ABSTRACT This article aims to investigate the characteristics of the scientific production that deal with the themes of family holding and rural succession through a mapping of theses and dissertations developed in Brazil. This is a documentary, descriptive, quali-quantitative research carried out through a search in the Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações - CAPES based on the use of the keywords “holding familiar” “sucessão rural”. The results indicate that there are more studies on the family holding company and, to a lesser extent, on rural succession. The knowledge already produced demonstrates that unorganized succession poses a risk to the viability of the enterprise and production. Another challenge is the permanence of young people in the countryside, which is directly associated with the future of agribusiness. As a contribution, it is demonstrated that the holding company can be an effective alternative in succession planning in rural areas. The need for multidisciplinary research is highlighted, correlating the areas of law, psychology, accounting and administration, economics and family corporate governance involving succession in rural areas and the family holding company.

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo investigar las características de la producción científica que trata los temas de la tenencia familiar y la sucesión rural a través de un mapeo de tesis y disertaciones desarrolladas en Brasil. Se trata de una investigación documental, descriptiva, cualitativa y cuantitativa realizada a través de una búsqueda en el Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações - CAPES a partir de la utilización de las palabras clave “holding familiar” “sucessão rural”. Los resultados indican que existen más estudios sobre la empresa holding familiar y, en menor medida, sobre la sucesión rural. El conocimiento ya producido demuestra que la sucesión desorganizada pone en riesgo la viabilidad de la empresa y la producción. Otro desafío es la permanencia de los jóvenes en el campo, lo que está directamente asociado con el futuro de los agronegocios. Como aporte, se demuestra que el holding puede ser una alternativa eficaz en la planificación de la sucesión en el medio rural. Existe la necesidad de una investigación multidisciplinar que correlacione las áreas del derecho, la psicología, la contabilidad y la administración, la economía y el gobierno corporativo familiar que involucre la sucesión en el medio rural y el holding familiar, considerando que sólo una disertación abordó ambos temas.

RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar as características da produção científica das teses e dissertações que tratam acerca dos temas da holding familiar e da sucessão rural, através de um mapeamento das teses e dissertações desenvolvidas no Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, descritiva e quali-quantitativa realizada através de uma busca no Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações - CAPES, baseada no uso das palavras-chave “Holding familiar” e “sucessão rural”. Os resultados apontam que existem mais estudos sobre a holding familiar (12) e, em menor quantidade, sobre a sucessão rural (11). O conhecimento já produzido demonstra que a sucessão não organizada traz um risco à viabilidade do empreendimento e da produção. Outro desafio é a permanência do jovem no campo, que é diretamente associada ao futuro do agronegócio. Como contribuição, demonstra-se que a holding pode ser uma alternativa eficaz no planejamento sucessório no meio rural. Destaca-se a necessidade de pesquisas multidisciplinares correlacionando as áreas do direito; da psicologia; da contabilidade e da administração; e da economia e da governança corporativa familiar, envolvendo a sucessão no meio rural e a holding familiar.

Abstract Background Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis are gram-positive bacterial pathogens and the causative agents of leprosy in humans across the world. The elimination of leprosy cannot be achieved by multidrug therapy alone, and highlights the need for new tools and drugs to prevent the emergence of new resistant strains. Methods In this study, our contribution includes the prediction of vaccine targets and new putative drugs against leprosy, using reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics. Six strains of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis (4 and 2 strains, respectively) were used for comparison taking Mycobacterium leprae strain TN as the reference genome. Briefly, we used a combined reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics approach. Results As a result, we identified 12 common putative antigenic proteins as vaccine targets and three common drug targets against Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Furthermore, the docking analysis using 28 natural compounds with three drug targets was done. Conclusions The bis-naphthoquinone compound Diospyrin (CID 308140) obtained from indigenous plant Diospyros spp. showed the most favored binding affinity against predicted drug targets, which can be a candidate therapeutic target in the future against leprosy.

