Abstract Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) without obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a medical condition of great relevance, with clinical characteristics of AMI, but without evidence of coronary artery obstruction. The mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of the disease and its possible etiologies are important objects of study due to their impact on the morbidity and mortality of affected patients. Objectives The aim of this study was to systematically review MINOCA and its characteristics, with emphasis on the clinical profile of patients, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the syndrome. Methods Relevant articles related to MINOCA were analyzed in the PubMed and LILACS databases. In the initial search stage, 619 eligible articles were obtained, with final inclusion criteria being: original systematic reviews with clinical, epidemiological, diagnostic, or treatment data on MINOCA, published in Portuguese or English, with an abstract, and a publication date limit of September 2020. Results A total of 10 articles classified as systematic reviews that considered clinical data on MINOCA were included in this review. Conclusion After analyzing various literature, the present study provided a tool to better understand MINOCA, not only regarding its casuistry but also in grouping parameters and information that contribute to a healthy approach to this clinical situation. It was possible to identify and better outline the clinical profile of patients who presented this condition and the use of appropriate tools for correct diagnosis and ideal treatment.

Abstract Introduction: The medical use of three-dimensional (3-D) images has been a topic in the literature since 1988, but 95% of papers on 3-D printing were published in the last six years. The increase in publications is the result of advances in 3-D printing methods, as well as of the increasing availability of these machines in different hospitals. This paper sought to review the literature on 3-D printing and to discuss thoughtful ideas regarding benefits and challenges to its incorporation into cardiothoracic surgeons’ routines. Methods: A comprehensive and systematic search of the literature was performed in PubMed and included material published as of March 2020. Results: Using this search strategy, 9,253 publications on 3-D printing and 497 on “heart” 3-D printing were retrieved. Conclusion: 3 -D printed models are already helping surgeons to plan their surgeries, helping patients and their families to understand complex anatomy, helping fellows and residents to practice surgery, even for rare cases, and helping nurses and other health care staff to better understand some conditions, such as heart diseases.

Abstract Introduction: Renal function is an independent risk factor for mortality among on-pump coronary bypass grafting (ONCABG) patients. This association is well known in the international literature, but there is a lack of knowledge of how admission creatinine (AC) levels modulate each cardiovascular risk factor. Objective: The aim of this paper was to assess the effect of different AC levels on mortality among ONCABG patients. Methods: 1,599 patients who underwent ONCABG between December 1999 and February 2006 at Hospital de Base in São José do Rio Preto/SP-Brazil were included. They were divided into quartiles according to their AC levels (QI: 0.2 ≤AC < 1.0 mg/dL; QII: 1.0 ≤ AC < 1.2 mg/dL; QIII: 1.2 ≤ AC < 1.4 mg/dL; and QIV: 1.4 ≤ AC ≤ 2.6 mg/dL). Seven risk factors were then evaluated in each stratum. Results: Mortality was higher in the QIV group than QI or QII groups. Factors such as age (≥ 65 years) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time (≥ 115 minutes) in QIV, as well preoperative hospital stay (≥ 5 days) in QIII, were associated with higher mortality rates. Creatinine variation greater than or equal to 0.4 mg/dL increased mortality rates in all groups. The use of intra-aortic balloon pump and dialysis increased mortality rates in all groups except for QII. Type I neurological dysfunction increased the mortality rate in the QII and III groups. Conclusion: Creatinine levels play an important role in ONCABG mortality. The combination of selected risk factors and higher AC values leads to a worse prognosis. On the other hand, lower AC values were associated with a protective effect, even among elderly patients and those with a high CPB time.

Abstract We present a case of a 41-year-old female with deep vein thrombosis after abdominal surgery. The patient quickly developed severe pulmonary embolism and stroke representative of paradoxical embolism. Echocardiography showed a thrombus straddling a patent foramen ovale, which was confirmed intraoperatively. An accurate diagnosis and rapid treatment decisions are crucial for preventing patient deterioration in the form of new pulmonary embolisms or stroke.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: In a world in which global communication is becoming ever more important and in which English is increasingly positioned as the pre-eminent international language, that is, English as a Lingua Franca refers to the use of English as a medium of communication between peoples of different languages. It is important to highlight the positive advances in communication in health, provided by technology. OBJECTIVE: To present an overview on some technological devices of translating languages provided by the Web as well as to point out some advantages and disadvantages specially using Google Translate in Medicine and Health Sciences. METHODS: A bibliographical survey was performed to provide an overview on the usefulness of online translators for applicability using written and spoken languages. RESULTS: As we have to consider this question to be further surely answered, this study could present some advantages and disadvantages in using translating online devices. CONCLUSION: Considering Medicine and Health Sciences as expressive into the human scientific knowledge to be spread worldwidely; technological devices available on communication should be used to overcome some language barriers either written or spoken, but with some caution depending on the context of their applicability.

