Abstract Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem and approaches that consider Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) can bring new perspectives of solution. About 80% of the amount of vitamin D that the body needs is produced endogenously through exposure of the skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight. The average UVB exposure in urban areas will depend in part on the local climate and the amount of cover and types of trees. The study analyzed the association between green areas and vitamin D levels. A sample of 101 women aged 35 years and over, living in the city of Araraquara, Brazil, was analyzed. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated as an indicator of exposure to green areas, being defined as the surrounding residential vegetation. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between residential vegetation index and vitamin D status. A statistically significant positive association was observed between exposure to below-median residential surrounding vegetation index and prevalence of insufficient levels of 25(HO)D (P=0,03). The study shows that lower levels of residential green are associated with a higher prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency. NbS approaches contribute to a better understanding of suitable environments for achieving good levels of vitamin D, avoiding the need for pharmaceutical supplementation of the nutrient.

Résumé La carence en vitamine D est un problème de santé mondial et les approches qui considèrent les solutions basées sur la nature (NbS) peuvent apporter de nouvelles perspectives de solution. Environ 80% de la quantité de vitamine D dont le corps a besoin est produite de manière endogène par l’exposition de la peau aux rayons ultraviolets B (UVB) du soleil. L’exposition moyenne aux UVB dans les zones urbaines dépendra en partie du climat local et de la quantité de couverture et des types d’arbres. L’étude a analysé l’association entre les espaces verts et les niveaux de vitamine D. Un échantillon de 101 femmes, âgées de 35 ans et plus, vivant dans la ville d’Araraquara, au Brésil, a été analysé. L’indice de végétation par différence normalisée (NDVI) a été calculé comme un indicateur d’exposition aux espaces verts, définis comme la végétation résidentielle environnante. Un modèle de régression logistique a été utilisé pour analyser l’association entre l’indice de végétation résidentielle et le statut en vitamine D. Une association positive statistiquement significative a été observée entre l’exposition à un indice de végétation environnante résidentiel inférieur à la médiane et la prévalence de niveaux insuffisants de vitamine D 25(HO)D (P=0,03). L’étude montre que des niveaux inférieurs de vert résidentiel sont associés à une prévalence plus élevée d’insuffisance en vitamine D. Les approches NbS contribuent à une meilleure compréhension des environnements appropriés pour atteindre de bons niveaux de vitamine D, évitant ainsi le besoin d’une supplémentation pharmaceutique du nutriment.

Resumen La deficiencia de vitamina D es un problema de salud mundial y los enfoques que consideran las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) pueden traer nuevas perspectivas de solución. Alrededor del 80% de la cantidad de vitamina D que el cuerpo necesita se produce de forma endógena a través de la exposición de la piel a la radiación ultravioleta B (UVB) de la luz solar. La exposición promedio a los rayos UVB en áreas urbanas dependerá en parte del clima local y la cantidad de cobertura y tipos de árboles. El estudio analizó la asociación entre las áreas verdes y los niveles de vitamina D. Se analizó una muestra de 101 mujeres, de 35 años o más, residentes en la ciudad de Araraquara, Brasil. El Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI) se calculó como un indicador de exposición a las áreas verdes, definiéndose como la vegetación residencial circundante. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística para analizar la asociación entre el índice de vegetación residencial y los niveles de vitamina D. Se observó una asociación positiva estadísticamente significativa entre la exposición a un índice de vegetación circundante residencial por debajo de la mediana y la prevalencia de niveles insuficientes de vitamina 25(HO)D (P=0,03). El estudio muestra que los niveles más bajos de verde residencial están asociados con una mayor prevalencia de insuficiencia de vitamina D. Los enfoques de NbS contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de los entornos adecuados para lograr buenos niveles de vitamina D, evitando la necesidad de suplementos farmacéuticos del nutriente.

