Resumo O final do século XX testemunhou a ascensão de modelos de política pública baseados em soluções de mercado, o que estimulou a privatização e o surgimento de parcerias público-privadas no setor de saneamento básico. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as estratégias comerciais e operacionais adotadas pela Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo (Sabesp), tendo em vista as transformações em curso no mercado internacional, a fim de juntar elementos que contribuam para o debate das políticas de saneamento no Brasil. A metodologia do trabalho buscou identificar convergências e divergências entre os interesses dos investidores e dos usuários, a partir da análise das informações econômicas e operacionais disponíveis nos relatórios dos acionistas, com destaque para os seguintes aspectos: recursos humanos, investimentos, tarifas, eficiência operacional e lucratividade. A investigação concluiu que a Sabesp vem seguindo estratégias semelhantes às observadas nas companhias que atuam no mercado internacional, embora tenha divergido em alguns aspectos, possivelmente em razão das características da infraestrutura de saneamento presentes em São Paulo. Finalmente, em oposição à harmonia preconizada nos textos que defendem as soluções de mercado, esta pesquisa apontou nas estratégias da Sabesp os conflitos entre os interesses de investidores e usuários.

Abstract The late 20th century witnessed the rise of public policy models based on market solutions which stimulated privatization process and public-private partnerships in basic sanitation services. The aim of this work is to evaluate the commercial and operational strategies adopted by the Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo – Sabesp ( the sanitation company of São Paulo State) in view of the current changes of global sanitation industry. The methodology sought to identify convergences and divergences between the interests of investors and users, based on the analysis of the economic and operational information available in the shareholders’ reports, highlighting the following aspects: human resources, investments, tariffs, operational efficiency and profitability. The investigation concluded that Sabesp has followed strategies similar to those observed in companies operating in the international market, although it has diverged in some aspects, possibly due to the characteristics of the sanitation infrastructure in São Paulo. Finally, in opposition to the harmony advocated in the texts that defend the market solutions, this research pointed out in the design of the strategies adopted by Sabesp the conflicts of interest between investors and users.

ABSTRACT The antimicrobial potential of extracts of bark and leaves of Cassia bakeriana Craib, Fabaceae, against aerobic and anaerobic oral bacteria was evaluated by the microdilution broth method. For crude ethanol extracts and organic fractions tested, the bark dichloromethane phase showed a significant antibacterial effect, with MIC values ranging from 12.5 to 100 µg/ml for most of the microorganisms tested. Thus, a bioassay-guided fractionation of this fraction was performed. This fractionation led to isolation of the 1,8-dihydroxy-anthraquinone-3-carboxylic acid, also known as cassic acid or rhein. It is the first time that this bioactive anthraquinone has been isolated from this plant. Rhein exhibited good selectivity and high activity against anaerobic microorganisms, with MIC values ranging between 3.12 µg/ml (11.0 µM) and 25 µg/ml (88.0 µM). These results were considered very promising since the most active samples and rhein showed greater selectivity against oral microorganisms than toxicity to Vero cells.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo averiguar a qualidade do carvão vegetal para consumo doméstico, comercializado na região Serrana Sul de Santa Catarina. Foram coletadas 12 marcas de carvão na região da Associação dos Municípios da Região Serrana (AMURES) e Curitibanos. Foram descritas e analisadas as características gerais das embalagens e determinadas as propriedades físicas e energéticas de cada uma das marcas. As propriedades analisadas foram: densidade relativa aparente, teor de umidade, poder calorífico, teor de carbono fixo, voláteis e cinzas. As marcas comercializadas na região são oriundas dos Estados de Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul e Paraná. A acácia-negra e os eucaliptos são as espécies mais usadas para a produção de carvão. Não existe padronização das informações nas embalagens. O carvão vegetal apresentou densidade relativa aparente alta (0,403 g/cm3); teor de umidade alto (7,35%); poder calorífico superior médio de 6.449 kcal/kg, com muita variação entre as amostras; alto teor de voláteis e cinzas; e baixo teor de carbono fixo (32,85%, 1,96% e 65,17%, respectivamente). A produção e consumo do carvão vegetal no Planalto Sul catarinense são regionalizados, sem padronização das embalagens e com registro nos órgãos ambientais de fiscalização. A qualidade do carvão comercializado na região é baixa.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the quality of charcoal for domestic consumption, marketed in the southern mountain region of Santa Catarina. Twelve brands of charcoal sold in the AMURES (Association of Municipalities of the Mountain Region) and Curitibanos region were collected. The general characteristics of packaging and certain physical and energetic properties of each of the brands were described and analyzed. The properties analyzed were: apparent relative density, moisture content, calorific value, fixed carbon content, volatile and ash. The brands sold in the region are from the states of Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and Parana. The black wattle and eucalyptus are most commonly used for the production of charcoal. There is no standard information in packagings. The charcoal showed high relative density (0.403 g/cm 3); high moisture content (7.35%); with an average gross calorific value of 6449 kcal/kg, with a lot of variation between samples; high volatile and ash content and low fixed carbon content (32.85%, 1.96% and 65.17%, respectively). The production and consumption of charcoal in southern Santa Catarina plateau is regionalized, without standardization of packaging and with records in environmental supervisory bodies. The quality of charcoal sold in the region is low.