ResumoDiversas ferramentas de gerenciamento de referências bibliográficas estão disponíveis tanto por meio de softwares quanto websites acessíveis para todos utilizadores da Internet. Todas têm um só objetivo: facilitar a produção do texto científico, mas para que isso seja possível necessitam que o estilo bibliográfico da revista em questão esteja disponível e o programa seja grátis. Apresentamos neste tutorial o Endnote Web®, um programa de gerenciamento de referências bibliográficas que cumpre esses dois quesitos: possui o formato de referências exigido pela Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e tem utilização grátis, após cadastro em terminal com IP cadastrado na Web of Science®.

AbstractAt present, many useful tools for reference management are available for use. They can be either off-line softwares or accessible Websites to all users in the internet. Their target is to facilitate the production of scientific text. But, to accomplish that, the featured bibliographic style should be effectively inserted, and the program has to be free. Here in this tutorial, we present Endnote Web®, a bibliographic reference management program comprising these two requirements: it contains the Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery reference format and its use is free for charge after sign-in in IP registered terminal in Web of Science®.

Introdução: Cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio é um procedimento seguro realizado em todo o mundo com taxas baixas de mortalidade e morbidade na população geral. Objetivo: Estudar fatores de risco para mortalidade de pacientes submetidos à revascularização miocárdica com circulação extracorpórea. Métodos: Foram estudados retrospectivamente e de forma consecutiva 1.628 pacientes submetidos à revascularização com circulação extracorpórea no período de dezembro de 1999 a fevereiro de 2012. A análise de dados foi efetuada por meio dos testes t de Student não pareado, Mann-Whitney e exato de Fisher para dados categóricos. Regressão logística, Odds Ratio e IC95% foram utilizados para definição de fatores de risco para mortalidade. Resultados: Do total de 1.628 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio com circulação extracorpórea, 141 (8,7%) foram a óbito. Após regressão logística, foram identificados como fatores de risco para mortalidade as variáveis diálise (OR=7,61; IC 95% 3,58-16,20), lesão neurológica tipo I (OR = 4,42; IC 95% 2,48-7,81), uso de BIA (OR=3,38; IC 95% 1,98-5,79), tempo de CEC (OR = 3,09; IC 95% 2,04-4,68), creatinina pico - admissão > 0,4 mg/dL (OR=2,67; IC 95% 1,79-4,00), idade > 65 anos (OR=2,31; IC 95% 1,55-3,44) e tempo entre admissão hospitalar e procedimento cirúrgico (OR = 1,53; IC 95% 1,03-2,27). Conclusão: Diálise, lesão neurológica tipo I, uso de balão intra- aórtico, tempo de circulação extracorpórea (> 115 minutos), creatinina pico-admissão > 0,4 mg/dL, idade > 65 anos e tempo entre admissão hospitalar e procedimento cirúrgico foram considerados como fatores de risco para mortalidade em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio com circulação extracorpórea.

Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting is a safe procedure performed worldwide with low rates of mortality and morbidity in general population. Objective: To investigate risk factors for mortality of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Methods: A total of 1,628 consecutive patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were retrospectively studied from December 1999 to February 2012. Data analysis involved paired Student t test, Mann-Whitney test and Fisher’s exact test for the categorical data. Logistic regression, Odds Ratio and 95%CI were used for definition of risk factors for mortality. Results: Of a total of 1,628 patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, 141 (8.7%) died. The following risk factors for mortality were identified after logistic regression: dialysis (OR=7.61; 95%CI 3.58-16.20), neurologic dysfunction type I (OR=4.42; 95%CI 2.48-7.81), use of IABP (OR=3.38; 95%CI 1.98-5.79), cardiopulmonary bypass time (OR=3.09; 95%CI 2.04-4.68), serum creatinine on admission and peak values > 0.4mg/dL (OR=2.67; 95%CI 1.79-4.00), age > 65 years (OR=2.31; 95%CI 1.55-3.44), and time between hospital admission and and surgical procedure (OR=1.53; 95%CI 1.03-2.27). Conclusion: Dialysis, type I neurologic dysfunction, use of IABP, cardiopulmonary bypass time (> 115 minutes), serum creatinine on admission and peak values>0.4mg/dL, age > 65 years and time between hospital admission and surgical procedure were considered as risk factors for mortality in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

