ABSTRACT Human astrovirus (HAstV) 1-8 and highly divergent HAstVMLB1−3 genotypes have been detected in children both with and without acute gastroenteritis (AGE). One hundred and seventy fecal samples from children (≤5 years old) living in the Amazon region were evaluated for the presence of HAstV1-8, HAstV MLB1−3 and HAstVVA1−3, using an usual RT-PCR protocol and a new protocol with specific primers designed to detect HAstVMLB1−3. HAstVMLB1 and HAstV MLB2, as well as the HAstV3 and 5 genotypes were detected. HAstVMLB1−2 genotype was detected for the first time in Brazil at a frequency of 3.5% (6/170).

Abstract: This paper reviews the content of the principle in dubio natura and its normative development. Also studies the different dimensions from which this principle has been addressed by the doctrine and the jurisprudence, to its projection as an integral principle of environmental protection.

Resumen: Este estudio tiene por finalidad analizar el contenido del principio in dubio natura y su desarrollo normativo. Asimismo, se examinan las diversas dimensiones desde donde este principio ha sido abordado por la doctrina y la jurisprudencia, hasta su proyección como principio integral de protección ambiental.

Abstract: This paper studies the strategy of the European Union in terms of energy security. The analysis is done from two dimensions: internal and external. The first one aims to remove the concerns about energy security from a purely national level, to file it as a regional phenomenon, which must be addressed by all the Member States, under the guidance of the EU institutions. The external dimension, however, calls for dialogue of Europe, with one voice, with third States holders of energy resources in order to develop common strategies about the energy security. All together, in order to see if is possible to get some lessons in the art for our country.

Resumen: Se estudia la estrategia de la Unión Europea en materia de seguridad energética. El análisis se hace desde una doble dimensión: interna y exterior. La primera de ellas pretende extraer la preocupación por la seguridad energética desde un ámbito exclusivamente nacional, para radicarlo como un fenómeno regional, que debe ser abordado por el conjunto de los Estados miembro bajo la directriz de las instituciones de la UE. La dimensión exterior, en cambio, propone el diálogo de Europa, con una sola voz, con terceros Estados poseedores de recursos energéticos, a fin de elaborar estrategias comunes y colaborativas de seguridad energética. Esto, con la finalidad de ver si es posible obtener algunas enseñanzas para Chile en la materia.

Introduction: Trauma is acute illness of variable severity; there are sudden and unexpected changes secondary to bleeding; there are more and more patients suffering trauma in the world. Kubiek showed that sending a constant electric current parallel to the spine could asees the amount of fluid passing through the aorta; and thereby, supported by Ohm's law resistance to flow at alternating current so called transthoracic bioimpedance. It is possible to describe the hemodynamic changes that occurred immediately, although there are many parameters were measured to valid the method, cardiac output, vascular resistance and total thoracic fluid. Objective: Demonstrate that bioimpedance can be applied to TRAUMA, in patients who have lost volume, which are found in systemic response and compensatory mechanisms. Material and methods: Niccomo bioimpedance monitor was used in 20 patients with homogeneous situations from 01 April to 31 July 2014 in sex, age, weight and volume loss. Results: Despite being of subjects in clinical similarity, there were significant changes in the parameters measured in response to hypovolemia; however, cardiac output below 4l/min and high percentage of thoracic fluid were associated with death. Without taking into account otters parameters, for purposes of this study is significant in hypovolemia the use of bioimpedance.

Introducción: El trauma es una enfermedad aguda de gravedad variable; hay cambios hemodinámicos súbitos e inesperados secundarios a hemorragia; cada vez más pacientes sufren trauma en el mundo. Kubiek demostró que, enviando una corriente eléctrica constante paralela a la columna vertebral, podía evaluar la cantidad de fluidos que pasan por la aorta. Con ello, y apoyado en la ley de Ohm, la resistencia al flujo a una corriente alterna la llamó bioimpedancia transtorácica. Es posible describir los cambios hemodinámicos que ocurren inmediatamente. Aunque hay muchos parámetros, para validar el método se midieron el gasto cardiaco, las resistencias vasculares y los fluidos torácicos totales. Objetivo: Demostrar que la bioimpedancia puede ser aplicada a TRAUMA, en pacientes que han perdido volumen, los cuales se encuentran en respuesta sistémica y mecanismos compensatorios que enmascaran situaciones hemodinámicas. Material y métodos: Se utilizó un monitor de bioimpedancia Niccomo en 20 pacientes con situaciones homogéneas desde el 01 de abril al 31 de julio 2014, en sexo, grupo de edad, peso y pérdida de volumen. Resultados: A pesar de tratarse de sujetos en similitud clínica, hubo cambios significativos en los parámetros medidos como respuesta a la hipovolemia; sin embargo, un gasto cardiaco por debajo de 4l/min asociado a un elevado porcentaje de fluidos torácicos se asociaron claramente a la muerte. Sin tomar en cuenta otros parámetros, para efectos de este estudio es significativo utilizar la bioimpedancia en situaciones de hipovolemia.

