Resumo: Segundo Lou Salomé, a filosofia de Nietzsche é essencialmente autobiográfica e é melhor compreendida como um tipo de confissão pessoal, memórias ou autorretrato. Na minha opinião, no entanto, essa abordagem está radicalmente equivocada, e a evidência textual mostra, na verdade, o contrário do que Salomé pensa. Nessas passagens, Nietzsche está na verdade criticando filósofos anteriores por cometeram um erro cognitivo falsificador, quando se projetaram, a si mesmos e seus preconceitos, na realidade como um todo.

Abstract: According to Lou Salomé, Nietzsche’s philosophy is essentially autobiographical and is best understood as a kind of personal confession, memoir, or self-portrait. In my view, however, this approach is radically mistaken and the textual evidence actually shows the opposite of what Salomé thinks. In these passages, Nietzsche is actually criticizing past philosophers for committing a falsifying cognitive error when they projected themselves and their personal prejudices into all of reality.

Resumo Esta investigação apresenta a alimentação e a atividade alimentar de bagres ribeirinhos Rita rita ameaçados de extinção, no período de fevereiro de 2017 a janeiro de 2018. Um total de 225 peixes foi analisado quanto ao conteúdo do estômago, caracterizando os itens alimentares dominantes e as características morfométricas. Os resultados apresentaram dez principais itens alimentares consumidos, preferencialmente escamas e ovos de peixes, teleósteos, copépodes, cladóceros, rotíferos e moluscos. O comprimento total e o peso corporal dos peixes variaram entre 9-34 cm (20,53 ± 6,90 cm) e 10-400 g (9125,94 ± 102,07 g), respectivamente. O índice de importância relativa (IRI%) mostrou a importância dos rotíferos sobre os demais itens alimentares. O índice de sobreposição de dieta de Morisita indicou variações sazonais nas dietas de bagres no verão e nas monções, exibindo a menor sobreposição, enquanto a sobreposição máxima ocorreu durante as estações das monções e do inverno. A escala multidimensional não métrica (nMDS) indicou a estreita associação entre os itens alimentares disponíveis durante o verão e o inverno, com uma diferença significativa entre as estações (ANOSIM, R = 0,638, P = 0,013). O índice de amplitude de nicho de Levin foi organizado na ordem de 0,88 > 0,81 > 0,78 > 0,63 > 0,43 para as classes de tamanho de V, IV, III, II e I, respectivamente. O PCA explicou 95,39% da variação total entre os itens alimentares e os grupos de tamanho de peixes. Peixes de pequeno porte apresentaram maior correlação com itens alimentares adequados ao tamanho da boca. Em conclusão, a variedade e a frequência dos itens alimentares registrados indicaram plasticidade alimentar considerável e comportamento alimentar oportunista, com uma mudança da natureza carnívora para onívora. Este estudo pode fornecer informações úteis sobre os hábitos alimentares e de alimentação de R. rita e apresentar subsídios para a preparação de sua dieta em futuras práticas de aquicultura.

Abstract This investigation presents the food and feeding activity of and endangered riverine catfish Rita rita, during February 2017-January 2018. A total of 225 fish individuals was analyzed for stomach contents by characterizing the dominant food items and morphometric features. The results divulged ten major food items consumed, preferably fish scales and eggs, teleost fishes, copepods, cladocerans, rotifers, and mollusks. Total length and body weight of fish varied between 9-34 cm (20.53 ± 6.90 cm) and 10-400 g (9125.94 ± 102.07 g), respectively. The index of relative importance (IRI%) showed the importance of rotifers over the other food items. Morisita’s index of diet overlap indicated seasonal variations in catfish diets with summer and monsoon displaying the least overlap, while maximum overlap during monsoon and winter seasons. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) indicated the close association between the food items available during summer and winter seasons with a significant difference among the seasons (ANOSIM, R = 0.638, P = 0.013). Levin’s niche breadth index arranged in the order of 0.88>0.81>0.78>0.63>0.43 for the size classes of V, IV, III, II and I, respectively. The PCA explained 95.39% of the total variance among the food items and fish size groups. Small-sized fish individuals displayed a greater correlation with food items suitable for their mouth size. In conclusion, the variety and frequency of food items recorded indicated considerable feeding plasticity and opportunistic feeding behavior with a shift from carnivorous to omnivorous feeding nature. This study could render useful information on the food and feeding habits of R. rita and provide background for preparing its diet for future aquaculture practices.