A entrada de sódio e cálcio desempenham efeito chave no miócito submetido à parada cardíaca por hiperpotassemia. Eles provocam edema celular, acidose, consumo de trifosfato de adenosina e desencadeiam processo de morte celular programada. A parada cardíaca provocada por hipocalcemia mantém os níveis intracelulares de trifosfato de adenosina, melhora o rendimento diastólico e reduz o consumo de oxigênio, o que pode ser traduzido em melhor proteção do miócito às lesões provocadas pela parada cardíaca induzida.

The entry of sodium and calcium play a key effect on myocyte subjected to cardiac arrest by hyperkalemia. They cause cell swelling, acidosis, consumption of adenosine triphosphate and trigger programmed cell death. Cardiac arrest caused by hypocalcemia maintains intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels, improves diastolic performance and reduces oxygen consumption, which can be translated into better protection to myocyte injury induced by cardiac arrest.

O paradoxo do cálcio foi pela primeira vez citado em 1966 por Zimmerman et al. A partir daí, ganhou grande interesse por parte da comunidade científica internacional devido ao fato da ausência do íon cálcio produzir na célula muscular cardíaca dano semelhante à lesão de isquemia-reperfusão. Apesar de não serem conhecidos todos os mecanismos envolvidos no processo da lesão celular no paradoxo do cálcio, a conexão intercelular mantida somente pelo nexus parece ter papel chave na fragmentação celular. A adição de pequenas concentrações de cálcio, bloqueadores de canal de cálcio, hiponatremia ou hipotermia são importantes para evitar que haja lesão celular no momento da reperfusão com soluções com concentração fisiológica de cálcio.

The calcium paradox was first mentioned in 1966 by Zimmerman et al. Thereafter gained great interest from the scientific community due to the fact of the absence of calcium ions in heart muscle cells produce damage similar to ischemia-reperfusion. Although not all known mechanisms involved in cellular injury in the calcium paradox intercellular connection maintained only by nexus seems to have a key role in cellular fragmentation. The addition of small concentrations of calcium, calcium channel blockers, and hyponatraemia hypothermia are important to prevent any cellular damage during reperfusion solutions with physiological concentration of calcium.

Introdução: As soluções que provocam parada cardíaca eletiva estão em constante evolução, porém, o composto ideal ainda não foi encontrado. Os autores comparam uma nova solução cardioplégica com histidina-triptofano-glutamato (Grupo 2) com histidina-triptofano-cetoglutarato (Grupo 1) em modelo de coração isolado de rato. Objetivo: Quantificar a dimensão fractal e entropia de Shannon em miócitos de rato submetidos à cardioplegia utilizando solução histidina-triptofano com glutamato em modelo experimental, considerando-se os marcadores caspase, IL-8 e Ki-67. Métodos: Vinte ratos machos de raça Wistar foram anestesiados e heparinizados. O tórax foi aberto, realizado cardiectomia e infundido 40 ml/Kg de solução cardioplégica apropriada. Os corações foram mantidos por 2 horas na mesma solução a 4ºC e, após esse período, colocados em aparato de Langendorff por 30 minutos com solução de Ringer Locke. Foram feitas análises imunohistoquímicas para caspase, IL-8 e KI-67. Resultados: A dimensão fractal e a entropia de Shannon dos corações submetidos à parada cardíaca eletiva nos grupos 1 e 2 não foram diferentes. Conclusão: A quantidade de informações avaliada pela entropia de Shannon e a distribuição das mesmas (dada pela dimensão fractal) nas lâminas de coração de rato submetidas à cardioplegia com solução histidina-triptofano-acetoglutarato ou histidina-triptofano-glutamato não foram diferentes, o que mostra que a solução de histidina-triptofano-glutamato é tão boa quanto a histidina-triptofano-cetoglutarato na preservação dos miócitos em modelo de coração isolado de rato.

