ABSTRACT There has long been a discussion about the effects of soil management on its structure. Since changes can occur due to management and time of use, more accurate assessments can be achieved if carried out in long-term experiments. This study investigated the long-term effects of soil management on the physical quality of a Cerrado Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho), focusing on microstructural changes. Micromorphology and computed tomography techniques were used to assess the soil's microstructure. The study compared areas under long-term and different soil management practices, including disc plowing, no-tillage, and disc harrow+subsoiler. A native Cerrado area was considered as the reference. Micromorphology revealed some changes in the pedological features of soil aggregates, but the granular structure showed good resistance even after two decades of use and management. It also indicated a decrease in larger pores and an increase in the surface soil layer micropores for the disc plowing and no-tillage treatments. These results were consistent with traditional laboratory evaluations of soil porosity. Computed tomography was limited due to increased soil bulk density in the cultivated treatments, but it showed potential for assessing soil porosity and pore connectivity. We concluded that micromorphology effectively identifies microstructural changes in Oxisols with small and strong granular structures, and the granular soil aggregates displayed resilience even after long-term management. The micromorphometric evaluation corroborates with traditional methods and suggests loss of pores associated with the disc harrow+subsoiler treatment.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a sorção e dessorção do herbicida imazaquin em amostras de solos brasileiros, superficiais e subsuperficiais. Para os ensaios de sorção e dessorção, utilizou-se metodologia de equilíbrio de partição e quantificação por cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho. Os valores de Kf,ads foram positivamente correlacionados com os teores de argila, e negativamente correlacionados com o pH do sobrenadante. Para as amostras do Latossolo Vermelho férrico textura argilosa, maiores teores de argila acarretaram maiores valores de Kf,ads, e a correlação com carbono orgânico, silte, capacidade de troca catiônica e pH foi negativa.

The objective of this work was to study the sorption and desorption of imazaquin, in surface and subsurface soil samples from Brazil. Sorption and desorption steps were carried out using batch equilibration and high performance liquid chromatography analytical routines. The value of Kf,ads was positively correlated with clay content, and negatively correlated with pH of supernatant. Samples from Typic Haplustox, clayey soil profile having high clay content, provided higher Kf,ads values, and negative correlation with organic carbon, silt content, cation exchange capacity and pH.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da variabilidade do pH e da matéria orgânica de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura argilosa, sob diferentes manejos na retenção do herbicida imazaquin. A retenção deste herbicida foi medida pelo coeficiente de partição solo-água (Kd) em amostras de solos coletados na camada superficial (0-15 cm) em área de 38 ha, sob irrigação com pivô central e plantio direto e convencional. A retenção do imazaquin foi maior nas áreas com menores valores de pH e altos teores de matéria orgânica, ou seja, nas áreas onde o plantio direto foi utilizado por longo tempo. O pH afetou a retenção do imazaquin por controlar tanto a natureza iônica dos componentes do solo, matéria orgânica e minerais de argila, quanto a sua especiação. O teor de argila não apresentou variação na área estudada, ou seja, não afetou a retenção do imazaquin. O modelo de predição da sorção do imazaquin no solo pela análise de regressão multivariada com duas variáveis independentes (teor de matéria orgânica e pH) apresentou boa correlação (R² = 0,91).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of spatial variation of pH and organic matter of a Dark Red soil, under different managements, on imazaquin herbicide sorption. Soil-water sorption partitioning coefficient (Kd) was used in surface soil samples collected at 0-15 cm layer in a 38 ha area, under central pivot irrigation and with till and no-till management. Herbicide sorption was most strongly related to soil organic matter content and pH, revealing greatest sorption in lower pH values with greater soil organic matter content. These samples were collected at no-till management area. The pH effects on imazaquin retention occur either by controlling the organic matter ionization form as also its speciation. The clay content in the whole area had no variation, however, it didn't affect the Kd values. Using multivariate regression and two independent variables (soil organic matter content and pH), the prediction of herbicide sorption by soil was good (R² = 0.91).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito de níveis de palha de milho e da mistura formulada atrazine e metolachlor no controle de plantas daninhas na cultura de milho, em sistema de plantio direto. O ensaio foi realizado num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, argiloso, fase cerrado, sendo a dessecação do mato feita com glyphosate, 15 dias antes do plantio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e com três repetições. Antes do plantio do milho, distribuíram-se cinco níveis de palha de milho (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 tha-1), nas parcelas, de modo uniforme. Nas subparcelas, após o plantio, foram considerados dois tratamentos referentes a herbicida: ausência de herbicida ou a dose de 6,0 Lha-1 de atrazine, e metolachlor (1.200+ 1.800gha-1). Avaliou-se o número das plantas daninhas, por espécie, aos 26 e 41 dias após o plantio. O número total de plantas daninhas foi reduzido significativamente pelos níveis de palha, independentemente da presença do herbicida e da época de avaliação. O herbicida não apresentou efeito significativo na primeira época de avaliação; entretanto, na segunda, a redução no número total de plantas daninhas foi de, aproximadamente, 53% em relação às parcelas que não o receberam. A população total de planta daninha foi significativamente superior na segunda avaliação, na ausência do herbicida. Na presença do herbicida, não houve diferença significativa na população total de invasoras entre as duas épocas de avaliação.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of corn plant residue and mixture of atrazine plus metolachlor on weed control in no-till corn system. This experiment was performed in an Oxisol, and the weed desiccation was done using glyphosate, 15 days before planting. The experimental design was a randomized block, with three replications. Before corn planting, five levels of corn plant residues (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12tha-1) were equally distributed in the plots. Two treatments were applied in subplots after corn planting: one without herbicide and the other one using the commercial mixture of atrazine plus metolachlor (1,200+ 1,800gha-1). Different weed species were evaluated, at 26 and 41 days after planting. The total grass weeds number was significantly affected by the plant residue levels, independently of herbicide treatments and of evaluation period. The herbicide did not show a significant effect in the first evaluation period. However, in the second evaluation period, the herbicide reduced about 53% the total number of weeds compared to the plots without herbicide. It was verified that in the herbicide absence the total population of weeds were significantly higher in the second evaluation period. However, in the herbicide presence there was no significant difference in the total population of weeds between the two evaluated periods.