OBJETIVO: A imobilidade tônica é uma resposta defensiva que ocorre sob ameaça extrema à vida. Pacientes com transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) que relatam imobilidade tônica peritraumática são os que apresentam os sintomas mais graves e a pior resposta ao tratamento. Este estudo investigou o valor preditivo da imobilidade tônica para os sintomas de TEPT em uma amostra não clínica. MÉTODOS: Os participantes da pesquisa foram 198 estudantes universitários expostos a traumas diversos. A versão brasileira do Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Civilian Version (PCL-C) e questões referentes à imobilidade tônica foram empregadas. Modelos de regressão linear foram utilizados para investigar a associação dos sintomas de estresse pós-traumático com a imobilidade tônica peritraumática. Foram consideradas como variáveis de confusão a dissociação peritraumática, as reações físicas de pânico peritraumática, o traço de afeto negativo, o gênero, o tipo de trauma e o tempo de trauma. RESULTADOS: Encontrou-se uma associação significativa entre a imobilidade tônica peritraumática e os sintomas de TEPT em uma amostra não clínica exposta a traumas diversos mesmo quando controlada por variáveis de confusão (β = 1,99; p = 0,017). CONCLUSÕES: Esta reação defensiva que ocorre sob intensa ameaça, apesar de adaptativa para a defesa, pode ter consequências patológicas como sugere sua associação aos sintomas de TEPT.

OBJECTIVE: Tonic immobility is a defensive reaction occurring under extreme life threats. Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reporting peritraumatic tonic immobility show the most severe symptoms and a poorer response to treatment. This study investigated the predictive falue of tonic immobility for posttraumatic stress symptoms in a non-clinical sample. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-eight college students exposed to various life threatening events were selected to participate. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C) and tonic immobility questions were used. Linear regression models were fitted to investigate the association between peritraumatic tonic immobility and PCL-C scores. Peritraumatic dissociation, peritraumatic panic reactions, negative affect, gender, type of trauma, and time since trauma were considered as confounding variables. RESULTS: We found significant association between peritraumatic tonic immobility and PTSD symptoms in a non-clinical sample exposed to various traumas, even after regression controlled for confounding variables (β = 1.99, p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: This automatic reaction under extreme life threatening stress, although adaptive for defense, may have pathological consequences as implied by its association with PTSD symptoms.

Dentre os efeitos associados ao consumo alcoólico, destaca-se a modulação sobre funções cognitivas, como atenção e memória, bem como sobre as emoções, comportamento de risco e agressividade. No presente estudo apresentamos uma revisão crítica da literatura propondo uma reinterpretação para os efeitos comportamentais do álcool com base na teoria da Miopia Alcoólica. Durante a intoxicação, existiria uma redução de recursos atencionais, os quais seriam direcionados para eventos mais relevantes. A repercussão, então, seria um aumento do foco atencional para situações emocionais, quando estas fossem suficientemente relevantes ou, em contrapartida, uma diminuição para tais situações na presença de uma tarefa-alvo demandante. A reinterpretação dos efeitos do álcool, com base na teoria da Miopia Alcoólica, fornece subsídios para a mudança de paradigma na intervenção clínica.

Among the known effects of alcohol on behavior, the modulation of cognitive functions (such as attention and memory), emotion, risk-taking and aggressive behavior are noteworthy. Here, we performed literature review in order to reinterpret alcohol effects on behavior according to the Alcohol Myopia Theory. According to this construct, there is a reduction of attentional resources during alcohol intoxication, which are primarily allocated to the most salient events in a given situation. The consequence is a hyperfocus directed to emotional situations when they are sufficiently relevant to grab attention, or a reduced attentional focus to emotional events in the presence of a relevant demanding task. The understanding of the mechanism mentioned above support the discussion of propositions toward the prevention of problems related to alcohol consumption. Importantly, the attentional allocation model provides inputs for a discussion on the scientifically-supported public health propositions aimed at preventing problems related to acute alcohol intoxication.

