar con modelos más compactos que permitan conservar el conocimiento implícito y explicito que se genera dentro de las organizaciones. En este entorno, debido al cambio que ha generado la gestión del conocimiento, las empresas reconocen la importancia que tiene el manejo de estos bienes intangibles, como requisito para permanecer en el mercado y adaptarse a cambios organizativos y tecnológicos, cada organización debe encontrar su propio camino y reconocer que la capacidad intelectual se ha convertido en un factor importante para el éxito del desarrollo organizacional. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados de una revisión sistemática de la literatura mediante la cual se identifican algunas técnicas de adquisición y representación del conocimiento, que se pueden replicar en las organizaciones para aprovechar el conocimiento interno y externo a la organización y lograr ventajas competitivas sostenibles. Los resultados presentan técnicas administrativas relacionadas con la cultura y valores organizativos, así como la definición de diferentes tipos de alianzas, asimismo se identificaron tecnologías como los sistemas expertos y las herramientas sociales como útiles para la adquisición y representación de conocimiento.

The need to create mechanisms or systems to acquire, represent, and convey knowledge is one of the problems that have been given priority over years of research; the need for acquisition has generated the need for more compact models that conserve implicit and explicit knowledge generated within organizations. Within this environment, due to changes generated by knowledge management, enterprises recognize the importance of managing these intangible assets as a requirement to stay in the market and adapt to organizational and technological changes. Each organization must find its own way and recognize that intellectual capacity has become an important factor for the success of organizational development. The aim of this paper was to present the results of a systematic literature review through which we identified some knowledge acquisition and representation techniques that can be replicated in organizations to leverage internal and external knowledge to the organization and achieve sustainable competitive advantages. The results present administrative techniques related to organizational culture and values, as well as the definition of different types of alliances also identified as expert system technologies and social tools useful for knowledge acquisition and representation.

Background: Chronic airway inflammation is a central process in asthma. Measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) is a non-invasive biomarker of eosinophilic airway inflammation. Aim: To measure eNO levels in a population of asthmatic and non-asthmatic children and to evaluate their relationship with asthma and atopy. Material and Methods: We studied 143 asthmatic and non-asthmatic children aged 6 to 14 years attended a hospital and primary health service. Participants were tested for allergies and followed during the winter months of 2010 and 2011. They were visited regularly at their homes and eNO levels were measured on each visit using a handheld equipment. Mean eNO distribution were compared by the presence of asthma or atopy using t-test and regression models. Results: No significant differences for mean eNO levels were detected, according to presence of asthma or atopy, by any ofthe statistical methods used. Regression models showed significant effects for age but not for sex. Conclusions: There were no differences in eNO levels in the studied children by the presence of asthma or atopy.

O b j e c t i v e : To estimate the adequacy of iodide intake in Wanda Misiones through the conventional parameters of ioduria and goiter prevalence in scholars as well as with the distribution of TSH neonatal levels as performed for the hypothyroidism screening program in newborns. Population and methods: Height , and BMI and weight were assessed in 502 scholars aged 5 to 14 and expressed as SDS. In 419 of them (215 female) thyro i d volume was evaluated and classified according to WHO (9). In 114 children iodide urinary concentration was measured in casual urine samples by Sandell y Kolthof method modified by Pino (17). Neonatal screening program for congenital hypothyroidism is carried out in the region measuring TSH in filter paper samples with IFMA DELFIA. Since 2000 7.102 newborn have been screened. TSH level's distribution of the 18 months prior to this study (n 267) were evaluated. Criteria suggested by WHO to indicate iodide deficiency were applied. Results: Height, weight and BMI were normal for the chronological age according to Argentinean population parameters. Goitre prevalence was 6.2 % (7.3 % in girls and 5.3 % in boys), higher that expected for a iodide sufficient area. Iodide urine median levels were 239 ug/l with a distribution that excluded iodide deficiency. Neonatal screening program detected 5 congenital hypothyroid children out of the 7102 newborn studied. All of them were early and adequately treated. Only 1.4 % of the 267 samples were > 5 µU/ml, excluding iodide deficiency. Conclusion: Iodide intake in Wanda, Misiones, is adequate as shown by the findings of iodide urine concentration and TSH neonatal levels. A higher prevalence of goitre than expected for this situation, could be explained by dietary intake of goitrogen food as mandioca. Congenital hypothyroidism screening program in this region was extremely effective. The possibility of using its results for iodide intake supervision is an additional benefit to the one of early prevention of mental retardation.

El déficit de yodo (IDD) es un problema de la Salud Pública que afecta a millones de personas en todo el mundo y es causante de alteraciones en la neuromaduración que pueden ser evitados si se realiza una yodoprofilaxis adecuada. Objetivo: Realizar un monitoreo de IDD en la localidad de Wanda, provincia de Misiones, por su ubicación geográfica y hábitos alimentarios con posible consumo regional de sal no iodada. Se estudiaron en 502 escolares de 5 a 14 años de vida , se evaluaron: peso, talla , BMI y palpación tiroidea. En 114 de ellos se determinó la yoduria en muestras casuales de orina. Se analizaron los niveles de TSH de la pesquisa neonatal de los 18 meses previos al estudio, realizados por métodos sensibles (IFMA-DELFIA). Se aplicaron los criterios de suficiencia establecidos por la OMS/ ICCDD. Resultados: La prevalencia de bocio en la región fue de 6.2 %. Los niveles de yoduria tuvieron una mediana de 239 ug/l. El valor de TSH neonatal mediano fue 1.25 uU/ml. Sólo el 1.4 % de las muestras estaban por encima de 5 uU/ml . Cuando se aplicaron los criterios de la OMS pudo observarse que la prevalencia de bocio superaba levemente lo esperado para una zona suficiente, pero no así los niveles de ioduria ni la distribución de TSH neonatal. Conclusión: El aporte iodado de la región evaluada es suficiente como lo demuestran la ioduria y los niveles de TSH neonatal. La presencia de bociógenos como la mandioca en la dieta puede explicar el leve aumento en la prevalencia de bocio. La utilización de la pesquisa neonatal de hipotiroidismo congénito en la supervisión de la deficiencia de yodo añade un beneficio al objetivo primario que es la prevención del retraso mental.