Resumo A deficiência de vitamina D é um problema de saúde global e as abordagens que consideram as Soluções baseadas na Natureza (NbS) podem trazer novas perspectivas de solução. Cerca de 80% da quantidade de vitamina D que o corpo precisa é produzida endogenamente por meio da exposição da pele à radiação ultravioleta B (UVB) da luz solar. A exposição média à UVB em áreas urbanas dependerá em parte do clima local e da quantidade de cobertura e tipos de árvores. Este estudo discute a associação entre áreas verdes e níveis de vitamina D. Foi analisada uma amostra de 101 mulheres com 35 anos ou mais de idade, moradoras da cidade de Araraquara, Brasil. O Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) foi calculado como indicador de exposição às áreas verdes, sendo definido como a vegetação circundante residencial. Foi utilizado o modelo de regressão logística para analisar a associação entre o índice de vegetação residencial e o status (níveis) de vitamina D. Observou-se uma associação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre a exposição ao índice de vegetação circundante residencial abaixo da mediana e a prevalência de níveis insuficientes de 25(HO)D (P=0,03). O estudo mostra que níveis mais baixos de verde residencial estão associados à maior prevalência de insuficiência de vitamina D. Desta forma, as abordagens NbS contribuem para melhor compreensão dos ambientes adequados para o alcance de bons níveis de vitamina D, evitando a necessidade de suplementação farmacêutica do nutriente.

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou o efeito de açafrão em pó (AP) sobre a produtividade e qualidade de ovos de codornas e sobre a qualidade de ovos armazenados em diferentes temperaturas por 7 ou 14 dias. Codornas foram distribuídas em três tratamentos que consistiram em dietas baseadas em sorgo com (1,5 e 3%) ou sem inclusão de AP e cinco repetições por 84 dias. Ovos foram armazenados em temperatura ambiente ou refrigerados por 7 ou 14 dias em arranjo fatorial 3 × 2 × 2 com três níveis de AP × duas temperaturas de armazenamento (TA) × dois períodos de armazenamento (PA). A inclusão de AP não afetou o desempenho das codornas ou a qualidade de ovo aos 84 dias. A interação TA × PA influenciou a altura e o diâmetro de gema e albúmen e o valor de unidade Haugh. Ovos de codornas com dietas suplementadas com 3% AP e armazenados por 14 dias mostraram peso específico similar ao de ovos armazenados por 7 dias, independente da suplementação com AP. Concluiu-se que dietas com 3% de AP não afetaram o desempenho e qualidade de ovos frescos mas melhorou a qualidade de ovos armazenados por 14 dias em temperatura ambiente.

SUMMARY This study evaluated the effect of turmeric powder (TP) on the productivity and egg quality of quails and on the quality of eggs stored at different temperatures for 7 or 14 d. Quails were distributed in three treatments that consisted of sorghum-based diets with 1.5% and 3% TP or zero TP inclusion, with five replicates for 84 d. Eggs were stored at ambient temperature or refrigerated for 7 or 14 d in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with three TP levels × two storage temperatures (ST) × two storage periods (SP). Inclusion of TP did not affect the performance of the quails or egg quality at 84 d. Interaction SP × ST influenced the height and diameter of yolk and albumen, and the Haugh unit value. Eggs of quails with a diet supplemented with 3% TP and stored for 14 d showed specific gravity similar to the eggs stored for 7 d, despite the TP supplementation. It was concluded that diets with 3% TP did not affect the performance and quality of fresh eggs but improved the quality of eggs stored for 14 d at ambient temperature.

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to investigate the origin of imported cases of dengue in the city of Araraquara, Brazil and to describe the disease’s main epidemiological characteristics. The study encompassed all confirmed cases of dengue recorded in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) [Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação] from 1998 to 2013. Cases whose origin of infection was likely located outside Araraquara were considered imported. The epidemiological study entailed a descriptive analysis of the data, regarding the distribution of cases by sex, age, and classification of imported and autochthonous cases. A geographic information system was used to map flows and estimate distances. There were 6,913 confirmed cases, 419 of which were imported. In most cases, the origin of infection was located in the state of São Paulo as well as other Brazilian regions. The results indicate the relevance of imported cases and differences in the epidemiological profile with respect to age and sex. Conclusions indicate the need to increase epidemiological and environmental health surveillance at ports, airports, truck stops, and bus and train terminals.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar el origen de los casos importados de dengue en la ciudad de Araraquara, Brasil y describir las principales características epidemiológicas. El estudio abarcó todos los casos confirmados de dengue registrados en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (SINAN) [Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação] de 1998-2013. Se consideraron como casos importados aquellos cuyo lugar de origen de infección se ubicara fuera de Araraquara. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la distribución de los casos por género, edad y clasificación de casos importados y autóctonos. Se utilizó un sistema de información geográfica para mapear los flujos y estimar las distancias de los puntos de contagio. Se incluyeron 6.913 casos confirmados, de los cuales 419 fueron importados. En la mayoría de estos casos, el origen de infección se ubicó en el estado de San Pablo, además de otras regiones brasileñas. Los resultados indican la relevancia de los casos importados y diferencias en el perfil epidemiológico por edad y sexo. Las conclusiones indican la necesidad de aumentar la vigilancia epidemiológica y de salud ambiental en los puertos, aeropuertos, paradas de camiones y terminales de buses y trenes.