BACKGROUND: Homeless people are a vulnerable population susceptible to physical and mental health care problems. There are, however, limited studies and information regarding the health of the homeless population. AIM: To describe and understand the burden of disease among the homeless population in Tshwane District, Gauteng, South Africa. SETTING: Data were collected from 15 different homeless shelters created during the South African 2020 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in the Tshwane District, from April to July 2020. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the homeless people in the shelters to provide information of self-reported conditions that the homeless populations at the shelters had during the lockdown period. The participants were also screened for medical conditions like, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hypertension (HPT) and diabetes mellites (DM). RESULTS: Results showed a total of 2066 homeless population out of which 1391 took part in the survey. Most of the participants consisted of African males 93.83%, with substance use prevalence in 52.77%. The study showed that the population was very reluctant to share information and had less chronic conditions than originally thought. CONCLUSION: Efforts should be made to improve education and research around the homeless population, by government and non-government facilities by building relationships with homeless shelters in their areas. CONTRIBUTION: This study provides awareness of the homeless population's health and challenges, with the intention to attempt a better understanding of the population that may present themselves to primary healthcare (PHC) facilities and encourage future investigation into how to improve care.

Developers and operators are interested in improving the reliability and reducing the associated costs of wind power plants (WPPs) because of the continuous increase in the power capacity of wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) and the increasing development of WPPs. The electrical subsystem of the WPP experiences the highest failure rate and constitutes a significant proportion of its total cost. Reliability of the WECS can be increased and its cost reduced by eliminating the wind turbine transformer from the electrical subsystem. This study gives a techno-economic evaluation of a five-level nested neutral point clamped (NNPC) converter topology for transformer-less connection of high- power WECSs. The approach entailed the calculation of reliability of five-level NNPC converter topology deployed in the grid-side of a WECSs. This method presents a mathematical formula for deriving the reliability of a five-level NNPC converter topology by using the reliability block diagram and reliability estimation-based models in the military handbook (MIL-HDBK-217F). The cost analysis model shows that the total cost of the five-level diode clamped converter topology was higher than the five-level NNPC converter topology. The study could be extended by carrying out accurate modelling of the mission profile of the presented converter by using multi-domain simulation technique. Highlights: • Power semiconductor devices and capacitors accounts for 50% of converter failure. • Converter topology with fewer capacitors are more reliable and cost-effective.

Resumo A caracterização de lesões focais esplênicas pela ultrassonografia pode ser bastante desafiadora. A introdução da ultrassonografia com contraste por microbolhas vem ganhando papel importante no campo da avaliação por imagem das doenças esplênicas, oferecendo um método livre de radiação ionizante. Após a implementação da ultrassonografia contrastada na prática médica, doenças malignas como linfomas e metástases, bem como benignas, como cistos, lesões traumáticas e hemangiomas, podem ser observadas e caracterizadas de maneira acurada, sem a necessidade de prosseguir a investigação com outros métodos de imagem. Mais especificamente, lesões traumáticas esplênicas podem ser acompanhadas por meio da ultrassonografia contrastada, evitando a radiação ionizante da tomografia computadorizada, uma vez que as fraturas esplênicas e suas potenciais complicações são seguramente demonstradas por esse método ultrassonográfico. Na nova era do uso dos contrastes para ultrassonografia, mais pacientes serão beneficiados por investigações livres de radiação para avaliação de afecções do baço, com alta acurácia diagnóstica.

Abstract The characterization of focal splenic lesions by ultrasound can be quite challenging. The recent introduction of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has come to play a valuable role in the field of imaging splenic pathologies, offering the possibility of an ionizing radiation-free investigation. Because CEUS has been incorporated into everyday clinical practice, malignant diseases such as focal lymphomatous infiltration, metastatic deposits, benign cysts, traumatic fractures, and hemangiomas can now be accurately depicted and characterized without the need for further imaging. More specifically, splenic traumatic fractures do not require additional imaging by computed tomography (with ionizing radiation exposure) for follow-up, because splenic fractures and their complications are safely imaged with CEUS. In the new era of CEUS, more patients benefit from radiation-free investigation of splenic pathologies with high diagnostic accuracy.