Introduction: Solutions that cause elective cardiac arrest are constantly evolving, but the ideal compound has not yet been found. The authors compare a new cardioplegic solution with histidine-tryptophan-glutamate (Group 2) and other one with histidine-tryptophan-cetoglutarate (Group 1) in a model of isolated rat heart. Objective: To quantify the fractal dimension and Shannon entropy in rat myocytes subjected to cardioplegia solution using histidine-tryptophan with glutamate in an experimental model, considering the caspase markers, IL-8 and KI-67. Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were anesthetized and heparinized. The chest was opened, the heart was withdrawn and 40 ml/kg of cardioplegia (with histidine-tryptophan-cetoglutarate or histidine-tryptophan-glutamate solution) was infused. The hearts were kept for 2 hours at 4ºC in the same solution, and thereafter placed in the Langendorff apparatus for 30 min with Ringer-Locke solution. Analyzes were performed for immunohistochemical caspase, IL-8 and KI-67. Results: The fractal dimension and Shannon entropy were not different between groups histidine-tryptophan-glutamate and histidine-tryptophan-acetoglutarate. Conclusion: The amount of information measured by Shannon entropy and the distribution thereof (given by fractal dimension) of the slices treated with histidine-tryptophan-cetoglutarate and histidine-tryptophan-glutamate were not different, showing that the histidine-tryptophan-glutamate solution is as good as histidine-tryptophan-acetoglutarate to preserve myocytes in isolated rat heart.

Introdução: A parada do coração durante a cirurgia cardíaca é procedimento comum e permite que o cirurgião realize os procedimentos cirúrgicos em ambiente isento de sangue e movimento. Os autores comparam, em modelo de coração isolado de rato, uma nova solução cardioplégica com histidina-triptofano-glutamato (grupo 2) com a histidina-triptofano-alfacetoglutarato (grupo 1) já utilizada de rotina por alguns cirurgiões cardíacos. Objetivo: Avaliar por análise imuno-histoquímica a caspase, a IL-8 e KI-67 em corações isolados de ratos. Métodos: 20 ratos machos de raça Wistar foram anestesiados e heparinizados. O tórax foi aberto, realizado cardiectomia e infundido 40 ml/kg de solução cardioplégica apropriada. Os corações foram mantidos por 2 horas na mesma solução a 4ºC e, após esse período, colocados em aparato de Langendorff por 30 minutos com solução de Ringer Locke. Foram feitas análises imuno-histoquímicas para caspase, IL-8 e KI-67. Resultados: A concentração de caspase estava menor no grupo 2 e da KI-67 estava mais elevada no grupo 2, ambos com P<0,05. Não houve diferença estatística entre os valores de IL-8 entre os grupos. Conclusão: A solução com histidina-triptofano-glutamato foi melhor que a com histidina-triptofano-cetoglutarato, pois reduziu a caspase (apoptose), aumentou o KI-67 (proliferação celular) e não apresentou valores diferentes de IL-8 (inflamação e necrose) que no grupo 1. Isso sugere que a solução histidina-triptofano-glutamato foi mais eficiente que a histidina-triptofano-cetoglutarato na preservação dos cardiomiócitos dos corações de ratos.

Introduction: Cardiac arrest during heart surgery is a common procedure and allows the surgeon to perform surgical procedures in an environment free of blood and movement. Using a model of isolated rat heart, the authors compare a new cardioplegic solution containing histidine-tryptophan-glutamate (group 2) with the histidine-tryptophan-alphacetoglutarate (group 1) routinely used by some cardiac surgeons. Objective: To assess caspase, IL-8 and KI-67 in isolated rat hearts using immunohistochemistry. Methods: 20 Wistar male rats were anesthetized and heparinized. The chest was opened, cardioctomy was performed and 40 ml/kg of the appropriate cardioplegic solution was infused. The hearts were kept for 2 hours at 4ºC in the same solution, and thereafter, placed in the Langendorff apparatus for 30 minutes with Ringer-Locke solution. Immunohistochemistry analysis of caspase, IL-8, and KI-67 were performed. Results: The concentration of caspase was lower in group 2 and Ki-67 was higher in group 2, both P<0.05. There was no statistical difference between the values of IL-8 between the groups. Conclusion: Histidine-tryptophan-glutamate solution was better than histidine-tryptophan-alphacetoglutarate solution because it reduced caspase (apoptosis), increased KI-67 (cell proliferation), and showed no difference in IL-8 levels compared to group 1. This suggests that the histidine-tryptophan-glutamate solution was more efficient than the histidine-tryptophan-alphacetoglutarate for the preservation of hearts of rat cardiomyocytes.

