Three field experiments were carried out to assess the level of resistance of several cultivars to early blight (EB) and to examine the association between host resistance and either foliage maturity or tuber skin types. A total of 26 cultivars were used in Exps. 1 and 2, and 24 in Exp. 3. Plants were inoculated with isolates of Alternaria grandis at 31 days after planting. EB severity was quantified in each plot every seven days. The approach to determine the resistance levels of potato cultivars was based on multivariate analysis techniques. The tested cultivars responded as either resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible or susceptible to EB. Most of the cultivars were classified as susceptible or moderately susceptible to EB. Resistant cultivars were mid-season, mid-late or late maturity. None of the susceptible cultivars were later maturity (mid-late or late maturity). In most cases, susceptible cultivars were earlier maturity (early or mid-early maturity). Most resistant cultivars had rough, mid-rough or smooth skin. None of the susceptible cultivars had rough skin. In most cases, susceptible or moderately susceptible cultivars had smooth skin. Obtaining potato cultivars that are resistant to this destructive disease will help reduce production costs and the need for costly fungicides.

Objetivando estudar o desenvolvimento da pinta-preta (Alternaria solani) do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) sob diferentes regimes de pulverização com calda Viçosa, um ensaio foi conduzido, utilizando os seguintes tratamentos: 1) aplicação semanal; 2) aplicação com base nos sistemas de previsão TOMCAST (VSD20); 3) CUFAST; e 4) FAST. As aplicações semanais foram iniciadas na segunda semana após o transplantio enquanto as outras foram feitas com base nos respectivos modelos de previsão. As avaliações da severidade foram feitas semanalmente com o auxílio de uma escala diagramática e os dados foram submetidos ao ajustamento dos modelos de Gompertz, logístico e monomolecular, por meio de análise de regressão linear. O modelo logístico se ajustou melhor aos dados e foi utilizado para determinar as taxas de progresso da doença (r) que, juntamente com a AACPD, foram utilizadas para comparar os tratamentos. O tratamento semanal proporcionou menor taxa de progresso de doença e AACPD, sem, no entanto, diferir significativamente dos efeitos dos tratamentos baseados nos modelos TOMCAST e FAST. Comparados com o regime de pulverização semanal, os regimes baseados nestes dois modelos permitiram uma redução da severidade da pinta-preta com 40 a 60% de redução no número de aplicações de fungicida.

A field trial was conducted in order to stud the development of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) early blight caused by Alternaria solani using four different spraying treatments: 1) weekly sprays; 2) application according to the TOMCAST (VSD20); 3) CUFAST; and 4) FAST forecasting system. The fungicide used was Viçosa Mixture, a nutrient amended Bordeaux mixture. Weekly sprays were begun in the second week after planting while the other spray treatmets were made according to each respective forecasting model. Disease severity was assessed weekly with the aid of a diagrammatic scale. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate accuracy-of-fit for the Gompertz, logistic, and monomolecular mathematical models and the disease progress data. The logistic model best described disease progress over time. The apparent infection rate (r), for the logistic model, and AUDPC values, were used to compare treatments. Disease progress rate (r) and AUDPC values for the weekly spraying treatment were the lowest. However, they were not statistically different from the treatments based on the TOMCAST and FAST schedules. Compared with the weekly spray regime to limit early blight severity, the spraying schedules associated with TOMCAST and FAST resulted in 40 to 60% fewer applications.

Este trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito da temperatura e do molhamento foliar no desenvolvimento da ferrugem e da mancha angular do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris). Foram conduzidos ensaios em condições de campo durante os plantios das águas (outubro a dezembro), de inverno (maio a agosto) e da seca (fevereiro a maio). Os ensaios foram instalados em blocos casualizados com três repetições e dois tratamentos. Os tratamentos consistiram de: 1) inoculação com Uromyces appendiculatus e 2) inoculação com Phaeoisariopsis griseola. No inverno, a ferrugem ocorreu com maior intensidade, atingindo um valor máximo de severidade (Ymax) igual a 1,3 e as maiores taxas de crescimento (0,09, 0,04 e 0,07 aos 34, 55 e 62 dias, respectivamente), devido à predominância, nessa época, de temperaturas inferiores a 21,1 °C, e de maior número de horas diárias com temperaturas menores ou iguais a 16 °C, quando ocorreu molhamento foliar. Nos plantios das águas e da seca, a mancha angular ocorreu com maior intensidade, atingindo Ymax iguais a 2,6 e 3,5, respectivamente e as maiores taxas de crescimento (0,06, 0,02 e 0,15 aos 46, 60 e 67 dias, respectivamente, no plantio das águas, e 0,13 e 0,38 aos 51 e 58 dias, respectivamente, no plantio da seca), devido à predominância, nessa época, de temperaturas superiores a 21,1 °C, quando ocorreu molhamento foliar e não ocorrência de temperaturas menores ou iguais a 16 °C. Com esse estudo pôde-se caracterizar, em função das condições climáticas, o plantio de inverno como favorável à ocorrência da ferrugem e os plantios da água e da seca como favorável à ocorrência da mancha angular.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of temperature and foliage wetness on the development of rust and angular leaf spot on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Three field experiments were performed during three different growing seasons: from October to December 1998 (spring); May to August 1999 (winter) and from February to May (autumn). All trials were set in completely randomized block designs with three replicates and two treatments. The treatments were: 1) Inoculation with Uromyces appendiculatus and 2) Inoculation with Phaeoisariopsis griseola. the weather conditions prevalent in each of the seasons determined the maximum disease levels of each disease. Temperatures around 16 °C that prevailed during the winter favored foliage wetness and was beneficial for rust occurrence leading to higher values of maximum rust severity (Ymax=1.3) and growth rates (0.09, 0.04 and 0.07 on 34, 55 and 62 days, respectively). During spring and autumn conditions angular leaf spot was more intense and the values of maximum rust severity were equal to 2.6 and 3.5, respectively. Spring growth rates were 0.06, 0.02 and 0.15 on 46, 60 and 67 days, respectively, while autumn conditions led to growth rates of 0.13 and 0.38 on 51 and 58 days, respectively. Based on these results it can be concluded that winter conditions were more favorable for rust epidemics, while spring and autumn conditions were more favorable for angular leaf spot epidemics.