The objective of this study was to evaluate the processing of millet grain provided at two supplementation frequencies for grazing beef cattle during the dry season on nutritional parameters. Five rumen-cannulated crossbred steers, with 24 to 26 months of age and average body weight of 428.6±26.06 kg, were assigned to a Latin square design (5 × 5) in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, as follows: two forms of millet grain (whole grains - or ground; WG - GG), two strategies of concentrate supplementation (daily distribution - 7X; or three times a week - 3X) and a control treatment (mineral mixture - MM). Animals were kept in five paddocks of 0.24 ha each with Marandu grass pastures. Concentrate supplements were supplied at 2.00 and 4.66 kg/animal/day for treatments 7X and 3X, respectively. The concentrate supplementation enhanced the intake of total dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) and nutrients compared with mineral supplementation. No differences were found between dry matter intake and forage organic matter intake. The values of digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, ether extract, total carbohydrates and non-fiber carbohydrates were increased by concentrate supplementation. Regarding concentrations of rumen ammonia nitrogen, the interactions among time × treatment × day and day × treatment had effects on the measurements of ruminal pH. Plasma urea nitrogen, urinary urea excretion and urinary urea N excretion differed only between MM treatment and the others, with no interference of grain physical form and supplementation frequency on those variables. The millet grain processing does not alter forage intake, but improves digestibility. Daily supplementation increases digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of total digestible nutrient (TDN) levels in supplements on rumen pH, ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration, intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance and microbial efficiency in beef cattle grazing on Marandu grass during the rainy season. The supplements comprised a mineral mixture, ground corn grain, soybean hulls, roasted soybeans and urea:ammonium sulfate. The mineral mix (MM) and supplements were supplied at 800, 1,600 and 2,400 g/animal/day, contained 500, 1,000 and 1,500 g of TDN, respectively, and were termed S500, S1000 and S1500. Supplemental crude protein (CP) was fixed at 300g animal/day for all supplementing strategies. Four crossbred rumen-fistulated steers, with an average weight of 512kg, were utilized. The animals were distributed in a 4×4 Latin square in four paddocks of 0.25 ha. The rumen nitrogen concentration was increased by 63% after four hours of supplementation. Supplements with increased TDN levels did not alter the total dry matter and forage intakes, although the TDN levels linearly increased the non-fibrous carbohydrates intake. Additionally, most supplements did not alter the digestibility of the diet nutrients.The nitrogen balance was similar in all treatments. However, supplements with the highest TDN levels linearly improved the microbial efficiency of finishing beef cattle that were pasture-grazed during the rainy season. Supplements with in creasing TDN levels improve the microbial efficiency during the rainy season.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação na resposta produtiva, no pH e no nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal, e no custo de produção de ovinos em pastagem de capim-marandu no período da seca. O experimento teve a duração de 84 dias. Utilizaram-se 20 cordeiros não castrados com idade e peso corporal inicial médios de quatro meses e 24,20 kg, respectivamente, para avaliação do desenvolvimento, distribuídos em cada um dos tratamentos que são os suplementos, mineral, energético, proteico e múltiplo, com cinco animais por tatamento, em área de 0,1 ha. Para avaliação dos parâmetros nutricionais, foram utilizados quatro ovinos fistulados no rúmen com 12 meses e 55 kg de peso corporal foram distribuídos em quatro piquetes de 0,1 ha. Avaliaram-se os suplementos mineral, energético, múltiplo e proteico. Os ganhos de peso foram de 0,017, -0,008, 0,024 e 0,077 kg por dia para os suplementos mineral, energético, múltiplo e proteico, respectivamente. Quatro horas após suplementação, os valores de pH ruminal foram de 6,30, 6,40, 6,18 e 6,24 para os suplementos mineral, energético, múltiplo e proteico, respectivamente. Os valores para nitrogênio amoniacal do líquido ruminal foram de 10,57, 7,36, 21,58 e 24,50 mg dL-1 para os suplementos mineral, energético, múltiplo e proteico, respectivamente. Os suplementos mineral e proteico produziram o ganho de peso com o menor custo. O uso de suplemento energético para cordeiros submetidos à forragem com baixo teor de proteína reduz o ganho de peso.