A atividade profissional que o cirurgião cardiovascular executa é muito mais do que um simples gesto mecanizado de operar um coração doente. Há em cada ato do intraoperatório mais noções de fisiologia e física do que geralmente nos damos conta. O presente trabalho discorre, à luz da matemática, acerca da dinâmica dos fluídos, ou seja, do sangue, com enfoque nas medidas invasivas de pressão arterial, do efeito do diâmetro do vaso sobre sua resistência interna e do fluxo que passa por ele, na conversão de diversas unidades de medidas de pressão e resistência, viscosidade sanguínea e suas relações no vaso, hemodiluição, diferenças de fluxo laminar e turbulento, velocidade e pressão do sangue e a tensão da parede após uma estenose e a origem do aneurisma pós-estenótico. O objetivo do trabalho não é de habilitar o leitor no conhecimento da física, mas apresentá-la como ferramenta útil na explicação de fenômenos conhecidos na rotina do cirurgião cardiovascular.

The professional activity that the cardiovascular surgeon performs is much more than a simple gesture to mechanically operate the patient's heart. There is in every act of intraoperative most notions of physiology and physics than we generally realize. This paper discusses, in the light of mathematics, on the dynamics of fluids, ie blood, focused on invasive measurements of blood pressure, the effect of vessel size on its internal resistance and the flow passing through it in conversion of various units of measurements of pressure and resistance, blood viscosity and its relationship to the vessel, hemodilution, differences in laminar and turbulent flow, velocity and blood pressure and wall tension after a stenosis and the origin of poststenotic aneurysm. This study is not to enable the reader to the knowledge of all physics, but to show it as a useful tool in explaining phenomena known in the routine of cardiovascular surgery.

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer um valor de corte para a troponina I, correlacionando-a com a ocorrência de infarto do miocárdio pós-cirúrgico (IAMPC). MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 180 pacientes consecutivos portadores de coronariopatia obstrutiva com indicação cirúrgica. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 60,6 ± 9,3 anos, sendo 119 (66,1%) do sexo masculino e 61 (33,9%), do feminino. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo sem infarto (A) - 170 pacientes - e infartado (B) - 10 pacientes. Foram coletados de cada um troponina I, ao momento da indução anestésica e ao segundo dia do pósoperatório, e correlacionada com a presença ou não de IAMPC. A análise estatística foi feita com a ajuda do programa StatsDirect 1.6.0 para Windows. RESULTADOS: A troponina I pré-operatória apresentou uma média de 1,0 ± 6 ng/ml. A regressão logística univariada mostrou correlação da troponina I do segundo dia de pós-operatório com IAMPC com P=0,0005. A curva ROC determinou um valor de corte de 6,1 ng/ml, sensibilidade = 90,0% e especificidade = 82,1%, OR = 49,8 (IC 95% 6,1-410,4) com P<0,0001. CONCLUSÃO: A chance de um paciente com infarto pósoperatório apresentar troponina igual ou superior a 6,1 ng/ml é 49,8 vezes maior do que a de um paciente que não infartou apresentar troponina acima desse nível.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to establish a cut-off value for troponin I by correlating it to occurrence of postoperative myocardial infarction. METHODS: 180 consecutive patients with coronary disease referred for surgery were included. The mean age of the patients were 60.6 (±9.3) years, with 119 (66.1%) males and 61 (33.9%) females. The patients were divided into two groups: group without myocardial infarction (A) - 170 patients - and with myocardial infarction (B) - 10 patients.The troponin I was collected from each patient at the beginning of anesthesia and on the second postoperative day by correlating it to presence or not of postoperative myocardial infarction. StatsDirect 1.6.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Preoperative troponin I was 1.0 (±6) ng/ml as mean. Univariate logistic regression showed correlation of troponin I of the second postoperative day with myocardial infarction (P=0.0005). ROC curve was used to define the cutoff value, and 6.1 ng/ml (sensitivity=90.0%, specificity=82.1%, OR=49.8 with CI=95% 6.1- 410.4, P<0.0001) were found. CONCLUSION: The chance of a patient with postoperative myocardial infarction to present troponin I equal to or higher than 6.1 ng/ml is 49.8-fold higher than the chance of a patient without infarction to present troponin I higher than this value.