BACKGROUND: Algesia and inflammation are related with several pathological conditions. It is known that many drugs available for the treatment of these problems cause unwanted side effects. This study was aimed at evaluating acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of Lampaya medicinalis Phil. (Verbenaceae) widely used in the folk medicine of Northern Chile against rheumatism, arthritis and body joints pain. RESULTS: Oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) at the highest dose of 3000 mg/ Kg body weight resulted in no mortalities or evidence of significant behavioral changes. Histological examination revealed normal architecture and no significant adverse effects were observed on the liver, kidney, heart, lung or ovaries and testicles. The results suggest that the oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) from Lampaya medicinalis did not produce any toxic effect in rats. Hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema in dose - response relationship, at test doses of 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 mg/Kg body weight. Maximum inhibition (61.98 ± 2.69%) was noted at 300 mg/Kg after 2 h of drug treatment carrageenan induced paw edema, whereas indomethacin produced 47.90 ± 1.16% of inhibition. The inhibitory values of edema at 3 h postcarrageenan were 31.04±0.75%, 40.51 ± 2.36%, 48.97 ± 1.14% and 56.87 ± 0.41% for 37.5, 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg of extract respectively. Indomethacin (10 mg/Kg) gave a percentage inhibition of 49.44 ± 1.44. HAE (300 and 150 mg/kg) induced an anti-inflammatory effect greater than (or comparable) with the effect of indomethacin from 2nd to 4th hours of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal for first time that compounds contained in the hydroalcoholic extract ofLampaya medicinalis Phil exert anti-inflammatory effect and the oral administration is safe and non toxic up to dose level 3000 mg/kg body weight. The anti-inflammatory activity may be associated with the presence of flavonoids. These findings also justify the traditional use of the plant for treating pain.

Reproductive and population parameters of Thais chocolata that would contribute to the validation of the current extraction standards were obtained by performing a study in the protected area of La Rinconada Marine Reserve, Antofagasta, Chile, from December 2008 to January 2010. In terms of reproduction, the results revealed asynchronic gonad development in the population, with specimens in different stages of maturity throughout the year. Mature individuals were distributed between 5 and 13 m depth, forming aggregations at 5 m depth during much of the year. Periods of greater maturity were observed from July to August and November to January, with the most important aggregations at the end of both periods. A relationship was observed between the months with the greatest maturity and aggregations and the months with the highest daily temperature fluctuations. At the population level, the results allowed us to estimate 2.3*10(6) individuals, with 39% of this population over the minimum legal size (55 mm). The relatively slow growth estimated for this population was probably influenced by the high variability of the bottom temperature in this area. The critical size and size at first maturity of the population were higher than the minimal legal size, making it is necessary to review the current fishing regulation for this species. The effectiveness of the State marine reserves in the conservation of this marine resource was demonstrated.

Para obtener antecedentes reproductivos y poblacionales de Thais chocolata que contribuyan a validar su actual normativa pesquera, se realizó un estudio en el área protegida de la reserva marina La Rinconada, Antofagasta, Chile, entre diciembre 2008 y enero 2010. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron a nivel reproductivo, que el desarrollo gonadal de la población es asincrónico, encontrándose ejemplares en diferentes etapas de maduración durante el año. Los individuos maduros se estratificaron entre 5 y 13 m de profundidad, y gran parte del año formaron agregaciones a 5 m de profundidad. Se determinaron períodos de mayor madurez en julio-agosto, y en noviembre-enero, manifestándose las agregaciones más importantes al final de ellos. Una relación se observó entre meses de mayor madurez y registro de agregaciones, con aquellos de mayor variación intradiaria de temperatura. A nivel poblacional los resultados permitieron estimar una población de 2,3*10(6) ejemplares, donde el 39% se encontró sobre la talla mínima legal (TML = 55 mm). Los parámetros de crecimiento mostraron crecimiento relativamente lento, que podría estar influenciado por la alta variabilidad que presenta la temperatura de fondo en este sector. Mientras que su talla crítica, y la talla de primera madurez sexual poblacional, resultaron ser mayores a la TML. Se determinó la necesidad de revisar la normativa pesquera actual de esta especie, y se demostró la efectividad de las reservas marinas propiciadas por el Estado en la conservación de los recursos marinos.

