Resumen La eficiencia en la regeneración de frambuesa, a partir de esplantes de hojas, se ve limitada debido a diversos factores, entre que los que destacan la edad del explante y el genotipo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de los reguladores de crecimiento sobre la oxidación y la regeneración in vitro a partir de explantes de hojas de cinco genotipos de frambuesa, el año del estudio fue en 2021. Se probaron dosis y combinaciones de auxinas y citocininas para inducir organogénesis directa en explantes foliares de los genotipos de frambuesa; ‘C-6’, ‘Joan J.’, ‘A-1’, ‘UM-702’ y ‘Heritage’. Los resultados mostraron que el regulador bencilaminopurina (BAP) disminuyó la oxidación en los genotipos ‘C-6’, ‘Joan J.’, ‘A-1’ y ‘Heritage’ en 36, 48, 60 y 68% respectivamente, los que se suplementaron con cinetina tuvieron una reducción de la oxidación en el genotipo ‘C-6’ (56%), cuando se adicionó tidiazuron (TDZ) la oxidación disminuyó en los genotipos evaluados en 72, 64, 72, 84 y 68% respectivamente. La mayor regeneración (número de brotes/explate) fue con BAP (0.5 mg L-1) y TDZ (0.2 mg L-1) + ácidoindolbutírico (AIB) (0.1 mg L-1) para el genotipo ‘C-6’, y TDZ (0.2 mg L-1) + AIB (0.1 mg L-1) para ‘Joan J.’ y ‘Heritage’. En ‘A-1’y ‘UMC-702’ se sugiere el uso de TDZ (0.2 mg L-1) solo. Se concluye que el uso de reguladores de crecimiento, solos o combinanados, disminuyen la oxidación en los explantes de hojas, y aumentan la sobrevivencia y regeneración de brotes en todos los genotipos evaluados.

Abstract The efficiency in raspberry regeneration, from leaf explants, is limited due to several factors, among which the age of the explant and the genotype stand out. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of growth regulators on oxidation and in vitro regeneration from leaf explants of five raspberry genotypes in 2021. Doses and combinations of auxins and cytokinins were tested to induce direct organogenesis in leaf explants of raspberry genotypes; ‘C-6’, ‘Joan J.’, ‘A-1’, ‘UM-702’ and ‘Heritage’. The results showed that the regulator benzylaminopurine (BAP) decreased oxidation in genotypes ‘C-6’, ‘Joan J.’, ‘A-1’ and ‘Heritage’ by 36, 48, 60 and 68%, respectively, those that were supplemented with kinetin had a reduction in oxidation in the genotype ‘C-6’ (56%), when thidiazuron (TDZ) was added, oxidation decreased in the genotypes evaluated by 72, 64, 72, 84 and 68%, respectively. The greatest regeneration (number of shoots/explant) was with BAP (0.5 mg L-1) and TDZ (0.2 mg L-1) + indole butyric acid (IBA) (0.1 mg L-1) for the genotype ‘C-6’, and TDZ (0.2 mg L-1) + IBA (0.1 mg L-1) for ‘Joan J.’ and ‘Heritage’. In ‘A-1’ and ‘UMC-702’, the use of TDZ (0.2 mg L-1) alone is suggested. It is concluded that the use of growth regulators, alone or combined, decreases oxidation in leaf explants, and increases the survival and regeneration of shoots in all genotypes evaluated.

Abstract. Chili pepper fruits are important sources of bioactive compounds e.g., capsaicinoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and minerals. From them, chili pepper fruits synthesize and accumulate important concentrations of ascorbic acid (AsA) (also known as vitamin C). AsA has an important role as a free-radical scavenger and as an effective antioxidant. In plants, AsA develops crucial functions for the homeostasis maintenance of the cells, whereas, in animals, AsA is very important for cellular metabolism too. Because of humans and some animal species are incapable of synthesizing AsA, they must acquire it from vegetable food, and chili pepper fruits represent an excellent option for vitamin C uptake. In this review, we integrate the latest biological advances of the research about vitamin C in chili pepper fruits including biosynthesis, accumulation, and the effects of agricultural practices and postharvest storage.