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of supplementation on the productive response, ruminal pH and ammoniacal nitrogen, and production cost of sheep grazing marandu grass in the dry season. The experiment lasted 84 days. Twenty noncastrated lambs with average age and initial body weight of four months and 24.2 kg, respectively, were used for performance evaluation, and were distributed in the following treatments which are, mineral salt, energetic, multiple and proteic supplements, with five animals per treatment, in area of 0.1 ha. For nutritional parameters evaluation, four rumen fitted sheep with 12 months of age and 55 kg of weight were distributed in four paddocks of 0.1 ha. Mineral salt, energetic, multiple and proteic supplements were evaluated. Weight gains were 0.017, -0.008, 0.024 and 0.077 kg per day for mineral salt, energetic, proteic and multiple supplements, respectively. Four hours after supplementation, ruminal pH values were 6.30, 6.40, 6.18 and 6.24 for mineral salt, energetic, multiple and proteic supplements, respectively. Values for ammoniacal nitrogen in the rumen fluid were 10.57, 7.36, 21.58 and 24.50 mg dL-1 for mineral salt, energetic, multiple and proteic supplements, respectively. Mineral salt and proteic supplements produced weight gain with the lowest cost. The use of energetic supplement for lambs grazing lower protein content forage reduces weight gain.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da frequência de suplementação com duas fontes proteicas sobre o desempenho produtivo e econômico e o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em bovinos em pastejo sob suplementação durante o período seco do ano. Foram utilizados 20 animais anelorados, não-castrados com 10 meses de idade e peso médio inicial de 208,43 kg, distribuídos em quatro piquetes de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha, cv. Marandu), cada um com 1,6 ha. Ambos os experimentos foram estruturados em arranjo fatorial 2 × 2, com dois suplementos (com farelo de soja e com farelo de algodão de alta energia) e duas frequências de suplementação (diariamente ou três vezes por semana). Não houve interação fontes proteicas × frequências de suplementação para nenhuma das características de desempenho produtivo e econômico. As fontes proteicas não influenciaram o ganho médio diário, mas a frequência de fornecimento afetou o desempenho, que foi melhor nos animais sob suplementação três vezes/semana (0,670 kg/dia). O maior retorno econômico foi obtido com a oferta do suplemento com farelo de algodão três vezes por semana. A frequência de suplementação afetou o consumo de nutrientes, enquanto a fonte proteica do suplemento teve efeito somente sobre o consumo de extrato etéreo, que foi maior nos animais que consumiram o suplemento com farelo de algodão. O suplemento com farelo de algodão alta energia proporcionou maior digestibilidade da proteína bruta da dieta. O fornecimento de suplemento três vezes por semana, além de reduzir os custos da suplementação, possibilita desempenho superior ao obtido com a suplementação diária. A utilização do farelo de algodão de alta energia em suplementos múltiplos em substituição ao farelo de soja é satisfatória, principalmente do ponto de vista econômico.

Two experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of the frequency of supplementation with two proteins sources on productive and economical performance (experiment 1) and the nutrients digestibility of steers in supplemented pasture during the dry season over a year. It was used twenty weaned zebu calves at the age of 10 months and initial live weight (LW) of 208.43 kg, distributed in four paddocks of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, each one with 1.6 ha. Both experiments were structured in 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two supplements (with soybean meal and high energy cottonseed meal). There was no protein sources × supplementation frequency interaction for any of the economical and productive performance traits. The protein sources didn't affect the daily average gain, but the frequency of supply affected performance, which was better in the animals under supplementation at three times a week (0.670 kg /day). The highest economic return was obtained with the offer of supplement with cottonseed meal three times a week. The frequency of supplementation affect the nutrients intake, while the protein source of the supplement had effect only on the ethereal extract intake, which was higher in the animals that consumed the supplement with cottonseed meal. The supplement with high energy cottonseed meal provided higher digestibility of diet crude protein. The supply of supplement three times a week, not only reduces the costs of supplementation, but it possibilities a higher performance than the one obtained with daily supplementation. The use of higher energy cottonseed meal in multiple supplements replacing soybean meal is satisfactory mainly under economical point of view.