ABSTRACT Introduction: The knowledge of clinicians regarding blood transfusion services may impact patient care and transfusion outcome. The wide variation in transfusion practices among clinicians leads to inappropriate blood product usage and jeopardizes patient safety. Hence, this survey study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice among the residents and interns of safe blood transfusion. Methods: The online survey was based on self-administered questionnaires of three sections: 1. Demography; 2. Knowledge, and; 3. Attitude and Practice. One point was assigned for the correct response of each question in every section. The knowledge score was further categorized into three categories, depending on the points obtained. The participants were also divided into four groups, depending on their experience. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to determine the difference of knowledge and practice scores in three designated groups of residents and interns. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Result: A total of 247 residents and interns participated in this study. Thirteen participants had an incomplete response. Out of 234 participants, Senior Residents (SR), Junior Residents (JR), and interns were 70, 96 and 68 participants, respectively. The knowledge scores of interns were significantly low, as compared to SRs and JRs. Practice scores of interns were also significantly low, compared to the JRs. However, most of the residents and interns (85%) were aware of the pre-transfusion testing. Conclusion: Therefore, the mandatory incorporation of the transfusion medicine subject in the undergraduate curriculum can help the young budding doctors to better implement the patient blood management.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to estimate rainfall over the Indian monsoon region by the synergistic use of the geostationary Kalpana-1 satellite-derived INSAT Multispectral Rainfall Algorithm (IMSRA) rainfall estimates and rain gauge data, using a successive correction method in order to further refine the operational IMSRA rainfall estimates. The successive correction method benefits from high spatial and temporal resolutions of the Kalpana-1 satellite and accurate rainfall estimates from rain gauges. A preliminary analysis is done for the southwest monsoon season of 2010 at a daily scale. The successive correction method is applied at a 1° latitude x 1° longitude resolution determined by the spatial autocorrelation analysis. Results are compared with four independent global multisatellite rainfall products, namely the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis near-real time and research version rainfall monitoring products, and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project rainfall product. The objectively analyzed rainfall estimates show noticeable improvement over the satellite-based rainfall estimates alone over southern India. Comparison with independent rain gauge observations shows a considerable improvement in terms of correlation, bias and root-mean-square error after objective analysis, especially over the regions where density of rain gauge is fairly good. Overall results reveal that the synergistic use of satellite and in situ observations has potential for more accurate rainfall estimations over the Indian monsoon region.

En este trabajo se busca calcular la precipitación en la región del monzón de la India mediante el uso sinérgico de datos pluviométricos y del algoritmo multiespectral de precipitación del Sistema Nacional de Satélites de la India (IMSRA, por sus siglas en inglés), obtenido mediante el satélite geostacionario Kalpana-1, utilizando un método de rectificación progresivo para corregir las estimaciones de precipitación de IMSRA. El método de rectificación progresiva se beneficia de las altas resoluciones espaciales y temporales del satélite Kalpana-1, así como de estimaciones pluviométricas precisas. Se realiza un análisis preliminar para la temporada 2010 del monzón del suroeste en una escala diaria. El método de rectificación progresiva se aplica a una resolución de 1° x 1° determinada por el análisis de autocorrelación espacial. Los resultados se comparan con cuatro productos multisatelitales independientes de precipitación global: el mapeo satelital global de precipitación; productos de monitoreo de precipitación en tiempo casi real y para investigación del análisis multisatelital de precipitación de la Misión de Medición de Lluvias Tropicales, y el producto del Proyecto Global sobre la Climatología de las Precipitaciones. El análisis objetivo de las estimaciones de precipitación muestra una notable mejoría respecto de las estimaciones basadas sólo en mediciones satelitales en el sur de la India. La comparación con observaciones pluviométricas independientes también muestra una considerable mejoría en términos de correlación, sesgo y error cuadrático medio, especialmente en regiones con buena densidad de mediciones de precipitación. Los resultados globales demuestran que el uso sinérgico de mediciones satelitales e in situ tiene el potencial de facilitar estimaciones de precipitación más exactas en la región del monzón de la India.