Extrato de folhas de Piper scutifolium apresentou atividade antifúngica significativa contra Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum e seus principais componentes ativos, piperina, piperlonguminina e corcovadina foram isolados por meio de purificação biomonitorada, apresentando limites de detecção de 1 µg. Foi realizado um estudo da relação estrutura-atividade baseado na síntese de doze análogos com variações no número de insaturações, no padrão de substituição no anel aromático e no grupo amídico. As amidas sem substituintes no anel aromático e com apenas uma ligação dupla foram as mais ativas e os derivados N,N-dietil-substituídos apresentam maior dose-dependência.

The antifungal leaves extract from Piper scutifolium was submitted to bioactivity-guided chromatographic separation against Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum yielding piperine, piperlonguminine and corcovadine as the active principles which displayed a detection limit of 1 µg. Structure-activity relationships were investigated with the preparation of twelve analogs having differences in the number of unsaturations, aromatic ring substituents and in the amide moiety. Analogs having a single double-bond and no substituent in the aromatic ring displayed higher activity, while N,N,-diethyl analogs displayed higher dose-dependent activity.

O óleo essencial obtido das folhas de Peperomia oreophila (Piperaceae) foi submetido a fracionamento em gel de sílica. Esse processo de separação resultou em uma fração composta por uma mistura de hidrocarbonetos sesquiterpênicos que foram identificados como beta-elemeno, alfa-ilangeno, alfa-guaieno e beta-selineno. Além desses, também foram identificados o espatulenol e dois sesquiterpenos com raro esqueleto ishwarano: o 3-ishwarol e a 3-ishwarona, sendo esta última, o componente majoritário do óleo bruto (78% em massa). Uma vez que o álcool foi obtido em quantidade insuficiente para caracterização estrutural, maiores quantidades foram obtidas por meio da redução da cetona original. Os dois sesquiterpenos foram purificados e depois caracterizados por meio de técnicas espectrométricas (¹H-¹H COSY, HMQC, HMBC e NOESY).

The essential oil from Peperomia oreophila leaves (Piperaceae) was submitted to fractionation in silica gel column. This separation procedure yielded a fraction composed of a hydrocarbon sesquiterpene mixture which was identified as beta-elemene, alpha-ylangene, alpha-guaiene and beta-selinene. Besides, spathulenol and two sesquiterpenes with the rare ishwarane skeleton: 3-ishwarol and 3-ishwarone were also identified. 3-ishwarone was the major component of the crude oil (78% weight). Since the alcohol obtained was not sufficient to allow a complete structural determination, the original ketone was reduced to 3-ishwarol in order to give additional quantities. After the two sesquiterpenes purification, they were characterized by spectrometric techniques (¹H-¹H COSY, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY).

This article examines the extent to which the new economic institutional environment, the investment cycle, and the effects of industrial changes are affecting the labor market in São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil. In the late 1990s, the region underwent a phase of economic prosperity with a major renewal of its technological complex, increased production, and employment sustained by the aircraft industry. Additional factors enter into the analysis: the persistence of a high threshold of overall unemployment throughout the 1990s; the dissemination of new quality and productivity programs with the partial and selective adoption of Japanese-inspired production management techniques; investments in the expansion of installed capacity and incorporation of new high-precision, high-speed equipment; a heavy demand by the aircraft industry for specialized engineers and other professionals, leading to a scarcity in some occupations such as quality technicians and aeronautics engineers; and expanded strategies for outsourcing production and services. Meanwhile, accelerated globalization of commercial, industrial, and technological activities in the aircraft industry produced a paradoxical trend involving concentration of innovation networks with multinational companies located outside of Brazil from the global production chain, and the strengthening of the firm's innovation system as compared to a weakening of the regional STI (Science, Technology, and Innovation) system. Thus, although the technological and employment opportunities created in the process have increased and been important, they have been insufficient to spawn more linked and integrated regional development for the local industrial sector as a whole.

Dans cet article, on examine dans quelle mesure le nouveau cadre institutionnel économique, le cycle des investissements et les effets des transformations productives dans ce territoire pourraient toucher le marché du travail dans la ville de São José dos Campos, au Brésil. Depuis la fin des années 90, cette région a connu une phase de prospérité économique, par un processus très important de renouvellement du secteur technologique, de croissance de la production et de l'emploi garanti par le secteur aéronautique. Par ailleurs, on peut déceler quelques éléments d'analyse: le maintien d'un niveau élevé de chômage global tout au long des années 90; la diffusion de nouveaux programmes de qualité et productivité avec l'adoption partielle et sélective de techniques de gestion de la production selon le modèle japonais; des investissements pour développer la capacité installée et incorporer de nouvelles machines de haute précision et vitesse; une forte demande d’ingénieurs et de travailleurs spécialisés dans le secteur aéronautique qui finit par provoquer un manque dans le marché des professions de ce secteur; une expansion des stratégies de sous-traitance de la production et du travail. La mondialisation accélérée des activités commerciales, productives et technologiques de cette industrie a produit, à la fois, un mouvement paradoxal de densification des réseaux d’innovation avec des entreprises multinationales situées à l'étranger, de la chaîne de production globale et le renforcement du système d’innovation de l'entreprise vis-à-vis de l’affaiblissement du système régional de Science, Technologie et Innovation (CT&I). Ainsi, même si les chances technologiques et professionnelles créées ont été importantes et croissantes, elles n'ont pas suffit à promouvoir un développement régional plus articulé et intégré pour l'ensemble du secteur productif local.