Salmonellosis is a common healthcare-associated infection in large-animal hospitals, and surveillance forSalmonella is an integral part of comprehensive infection control programmes in populations at risk. The present study compares the effectiveness of two culture techniques for recovery of Salmonella from environmental samples obtained in a large-animal referral veterinary hospital during a Salmonella outbreak. Environmental samples were collected using household cleaning cloths that were incubated overnight in buffered peptone water (BPW). Aliquots of BPW were then processed using two different selective enrichment and culture techniques. In the first technique (TBG-RV-XLT4) samples were incubated at 43 °C in tetrathionate broth and then Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth before plating on XLT4 agar. The second technique (SEL-XLD) involved incubation at 37 °C in selenite broth before plating on XLD agar. Salmonella was recovered from 49.7% (73/147) of samples using the TBG-RV-XLT4 technique, but only 10.2% (15/147) of samples using the SEL-XLD method. Fourteen samples (9.5%) were culture-positive using both methods, and 73 (49.7%) were culture-negative using both techniques. There were discordant results for 60 samples, including 59 that were only culture-positive using the TBG-RV-XLT4 method, and one sample that was only culture-positive using the SEL-XLD method. Salmonella was much more likely to be recovered using the TBG-RV-XLT4 method, and there appeared to be five times more false-negative results using the SEL-XLD technique. Environmental contamination with Salmonella may be underestimated by certain culture techniques, which may impair efforts to control spread in veterinary hospitals.

The main goal of this paper is to quantitatively analyze the contents of engineering in management information systems and management control programs in Chile. The methodology used is based on the collection and classification of the contents of these programs. The data obtained were analyzed with a statistical technique known as Kruskal-Wallis. The results show that there are significant differences between the new and the traditional engineering programs. In addition, this study involves an analysis that compares the similarity between Chilean and foreign programs and discusses other aspects of the institutions that form these professionals. This paper presents a pioneer study about these university programs in Chile.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar cuantitativamente los contenidos de programas de Ingeniería en Sistemas de Información y Control de Gestión en Chile. El método utilizado se basa en la recolección y clasificación de los contenidos incorporados en las mallas de los programas. Los datos obtenidos se analizan con la técnica estadística Kruskal-Wallis. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias significativas entre estos nuevos programas y las ingenierías tradicionales. Además el estudio incorpora un análisis en relación a programas similares en el extranjero y discute otros aspectos sobre las instituciones que forman estos profesionales. Este estudio es el primero sobre este tipo de programas de formación superior en Chile.

The ritual of Kambô or Sapo is a type of voluntary envenomation. During this purification ritual a shaman healer, from various South American countries, deliberately burns the right shoulder with a glowing stick from a fireplace. Excretions of Phyllomedusa bicolor (or Giant Leaf Frog, Kambô or Sapo) are then applied to these fresh wounds. This ritual is used as a means of purification of the body, supposedly brings luck to hunters, increases stamina and enhances physical and sexual strength. All the peripheral and most of the central effects of the secretion can be ascribed to the exceptionally high content of active peptides, easily absorbed through burned skin. This article describes the ritual and the bio-active peptides from the secretion.

This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between the pre-competitive physical and psychological training sessions load, estimated by the training time, heart rate (HR) and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), with the physical performance of players in the competitive match. To do this, in 21 professional players from the English Football Association Championship Division, HR, RPE, the training time and the specific training time in the high intensity zone were monitored during all the training sessions through all the 5 previous days before the match. It was also recorded the total distance covered and the total distance covered in the high intensity zone for each player in 22 official matches using the multi-camera computerised tracking system ProZone®. The results indicate that the RPE values correlate with the pre-competitive training volume and intensity, and therefore it is a valid tool to quantify the training load. However, within multiple variables involved in the competition, the RPE or the average HR data recorded during the precompetitive training sessions do not seem to be variables that can predict the players' conditional performance during the official matches.