Using a Stroop matching task, we evaluated how alcohol affects the time needed to overcome Stroop conflict and whether practice might reverse the effect of alcohol. Participants (n = 16) performed two sessions in which they had to compare the color of a color-word with the meaning of a color-word in neutral color. The two task stimuli were presented simultaneously or with a Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) of 200, 500, or 800 ms. For half of the subjects, alcohol was administered in the first session, and for the other half, alcohol was administered in the second session. The results showed that the Stroop effect was significant at the 0 and 200 ms intervals in the sober subjects. Moreover, in untrained intoxicated individuals, interference endured until the 500 ms interval, a result that was abolished in trained intoxicated subjects. In conclusion, alcohol increased the time needed for Stroop matching task conflict resolution. However, this deleterious effect was minimized by a previous practice session.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop following exposure to a traumatic event, including terrifying or life-threatening situations such as sexual assault or natural disasters. The disorder is characterized by a reaction of intense fear, helplessness, or horror when the individual experiences, testifies about, or is faced with one or more events that involve death, severe wounds, or a threat to one's own or another's physical integrity. One of the most important symptoms of PTSD is the revival of the traumatic event, which has been interpreted as an inability to downregulate negative emotions. Neuroimaging studies that probed the ability to regulate emotions in healthy volunteers have found a pattern characterized by activation of the prefrontal cortex associated with a reduction in amygdala activity. This suggests an inhibitory prefrontal cortex-amygdala circuit that underlies emotional regulation. The hypothesis that increased amygdala activation associated with PTSD results from dysfunction in the inhibitory mechanism exerted by the prefrontal cortex has been the topic of debate. The present review investigates the validity of dysfunction in the prefrontal-amygdala pathway in PTSD. The studies provide evidence that the amygdala and prefrontal cortex exhibit distinct activation patterns in PTSD, thus supporting the model of a dysfunctional circuit. Inconsistencies in the literature may be attributable to distinct PTSD subgroups, different experimental approaches, different contrasts employed in neuroimaging studies, and small sample sizes.

We studied the influence of attention on the timecourse of Stroop-like conflict. Thirty-two volunteers performed a Stroop matching task in which they had to compare either the color (n = 16) or meaning (n = 16) of two stimuli. The first stimulus was always a color-name printed in yellow, red, or blue (i.e., Stroop stimulus), and the second stimulus was either a color-bar (Experiment 1) or color-word in white ink (Experiment 2). Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was varied parametrically. Interference by incongruent Stroop stimuli was clearly modulated by SOA manipulation in both cases. The results are discussed in terms of interactions between translational and attentional models in which the degree of Stroop-like interference is attributed to time implementation of attentional mechanisms during color-to-color and color-to-word matching contexts.

Literature has shown that failures in the ability to down-regulate negative emotions are the core substrate of anxiety disorders. Previous studies have investigated this issue by encouraging individuals to voluntarily change how they think about a situation in order to decrease its emotional impact. The majority of studies has demonstrated that explicit instructions to reduce negative affect in anxious individuals are usually ineffective. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate whether an implicit regulation strategy would modulate electrophysiological activity (Late Positive Potential) associated to affective picture viewing. The Late Positive Potential (LPP) is a sustained positive deflection in the event-related potential that is larger following the presentation of emotional compared to neutral visual stimuli. Participants (low trait anxious - LTA and high trait anxious - HTA individuals) performed an attention task (bar orientation discrimination) while emotional distractive pictures were presented. The task was performed in two different contexts: in the Real context, participants were informed that the distractive pictures had been obtained from real life situations, whereas in the Fictitious context they were told that the pictures had been obtained from movie scenes. In this vein, we encouraged participants to change how they appraised the pictures. Results showed that HTA individuals exhibited larger Late Positive Potential (LPPs) when mutilation pictures were presented in the Real context. Importantly, during the Fictitious one (regulation strategy) the LPP was reduced even in HTA individuals, emphasizing its importance to psychotherapeutic interventions. The present results indicate that HTA individuals are susceptible to modifications in affective contexts.

A regulação das emoções representa uma habilidade fundamental para a interação social, influenciando o comportamento e a expressão emocional. É objetivo deste artigo revisar os trabalhos científicos sobre as diferentes estratégias de regulação da emoção e os circuitos cerebrais subjacentes. Os trabalhos que utilizaram a estratégia de reavaliação cognitiva observaram um padrão de ativação cerebral caracterizado por uma ativação significativa do córtex pré-frontal e uma diminuição da ativação da amígdala, sugerindo que o primeiro poderia estar modulando a atividade da última. Trabalhos recentes observaram que mudanças cognitivas e comportamentais mediadas pela psicoterapia parecem levar a alterações na ativação de circuitos cerebrais envolvendo o córtex pré-frontal, e apontam para a possibilidade de modificação de associações neurais observadas em pacientes com transtornos psiquiátricos. Conclui-se que os estudos sobre a neurobiologia da regulação da emoção têm implicações potenciais para a compreensão das bases psicopatológicas subjacentes aos transtornos psiquiátricos, orientando desenvolvimentos heurísticos e clínicos.

