Abstract Patients with chronic liver disease of any etiology who become infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been found to have a higher risk of mortality compared to those patients who do not have chronic liver disease. A literature review was conducted in the relationship between COVID 19 and preexistence of liver disease. The proportion of COVID-19 patients with abnormal liver function on admission ranged from 40 % to 75 % and the proportion with liver injury was close to 30%. Current studies show an important association between preexisting liver disease and COVID-19. The presence of cirrhosis is now an independent predictor of severity for COVID-19 and prolonged hospitalization in this group of patients. Patients with cirrhosis have a higher mortality rate, and this rate rises with increasing severity.

Resumen Pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica de cualquier etiología que se infectan con SARS-CoV-2 tienen un mayor riesgo de mortalidad en comparación con aquellos pacientes que no tienen enfermedad hepática crónica. Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura en relación a lo publicado de COVID 19 y enfermedad hepática pre-existente. La proporción de pacientes con COVID-19 con función hepática anormal al ingreso osciló entre el 40 % y el 75 % y la proporción con daño hepático fue cercana al 30 %. Los estudios actuales muestran una asociación importante entre la enfermedad hepática preexistente y la COVID-19. La presencia de cirrosis es ahora un predictor independiente de gravedad para COVID-19 y hospitalización prolongada en este grupo de pacientes. Los pacientes con cirrosis tienen una mayor tasa de mortalidad y esta tasa se incrementa con el aumento de la gravedad de la enfermedad hepática.

Abstract COVID-19 is mainly a respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 but can also lead to GI symptoms. The primary host receptor which mediates the mechanism as SARS-CoV-2 enters the cell is the ACE2 receptor. Therefore, GI symptoms can be common in COVID-19, and in some cases, they are the first manifestation even before fever and respiratory symptoms. In addition, the liver function tests alteration often is related to a worse prognosis. The exact incidence of GI symptoms is a matter of debate. Moreover, wide variation concerning GI symptoms frequency exists, but the predominant ones seem to be diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain or discomfort. This review summarizes the most relevant findings of COVID-19 on the digestive system, including the liver, biliary tract, pancreas, the most common GI symptoms, and the atypical clinical GI manifestations.

Abstract At the beginning of 2022, in the United Kingdom, and later in several European countries, a group of pediatric patients who developed acute hepatitis of so far unknown origin was reported. Clinical data include nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and liver failure; some patients require liver transplantation. The affected population is younger than 10 years of age. The probable etiological agent is adenovirus genotype F41, and toxic factors have been ruled out, as well as a relationship with COVID-19. There are several theories to explain this phenomenon, which are being investigated.

Resumen A inicios de 2022, en Reino Unido, y posteriormente en varios países europeos, se informó sobre un grupo de pacientes pediátricos que desarrollaron hepatitis aguda de origen desconocido hasta ahora. Los datos clínicos consisten en náusea, vómito, ictericia y falla hepática; algunos pacientes necesitan trasplante hepático. La población afectada es menor a los 10 años. El agente etiológico probable es el adenovirus genotipo F41 y se han descartado factores tóxicos, así como la relación con COVID-19. Existen varias teorías para explicar este fenómeno, las cuales se están investigando.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A supressão de ácido tem sido associada a efeitos adversos, tais como infecções entéricas. Inibidores da bomba protônica são frequentemente prescritos em pacientes com cirrose, mas não está claro se o inibidor de bomba de próton (IBP) está associado ao desenvolvimento de infecções bacterianas nesses pacientes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da ingestão de IBP no desenvolvimento de infecção bacteriana, viral e fúngica em pacientes com cirrose. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo de coorte observacional, retrospectivo, histórico. A coorte exposta incluiu pacientes com cirrose e com uso crônico de IBP. A coorte de não expostos não estava usando IBP. O período de seguimento foi de 3 anos, procurando-se nos registros médicos qualquer evento de infecção bacteriana, confirmada pela cultura bacteriológica. RESULTADOS: Cento e treze pacientes preencheram os critérios de seleção, 44 (39%) pacientes faziam uso crônico de IBP; deles, 28 (63,6%) não tinham uma indicação clínica clara para justificar a prescrição de IBP. Vinte e quatro (21,2%) pacientes desenvolveram infecções bacterianas durante o período de seguimento. Na análise univariada, cirrose descompensada (Child B/C), presença de ascite, história de hemorragia varicosa e consumo crônico de IBP foram fatores de risco relacionados ao desenvolvimento de infecções. Porém, na análise multivariada ajustada, somente o uso crônico de IBP foi associado ao desenvolvimento de infecções (RR=3,6; 95% CI = 1.1-12.3; P=0,04). CONCLUSÃO: Há uma prescrição excessiva de PPI sem uma indicação clínica justificada. O consumo de longo prazo do IBP em pacientes com cirrose é associado ao desenvolvimento de infecções bacterianas. Portanto, essas drogas devem ser cuidadosamente prescritas nesta população específica.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Acid suppression has been associated with adverse events; such as, enteric infections. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are frequently prescribed in patients with cirrhosis, but is unclear if PPI are associated with the development of bacterial infections in these patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of PPI intake on the development of bacterial, viral and fungal infections in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: An observational, retrospective, historic cohort study. The exposed cohort included patients with cirrhosis with chronic use of PPI. The non-exposed cohort had not been using PPI. The follow-up period was 3 years, searching in the medical records for any events of bacterial infection confirmed by bacteriological culture. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen patients met the selection criteria, 44 (39%) had chronic use of PPI; of them, 28 (63.6%) patients had not a clear clinical indication to justify the prescription of PPI. Twenty four (21.2%) patients developed bacterial infections during the follow-up period. In the univariate analysis, decompensated cirrhosis (Child B/C), presence of ascites, history of variceal bleeding, and chronic consumption of PPI were risk factors related to the development of infections. But, in the adjusted multivariate analysis only the chronic use of PPI was associated with development of infections (RR=3.6; 95% CI=1.1-12.3; P=0.04). CONCLUSION: There is an over-prescription of PPI without a justified clinical indication. The long-term consumption of PPI in patients with cirrhosis is associated with the development of bacterial infections; therefore these drugs must be carefully prescribed in this specific population.