Este estudio se llevó a cabo para determinar la relación existente entre la carga física y psicológica de entrenamiento de las sesiones precompetitivas, estimada mediante el tiempo de entrenamiento, la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE), con el propio rendimiento físico de los jugadores en partido oficial. Para ello, en 21 jugadores profesionales de la Football Association Championship Division inglesa, se monitorizó la FC, PSE, el tiempo de entrenamiento y el tiempo específico sobre la zona de alta intensidad en todas las sesiones de entrenamiento durante los 5 días previos al partido. Se registró igualmente la distancia total cubierta y la distancia cubierta en alta intensidad de cada jugador en 22 partidos oficiales mediante el sistema multi-cámara ProZone®. Los resultados indican que los valores reportados de PSE correlacionan con el volumen y la intensidad de entrenamiento desarrollados durante las sesiones preparatorias, y que por lo tanto es una herramienta válida para cuantificar la carga de entrenamiento. No obstante, dentro de las múltiples variables que intervienen en la competición, estos registros de PSE o el promedio de FC durante las sesiones de entrenamiento precompetitivas, no parecen ser variables que permitan predecir el rendimiento condicional de los jugadores en competición oficial.

El presente trabajo analiza la relación entre demandantes y oferentes de insumos intermedios en la economía boliviana, con el fin de determinar qué actividades tienen un impacto importante sobre el resto de la economía y cuáles están menos integradas a la misma. Para esto se utilizan los índices de Rasmussen, que permiten clasificar las actividades como independientes, estratégicas, de arrastre o actividades clave; esto a partir de la matriz insumo- producto. Los resultados para el año 2008 muestran una economía poco integrada entre sí; de las 35 actividades en las que se clasifica la economía nacional, no existen sectores clave, solo el comercio es un sector de arrastre y existen ocho sectores estratégicos. Algo peculiar del comercio es que genera gran dinamismo en el resto de las actividades económicas a través de sus efectos indirectos sobre el sector transporte, más que por su demanda directa de insumos.

This paper explores the relation between activities in the Bolivian economy as suppliers and demanders of intermediate inputs, this with the purpose to determine which activities have great impact on the rest of the economy and which ones are less integrated. For this, Rasmussen indexes are used, that allow classifying them as independent, push, pull and key activities; this with the help of the input/output matrix. The results, based on 2008 data, show a little integrated economy, which is divided in 35 activities. There are no key activities, 8 activities are considered strategic and only trade is considered a pull sector. Something outstanding about the results is that trade generates great dynamism in the rest of activities through its indirect effects on transportation, more than because of its direct demand of inputs.

En este trabajo se describe el género Catrachia y dos especies nuevas, Catrachia mariana y Catrachia nica de Honduras y Nicaragua respectivamente. En análisis filogenético basado en caracteres morfológicos demostró que Catrachia es un grupo monofilético fuertemente soportado lo cual permite su consideración como género nuevo.

A new genus and two species of Melolonthinae from Honduras and Nicaragua are described. A phylogenetic analysis, carried out using morphological characters, suggests that Catrachia is a strongly supported monophyletic group. Catrachia is therefore established as a new genus, constituted by two new species, Catrachia mariana and Catrachia nica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54(1): 000-000. Epub 2006 Mar 31.

Quarenta e oito populações de Rotylenchulus reniformis foram recuperadas de amostras de solo e raízes de diferentes culturas e inoculadas em diferentes plantas hospedeiras, mantidas em microparcelas no Departamento de Fitossanidade da UNESP/FCAV, Campus de Jaboticabal, São Paulo. Os sintomas da doença causada pelo nematóide em algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum), no campo, foram documentados, bem como o hábito de parasitismo do nematóide em raízes de algodão e de mamoeiro (Carica papaya), utilizando-se de coloração in situ do nematóide com fuccina ácida. Efetuou-se a comparação morfológica de todas as populações, ao microscópio óptico composto, em montagens temporárias e, de algumas, ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Para as observações ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura, fêmeas adultas presas às raízes foram fixadas em glutaraldeído e pós-fixadas em tetróxido de ósmio, desidratadas em álcool etílico, secas em secador de ponto crítico, montadas, recobertas com 35 nm de ouro, observadas e elétromicrografadas em 15 kV. Os dados obtidos confirmam que R. reniformis é a única espécie do gênero distribuída nos agroecossistemas brasileiros e que a amplitude de variação de caracteres morfométricos em populações brasileiras desse nematóide, tais como comprimento do estilete, V % e forma da cauda, é maior que em populações da mesma espécie de outras regiões do mundo. Foram ilustradas fêmeas jovens de R. reniformis com a cauda bifurcada, e esse detalhe da morfologia do nematóide ainda não havia sido relatado.