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to investigate the origin of imported cases of dengue in the city of Araraquara, Brazil and to describe the disease’s main epidemiological characteristics. The study encompassed all confirmed cases of dengue recorded in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) [Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação] from 1998 to 2013. Cases whose origin of infection was likely located outside Araraquara were considered imported. The epidemiological study entailed a descriptive analysis of the data, regarding the distribution of cases by sex, age, and classification of imported and autochthonous cases. A geographic information system was used to map flows and estimate distances. There were 6,913 confirmed cases, 419 of which were imported. In most cases, the origin of infection was located in the state of São Paulo as well as other Brazilian regions. The results indicate the relevance of imported cases and differences in the epidemiological profile with respect to age and sex. Conclusions indicate the need to increase epidemiological and environmental health surveillance at ports, airports, truck stops, and bus and train terminals.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar el origen de los casos importados de dengue en la ciudad de Araraquara, Brasil y describir las principales características epidemiológicas. El estudio abarcó todos los casos confirmados de dengue registrados en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (SINAN) [Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação] de 1998-2013. Se consideraron como casos importados aquellos cuyo lugar de origen de infección se ubicara fuera de Araraquara. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la distribución de los casos por género, edad y clasificación de casos importados y autóctonos. Se utilizó un sistema de información geográfica para mapear los flujos y estimar las distancias de los puntos de contagio. Se incluyeron 6.913 casos confirmados, de los cuales 419 fueron importados. En la mayoría de estos casos, el origen de infección se ubicó en el estado de San Pablo, además de otras regiones brasileñas. Los resultados indican la relevancia de los casos importados y diferencias en el perfil epidemiológico por edad y sexo. Las conclusiones indican la necesidad de aumentar la vigilancia epidemiológica y de salud ambiental en los puertos, aeropuertos, paradas de camiones y terminales de buses y trenes.

Resumo Em 2015 ocorreu o rompimento da barragem do Fundão, causando o maior desastre minerário do Brasil. O município Barra Longa foi o segundo alcançado pela lama tóxica, cuja população representa uma das mais expostas aos riscos da degradação ambiental. O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar por autoavaliação as percepções da população exposta, quanto a sua saúde física, mental e social e ao atendimento das suas necessidades. Trata-se de estudo exploratório, transversal e descritivo, a partir de entrevistas com 507 residentes nas áreas urbana e rural, dos quais 37% referem saúde pior que antes do desastre. Dentre os problemas de saúde relatados espontaneamente, 40% são respiratórios; 15,8%, afecções de pele; 11%, transtornos comportamentais; 6,8%, infecciosos; 6,3%, oftalmológicos; e 3,1%, digestivos. Os cinco sintomas mais relatados são cefaleia, tosse, dor nas pernas, prurido e ansiedade. Os dados dão voz ao sofrimento a multivariadas queixas de saúde e à vulnerabilidade da população.

Abstract In 2015, the rupture of Fundão tailing dam caused the largest mining disaster in Brazil. Barra Longa district was the second to bereached by the toxic mudslide. Its population represents one of the most exposed to the risks of environmental degradation. The aim of the present study is to identify the perception of the exposed population about its physical, mental and social health, and about the fulfilment of its needs, based on self-assessment. This is an exploratory, cross-sectional and descriptive study, based on interviews conducted with 507 residents from the urban and rural areas. Thirty-seven percent (37%) of the interviewees reported worse health condition now than before the disaster. Among the spontaneously reported health issues, one finds: respiratory issues (40%), skin conditions (15.8%), behavioral disorders (11%), infectious diseases (6.8%), ophthalmologic issues (6.3%) and digestive problems (3.1%). The five most reported symptoms were headache, cough, leg pain, pruritus and anxiety. The collected data gave voice to multivariate health complaints and to the vulnerability of the local population.