Resumen. El chile es una fuente muy importante de compuestos bioactivos (capsaicinoides, carotenoidess, ácido ascórbico, flavonoides, compuestos fenólicos y minerales). De éstos, el chile contiene concentraciones muy importantes de ácido ascóbico (AsA) (también conocido como vitamina C). El AsA tiene un importante papel en la eliminación de radicales libres y es un antioxidante muy efectivo. En plantas, el AsA lleva a cabo funciones cruciales para el mantenimiento de la homeostasis celular, mientras que, en animales, el AsA es muy importante para el metabolismo celular. Debido a que los humanos y algunas especies animales son incapaces de sintetizarlo, ellos deben adquirirlo a partir de alimentos de origen vegetal, siendo los frutos de chile una excelente fuente de vitamina C. En esta revisión, se integran los avances más recientes acerca de la investigación de la vitamina C, su ruta de biosíntesis, su contenido en frutos de chile y, finalmente, el efecto de diferentes factores como el manejo agrícola y el procesamiento de frutos de Capsicum sobre el contenido de AsA.

Cacti species are plants that are well adapted to growing in arid and semiarid regions where the main problem is water availability. Cacti have developed a series of adaptations to cope with water scarcity, such as reduced leaf surface via morphological modifications including spines, cereous cuticles, extended root systems and stem tissue modifications to increase water storage, and crassulacean acid metabolism to reduce transpiration and water loss. Furthermore, seeds of these plants very often exhibit dormancy, a phenomenon that helps to prevent germination when the availability of water is reduced. In general, cactus species exhibit a low growth rate that makes their rapid propagation difficult. Cacti are much appreciated as ornamental plants due to their great variety and diversity of forms and their beautiful short-life flowers; however, due to difficulties in propagating them rapidly to meet market demand, they are very often over-collected in their natural habitats, which leads to numerous species being threatened, endangered or becoming extinct. Therefore, plant tissue culture techniques may facilitate their propagation over a shorter time period than conventional techniques used for commercial purposes; or may help to recover populations of endangered or threatened species for their re-introduction in the wild; or may also be of value to the preservation and conservation of the genetic resources of this important family. Herein we present the state-of-the-art of tissue culture techniques used for ornamental cacti and selected suggestions for solving a number of the problems faced by members of the Cactaceae family.

Chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) is an important horticultural crop worldwide. Chili pepper fruits from different Capsicum species have been highly consumed in Rexico since pre-Columbian times. Some Capsicum species synthesize and accumulate anthocyanins in different tissues and organs. Although the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway has been established for different plant species, very few studies on anthocyanin chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology of these pigments produced by chili peppers have been reported. In this review we describe the information on the type of anthocyanins synthesized and accumulated in chili pepper, and also on the molecular biology of the biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, we discuss the applications of current knowledge for the genetic manipulation, through genetic engineering, of this trait, and also the future anthocyanin-related research areas in Capsicum.

El chile (Capsicum spp.) es uno de los cultivos hortícolas más importantes a nivel mundial. Los frutos de diferentes especies de Capsicum han sido utilizados para su consumo en Réxico desde tiempos precolombinos. Algunas especies de Capsicum sintetizan y acumulan antocianinas en diferentes tejidos y órganos. A pesar de que la ruta de biosíntesis de las antocianinas se ha establecido para diversas especies vegetales, se han publicado relativamente pocos estudios para el caso de Capsicum acerca de la química, bioquímica y biología molecular de estos pigmentos. En la presente revisión describimos la información existente sobre las antocianinas que se sintetizan y se acumulan en las plantas de chile, y también la referente a la biología molecular de la biosíntesis de esos pigmentos. Además, se discuten las aplicaciones del conocimiento actual para la manipulación por ingeniería genética de estas características, así como las futuras áreas de investigación de las antocianinas en Capsicum.