Forty-eight populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis were obtained from soil and root samples of different crops and inoculated into various host plants grown in microplots at the Departamento de Fitossanidade of the Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. The symptoms of the disease caused by the nematode in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants were documented in field and the parasitic behavior of the nematode in roots of cotton and papaya (Carica papaya) plants were investigated by in situ staining of the nematode with acid fuchsin. All populations were studied with light microscopy in temporary mounts and some were also examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For SEM, mature females attached to roots were fixed in buffered glutaraldehyde and post-fixed in osmium tetroxide. The samples were then dehydrated in ethanol, dried in a critical point dessicator, mounted, coated with a 35-nm layer of gold, examined and electronmicrographed at 15 kV. The data confirm that R. reniformis is the only species of the genus distributed in Brazil and based on data from the literature, the variations of the morphometric characteristics among R. reniformis Brazilian populations, such as stylet length, V % and tail shape are greater than in populations of the same species from other parts of the world. Young females with bifurcated tails were documented in R. reniformis, a morphological feature that had not been previously reported.

Clinical and experimental investigations suggest that allergen-specific CD4+ T-cells, IgE and the cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 play central roles in initiating and sustaining an asthmatic response by regulating the recruitment and/or activation of airways mast cells and eosinophils. IL-5 plays a unique role in eosinophil development and activation and has been strongly implicated in the aetiology of asthma. The present paper summarizes our recent investigations on the role of these cytokines using cytokine knockout mice and a mouse aeroallergen model. Investigations in IL-5-/- mice indicate that this cytokine is critical for regulating aeroallergen-induced eosinophilia, the onset of lung damage and airways hyperreactivity during allergic airways inflammation. While IL-4 and allergen-specific IgE play important roles in the regulation of allergic disease, recent investigations in IL4-/- mice suggest that allergic airways inflammation can occur via pathways which operate independently of these molecules. Activation of these IL-4 independent pathways are also intimately associated with CD4+ T-cells, IL-5 signal transduction and eosinophilic inflammation. Such IL-5 regulated pathways may also play a substantive role in the aetiology of asthma. Thus, evidence is now emerging that allergic airways disease is regulated by humoral and cell mediated processes. The central role of IL-5 in both components of allergic disease highlights the requirements for highly specific therapeutic agents which inhibit the production or action of this cytokine.

Eosinophil recruitment is a characteristic feature of a number of pathological conditions and was the topic of the recent International Symposium on allergic inflammation, asthma, parasitic and infectious diseases (Rio de Janeiro, June 3-5, 1996). Since interleukin5 (IL5) is believed to regulate the growth, differentiation and activation of eosinophils (Coffman et al. 1989, Sanderson 1992), the role of eosinophils and IL5 are closely linked. Although IL5 specifically regulates eosinophilia in vivo and this is its most well established activity, it is becoming clear that IL5 also has other biological effects. The recent derivation of an IL5 deficient mouse (Kopf et al. 1996), provides a model for exploring not only the role of IL5 and eosinophils but also other novel activities of IL5. Of note is that although the IL5 deficient mice cannot elicit a pronounced eosinophilia in response to inflammatory stimulation following aeroallergen challenge or parasite infection they still produce basal levels of eosinophils that appear to be morphologically and functionally normal. However, the basal levels of eosinophils appear insufficient for normal host defence as IL5 deficiency has now been shown to compromise defence against several helminth infections. In addition, IL5 deficient mice appear to have functional deficiencies in B-1 B lymphocytes and in IgA production.