Resumen En 2015 el rompimiento de la presa de residuos de Fundão causó el mayor desastre minero en Brasil. El municipio Barra Longa fue el segundo a ser alcanzado por lodo tóxico, teniendo uno de los mayores riesgos de degradación del medio ambiente. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar las percepciones de la población expuesta, en cuanto a su salud física, mental y social ya la atención de sus necesidades. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, transversal y descriptivo, a partir de entrevistas con 507 residentes en zonas urbanas y rurales. El 37% informó de peor salud. Principales problemas reportados espontáneamente, 40% son respiratorias; 15,8%, trastornos de la piel; 11%, trastornos de la conducta; 6,8%, infecciosas; 6,3%, oftálmicas; y 3,1%, digestivos. Síntomas más comunes: dolor de cabeza, tos, dolor en las piernas, picazón y ansiedad. Los datos dan voz a las quejas de salud y la vulnerabilidad de la población.

Resumo A vulcanização é um importante fator que determina as propriedades mecânicas da borracha, mas a influência do método de vulcanização nas propriedades mecânicas do material, ainda é um assunto pouco explorado na literatura. Neste artigo, uma formulação à base de poli-cis-isopreno ou borracha natural (NR), denominada NR4010-A, foi vulcanizada em prensa e autoclave, com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do método de vulcanização na formação das ligações cruzadas e, consequentemente, nas propriedades mecânicas do material. Amostras do material vulcanizado, pelos dois métodos, foram caracterizadas por meio de análise reométrica, ensaio de inchamento e testes mecânicos, onde foi avaliada a resistência ao rasgo e à tração. Os resultados mostraram que para essa formulação, nas mesmas condições de temperatura, o método de vulcanização por autoclave se mostrou mais eficiente em relação às propriedades estudadas.

Abstract Vulcanization is an important factor on rubber mechanical properties determination. The influence of vulcanization method on mechanical properties is still an ongoing issue. Thus, a composition based in natural rubber (NR), named NR4010-A, was vulcanized by autoclave and press, on purpose to evaluated the vulcanization method influence on crosslink formation and thereafter on the mechanical properties of this material. Samples of vulcanized material in both conditions were characterized through swelling, rheometer tests, tear strength, strain strength and hardness. The mechanical properties studied and crosslink density were increased when the material was vulcanized by autoclave. Therefore, autoclave vulcanization method showed be more effective than press at the same conditions of temperature.

A systematic review of the geospatial analysis methods used in the dengue fever studies published between January 2001 and March 2011 was undertaken. In accordance with specific selection criteria thirty-five studies were selected for inclusion in the review. The aim was to assess the types of spatial methods that have been used to analyze dengue transmission. We found twenty-one different methods that had been used in dengue fever epidemiological studies in that period, three of which were most frequently used. The results show that few articles had applied spatial analysis methods in dengue fever studies; however, whenever they were applied they contributed to a better understanding of dengue fever geospatial diffusion.

