Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is caused by dimorphic fungi from theParacoccidioides brasiliensis complex. Previous studies have demonstrated that the severity of disease is associated with a T-helper 2 immune response characterised by high interleukin (IL)-4 production. In the present study we analysed two polymorphisms in the IL-4gene (-590 C/T and intron-3 microsatellite) in 76 patients with PCM and 73 control subjects from an endemic area. The production of IL-4 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after antigen or phytohaemagglutinin stimulation was determined by ELISA. A significant correlation was observed between the RP2/RP2 intron-3 genotype and infection with Paracoccidioides sp.(p = 0.011), whereas the RP1/RP1 genotype was correlated with resistance. No significant correlation was observed for the IL-4promoter polymorphism. Furthermore, the low IL-4 expression observed in the control group compared with patients was associated with the RP1/RP1 genotype. These results suggest that IL-4polymorphisms might be associated with the ability of the host to control Paracoccidioides sp.infection. The relevance of this polymorphism is supported by the observation that patients with disease produce high levels of IL-4 following mitogen or antigen stimulation. The IL-4gene is located in the cytokine cluster region of chromosome 5 where other polymorphisms have also been described.

A doença de Chagas é uma importante doença parasitária crônica, que acomete cerca de 9-11 milhões de pessoas na América Latina. Provavelmente, uma combinação de fatores relacionados ao parasito e ao hospedeiro podem ser os responsáveis pela patogênese na fase crônica da doença. Dentre os fatores relacionados ao hospedeiro, a resposta imunológica é um parâmetro de especial interesse. Objetivamos avaliar os níveis plasmáticos das citocinas interferon gama, interleucina 10, fator de necrose tumoral alfa e das imunoglobulinas G total, 3 e 4, por ELISA e do óxido nítrico, pela reação de Griess, entre indivíduos soronegativos e soropositivos para Trypanosoma cruzi, com as formas clínicas cardíaca, indeterminada e digestiva. Os indivíduos soropositivos para Trypanosoma cruzi produziram níveis significativamente mais elevados de imunoglobulinas G total e G3. Indivíduos com a forma digestiva apresentam níveis mais elevados de imunoglobulina G4 e interleucina 10. Entretanto, tais indivíduos apresentaram menores níveis de óxido nítrico do que controles. Os resultados sugerem que os maiores níveis de IL-10 observados nos indivíduos com a forma digestiva poderiam contribuir com os maiores níveis de IgG4 específicos observados.

Chagas disease is an important chronic parasitic disease that affects around 9-11 million people in Latin America. A combination of parasite and host-related factors are probably responsible for pathogenesis in the chronic phase of the disease. Among the host-related factors, the immunological response is a parameter of special interest. Our aim here was to evaluate the plasma levels of the cytokines interferon gamma, interleukin 10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha and the immunoglobulins total IgG and its subclasses 3 and 4, by means of ELISA, and the levels of nitric oxide by means of the Griess reaction, among individuals who were seropositive for Trypanosoma cruzi, presenting the cardiac, indeterminate and digestive clinical forms of the disease, and among seronegative individuals. The seropositive individuals produced significantly higher levels of total IgG and IgG-3. Individuals with the digestive form presented higher levels of IgG-4 and interleukin 10. However, these individuals presented lower levels of nitric oxide than the controls did. The results suggest that the higher levels of interleukin 10 observed among individuals with the digestive form may contribute towards the higher levels of the specific IgG-4 that were seen.