ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the correlation of kidney function biomarkers at the first evaluation in dogs with different risk factors identified for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and methods. A descriptive, prospective study of cases and controls of 388 animals, divided into five groups: control group (CG), and four groups of potentially kidney-diseased dogs (pCKD) was carried out. Clinical history, physical examination, body condition score (BCS), complete blood count, biochemical profile with symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA), urinalysis, urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPC), and systemic blood pressure were analyzed. Non-parametric statistics were used, and data were expressed as medians and percentiles; for BCS, Xi2 was used. For biomarkers, Spearman's correlation was performed. Results. For SDMA and serum creatinine (sCr), a moderate correlation was observed for pCKD (r=0.69, p<0.001). Significant differences were observed in the variables age (p=0.002) and BCS (p<0.001) between the CG and the pCKD. Animals with mild azotemia (sCr 125-250 μmol/L) and/or with an SDMA value of 18-35 μm/dL, with or without proteinuria, had a greater probability of presenting an increase in SDMA when the BCS was below 5/9 (OR=3.55, p=0.005). Conclusions. SDMA is a useful complementary biomarker in pre-azotemic stages and advanced stages where there is cachexia and sarcopenia. Biomarkers must be evaluated together to have a complete perspective of renal function in animals with risk factors for developing CKD.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la correlación de los biomarcadores de funcionamiento renal en la primera evaluación en perros con diferentes factores de riesgo identificados para desarrollar enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo de casos y controles de 388 animales, divididos en cinco grupos: grupo control (GC), y cuatro grupos de perros potencialmente enfermos renales (pERC). Se analizaron historia clínica, examen físico, condición corporal (CC), hemograma, perfil bioquímico con dimetilaginina simétrica (SDMA), urianálisis, ratio proteinuria/creatininuria (UPC) y medición de presión arterial sistémica. Se utilizó estadística no paramétrica y los datos fueron expresados en medianas y percentiles; para la CC se utilizó Xi2. Para los biomarcadores se realizó correlación de Spearman. Resultados. Para SDMA y la creatinina sérica (CrS) se observó una correlación moderada para pERC (r=0.69, p<0.001). Se observaron diferencias significativas en las variables edad (p=0.002), y CC (p<0.001) entre el GC y los pERC. Los animales azotemia leve (CrS 125-250 μmol/L) y/o con un valor de SDMA de 18-35 μg/dL, con o sin proteinuria tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de presentar un incremento de SDMA cuando se presentó una CC por debajo de 5/9 (OR=3.55, p=0.005). Conclusiones. El SDMA es un biomarcador complementario útil en etapas preazotémicas y en estadios avanzados donde existen caquexia y sarcopenia. Los biomarcadores deben evaluarse en conjunto para tener perspectiva completa de la función renal en los animales con factores de riesgo para desarrollar ERC.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the impact of metabolic changes occurring in induced subclinical gestation toxaemia in ewes on metabolic parameters and vigour in the first 72 h of their lambs’ life. Fifty-one adult Corriedale ewes of known gestation date and fed on a natural pasture were randomly divided into four groups at day 145 of gestation. Group A (ewes with single pregnancies) and group C (ewes with twin pregnancies) were fed on a natural pasture throughout the trial; group B (ewes with single pregnancies) and group D (ewes with twin pregnancies) were subjected to 75% feed restriction for three days until they reached glycaemia and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) values indicative of subclinical gestational toxaemia. The birth-to-first station and birth-to-first suckling times of the born lambs were studied. Within the first hour after parturition and at 24, 48, and 72 h, glycaemia and BHB concentrations were determined in the blood of lambs, and body temperature and body weight were assessed at the same time. Relative weight gain at 72 h of age was calculated for all lambs. The BHB concentration determined at all times studied showed no difference among the groups. Subclinical gestation toxaemia induced in ewes subjected to feed restriction causes a decrease in the glycaemia of their lambs in the first hour of life; however, it does not cause an increase in ketone bodies. The metabolic changes induced in the mothers do not have negative effects on the vigour of the lambs at birth, as the weight, temperature, and the time it took for lambs to stand and suckle are not affected. However, they have a negative effect on relative weight gain in the critical period of the first 72 h of life. 7 life Fiftyone Fifty one 14 pregnancies trial 75 βhydroxybutyrate β hydroxybutyrate (BHB birthtofirst birth 24 48 however bodies affected However 1 2 4

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to determine the repercussion of the metabolic changes that occur in induced subclinical pregnancy toxemia in single- or twin-bearing ewes on the duration of gestation, type and length of lambing, and placental expulsion time. Fifty-one adult Corriedale ewes with a known gestation date and fed in the wild were randomly divided at day 145 of gestation into four groups. Group A included single-bearing ewes, and C twin-bearing ewes, all of which were fed ad libitum . Group B was composed of single-bearing ewes, and D of twin-bearing ewes, all subjected to a 75% feed restriction until glycemic values were compatible with subclinical pregnancy toxemia. Metabolic parameters were determined in all ewes from day 145 of gestation to 72 h postpartum. Likewise, the duration of gestation, type of lambing (eutocic/dystocic), labor length, and placental expulsion time were recorded. Glycemia and β-hydroxybutyrate values compatible with subclinical pregnancy toxemia were achieved after 48 h of feed restriction, being 30.67±2.37 mg/dL and 1.87±0.12 mmol/L in single-bearing ewes and 28.40±3.39 mg/dL and 2.21±0.42 mmol/L in twin-bearing ewes, respectively. It is concluded that subclinical pregnancy toxemia induced by feed restriction at the end of gestation, frequent situation that occurs in flock management, produces mild metabolic changes, which return to normal values after the delivery. These metabolic changes registered before lambing do not modify the gestation length, do not increase the percentage of dystocical deliveries, nor influence labor length or placental expulsion time.