As Feiras de Saúde do curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) buscam informar e sensibilizar a comunidade quanto à melhoria da qualidade de vida a partir da prevenção, orientando para a mudança de hábitos de vida e diagnosticando precocemente as doenças a fim de tratá-las e curá-las. Além disso, a UFRR busca se aproximar da população boa-vistense por meio desse trabalho de extensão universitária e da realização de um serviço de utilidade pública de grande relevância acadêmica e comunitária. A diversidade das lições aprendidas, registradas como relatos de experiências ou como estudos, pelo conjunto de profissionais, gestores, pesquisadores e acadêmicos constituiu um importante estímulo ao debate acerca dos limites e possibilidades do Programa Saúde da Família e da interação do acadêmico na comunidade.

Health fairs held by the School of Medicine at the Federal University in Roraima (UFRR) aim to raise community awareness concerning improved quality of life based on prevention, orienting people for lifestyle changes and early diagnosis of diseases. The university also promotes greater exchange with the population of Boa Vista through this extension work, a highly relevant public utility service for academia and the local community. The range of lessons learned, documented through reports of experiences and case studies by health professionals, administrators, researchers, and students, provided an important stimulus for the debate on the limits and possibilities of the Family Health Program and interaction between medical students and the community.

Pesticides are of ample worldwide use. At present there is a growing concern about seawater contamination by these chemicals. Developing aquatic organisms are particularly at risk. For this reason, early development of Octopus mimus embryos under exposure to commercial Parathion was examined. Concentrations over 0.4 mM of the pesticide altered formation of the embryonic disc at the blastula stage, resulting in abnormal gastrulation and arrest of further development. This toxic effect may be due to the blockade of DNA synthesis elicited by organophosphoric pesticides causing diminished number of blastodermic cells at the time of epiboly, thus hindering the start of invagination. Seawater contamination seems, therefore, of relevance for survival of exposed aquatic species.

Los pesticidas son de amplio uso mundial. Actualmente hay gran preocupación por la contaminación marina con estas sustancias. El desarrollo de los organismos acuáticos está especialmente comprometido. Por esta razón, se estudió el desarrollo temprano de embriones de Octopus mimus expuestos a Parathión comercial. Se encontró que concentraciones sobre 0.4 mM del pesticida alteran la formación del disco embrionario al estado de blástula resultando en una gastrulación anormal y detención posterior del desarrollo. Este efecto tóxico puede ser debido al bloqueo de la síntesis de ADN resultando en una disminución del número de células blastodérmicas al momento de la epibolia, y por tanto impiden el inicio de la invaginación. De esta manera, la contaminación marina parece ser de importancia para la sobrevida de las especies acuáticas expuestas a ella

The analysis of density, spatial distribution and gonadic histology of a Thais chocolata population in small bay Punta Arenas (21°38'S-70°09'W), has allowed define certain indicators, which show that the reproductive aggregations would take place in the shallow zone (13-15 m depth) at the same time reported for other populations of this species in northern Chile. The feature that evidence such an event are referred to the aggregated distribution of sexually mature adults in the 13 m and 15 m isobath, a distinct times of the year. Such times are different from these established for the legal veda. Thus, this legal reduction should be restudied in order to protect reproduction of this specie and hence to prevent a potential collapse of the stock in the Regions I and II (18°-26°S), taking into account that the previous fishery in Regions III and IV (26°-32°S) have already collapsed since 1988

El análisis de la densidad, distribución espacial e histología de gónadas de Thais chocolata en caleta Punta Arenas (21°38'S-70°09'W), permitió definir ciertos indicadores que señalan que las agregaciones reproductivas se constituirían en la zona somera (13-15 m de profundidad), en las mismas épocas que se han señalado para otras poblaciones de esta especie de la zona norte de Chile. Los indicadores que evidencian este acontecimiento se refieren a la distribución agregada de organismos adultos sexualmente maduros en los veriles de los 13 m y 15 m, en diferentes épocas del año. La constitución de estas agregaciones en períodos diferentes al de la veda establecida para este recurso obliga el reestudio de esta norma, con el objeto de proteger su reproducción e impedir un eventual agotamiento del stock en las Regiones I y II (18°-26°S), considerando que la pesquería que existía en las Regiones III y IV (26°-32°S) colapsó en 1988