A systematic review of the geospatial analysis methods used in the dengue fever studies published between January 2001 and March 2011 was undertaken. In accordance with specific selection criteria thirty-five studies were selected for inclusion in the review. The aim was to assess the types of spatial methods that have been used to analyze dengue transmission. We found twenty-one different methods that had been used in dengue fever epidemiological studies in that period, three of which were most frequently used. The results show that few articles had applied spatial analysis methods in dengue fever studies; however, whenever they were applied they contributed to a better understanding of dengue fever geospatial diffusion.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a disponibilidade de alimentos comercializados em relação ao seu grau de processamento industrial e os tipos de comércios existentes nos perímetros de escolas de ensino fundamental. MÉTODOS: O estudo teve delineamento transversal, e foram avaliados 82 comércios localizados a um raio de 500 metros de três escolas públicas situadas em regiões distintas do município de Santos, que apresentam diferentes níveis socioeconômicos. Foram percorridas todas as ruas existentes nos perímetros das escolas, considerando-se um raio de 500 metros para delimitação da área, tendo sido registradas as coordenadas geográficas e coletadas informações sobre os pontos de venda e sobre os alimentos comercializados, por meio de observação e entrevista com os responsáveis pelo estabelecimento. Os alimentos encontrados foram classificados, em relação ao seu grau de processamento industrial, em: alimentos ultraprocessados e alimentos minimamente processados. Para a avaliação do grau de aglomeração dos estabelecimentos nos perímetros das escolas, foram utilizados mapas de densidade de Kernel. RESULTADOS: Os pontos de vendas que ofertavam, em sua maioria, alimentos ultraprocessados estavam significativamente mais próximos das escolas do que aqueles que ofertavam maioria de alimentos com menor grau de processamento. Observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a oferta desses alimentos nas diferentes categorias de comércios e entre as três regiões avaliadas. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados existentes neste trabalho evidenciam que as crianças que frequentam as três escolas públicas avaliadas estão expostas a um ambiente que incentiva o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados por meio de um acesso facilitado nos comércios investigados.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the availability of food in relation to their degree of industrial processing and the types of food stores in the perimeters of elementary schools. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study. 82 food stores located within a 500 m radius buffer of three public schools located in three distinct regions with different socioeconomic levels in the municipality of Santos, state of São Paulo, Brazil, were assessed. All streets within a 500-meter radius of the schools were covered, geographic coordinates were recorded and information about the stores and food items available were collected by direct observation and interview with store managers. Available food items were classified in relation to their degree of industrial processing as ultra-processed foods and minimally processed foods. Kernel's density maps were used to assess the degree of agglomeration of stores near the schools. RESULTS: The stores that offered mostly ultra-processed foods were significantly closer to schools than those who offered mostly minimally processed foods. There was a significant difference between the availability of processed food in different types of stores and between the three regions assessed. CONCLUSIONS: The data found by this work evidences that children who attend the three public schools assessed are exposed to an environment that encourages the consumption of ultra-processed foods through easier access of these products in the studied stores.

INTRODUCTION: Mechanical ventilation with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) improves oxygenation and treats acute pulmonary failure. However, increased intrathoracic pressure may cause regional blood flow alterations that may contribute to mesenteric ischemia and gastrointestinal failure. We investigated the effects of different PEEP levels on mesenteric leukocyte-endothelial interactions. METHODS: Forty-four male Wistar rats were initially anesthetized (Pentobarbital I.P. 50mg/kg) and randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1) NAIVE (only anesthesia; n=9), 2) PEEP 0 (PEEP of 0 cmH2O, n=13), 3) PEEP 5 (PEEP of 5 cmH2O, n=12), and 4) PEEP 10 (PEEP of 10 cmH2O, n=13). Positive end expiratory pressure groups were tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated with a tidal volume of 10 mL/kg, respiratory rate of 70 rpm, and inspired oxygen fraction of 1. Animals were maintained under isoflurane anesthesia. After two hours, laparotomy was performed, and leukocyte-endothelial interactions were evaluated by intravital microscopy. RESULTS: No significant changes were observed in mean arterial blood pressure among groups during the study. Tracheal peak pressure was smaller in PEEP 5 compared with PEEP 0 and PEEP 10 groups (11, 15, and 16 cmH2O, respectively; p<0.05). After two hours of MV, there were no differences among NAIVE, PEEP 0 and PEEP 5 groups in the number of rollers (118±9,127±14 and 147±26 cells/10minutes, respectively), adherent leukocytes (3±1,3±1 and 4±2 cells/100µm venule length, respectively), and migrated leukocytes (2±1,2±1 and 2±1 cells/5,000µm², respectively) at the mesentery. However, the PEEP 10 group exhibited an increase in the number of rolling, adherent and migrated leukocytes (188±15 cells / 10 min, 8±1 cells / 100 µm and 12±1 cells / 5,000 µm², respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: High intrathoracic pressure was harmful to mesenteric microcirculation in the experimental model of rats with normal lungs and stable systemic blood pressure, a finding that may have relevance for complications related to mechanical ventilation.