Emotion regulation represents a crucial ability for social interaction, guiding behavior and modulating emotional expression. Current essay reviews the available literature on emotion regulation, points out the different coping strategies and investigates the underlying neural network. Studies on cognitive reappraisal of emotion have noted a pattern of brain response characterized by the activation of the prefrontal cortex associated with the reduction of amygdala activity. A modulatory mechanism between these structures has been suggested. Recent work showed that psychotherapeutic approaches may modify the dysfunctional neural circuitry associated with psychiatric disorders. Results show that investigating the neurobiology of emotion regulation offers a potential repercussion on the understanding of the basis of psychiatric disorders, orienting the development of applied studies and improving their clinical relevance.

La regulación emocional se constituye en un elemento clave en el comportamiento social, regulando las acciones y la expresión emocional. Este estudio tiene el propósito de revisar las estrategias de regulación emocional y describir los mecanismos cerebrales que las apoyan. Los estudios que han investigado la actividad cerebral durante la reevaluación cognitiva han mostrado la activación de zonas de la corteza prefrontal y la reducción de la activación de la amígdala, indicando que la primera podría estar modulando la última. Además, estudios recientes han observado que las alteraciones cognitivas y en el comportamiento tras psicoterapia conductual llevan a cambios en la activación de circuitos cerebrales, lo que sostendría la regulación emocional deficiente observada en trastornos mentales. Creemos que el estudio de la regulación emocional como un aspecto del procesamiento afectivo tiene importantes implicaciones para la psicopatología, y puede representar un modelo para el desarrollo de procedimientos de intervención.

A emoção pode ser funcionalmente considerada como uma disposição à ação que prepara o organismo para comportamentos relacionados à aproximação e esquiva. Para preparar uma saída motora apropriada, o organismo tem que ser eficiente na codificação de estímulos relevantes. Neste trabalho, apresentamos evidências a partir de estudos de neuroimagem que revelam que a visualização de imagens emocionais promove uma maior ativação do córtex visual do que a observação de figuras neutras. Além desta facilitação do processamento sensorial, os estímulos emocionais desencadeiam reações somáticas e vegetativas. Registros da dinâmica postural e da freqüência cardíaca enquanto voluntários assistiam a um bloco de figuras desagradáveis revelou uma redução significativa na oscilação corporal e bradicardia. Uma investigação paralela mostrou que o tempo de reação também lentifica após a visualização de figuras negativas. Este conjunto de respostas - imobilidade, bradicardia e tempo de reação mais lento - pode refletir o engajamento do sistema defensivo, similar às reações defensivas desencadeadas em ambiente natural por estímulos ameaçadores distantes. Em resumo, o sistema afetivo influencia um nível precoce de codificação sensorial e a saída motora favorecendo, portanto, disposições para as ações apropriadas.

Emotion can be functionally considered as action dispositions preparing the organism for either avoidance- or approach- related behaviors. In order to prepare an appropriate behavioral output, the organism has to be efficient in the encoding of relevant stimuli. We herein present evidence from neuroimaging studies that seeing emotional and arousing pictures leads to greater activation in visual cortex than seeing neutral ones. In addition to this facilitation of sensory processing, emotional stimuli prompt somatic and vegetative reactions. Recordings of postural oscillations and heart rate while participants visualized a block of unpleasant pictures, revealed a significant reduction of body sway and bradycardia. A parallel investigation showed that reaction time also slows down after the visualization of negative pictures. Taken together, immobility, bradycardia and slower reaction time in the laboratory experimental set may reflect the engagement of the defensive system, resembling the defensive reactions to distant threatening stimuli in natural contexts. In summary, the affective system operates at an early level of sensory encoding and at the motor output favoring dispositions for appropriate actions.