Resumo Fundamento O maior risco de se desenvolver diabetes com o uso de estatinas é um desafio para a segurança do uso dessa classe de medicamentos em longo prazo. No entanto, poucos estudos analisaram essa questão durante síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA). Objetivos Investigar a associação entre início precoce da terapia com estatina e níveis de glicemia em pacientes admitidos com SCA. Métodos Este foi um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes hospitalizados por SCA. Pacientes que nunca haviam usado estatinas foram incluídos e divididos segundo uso ou não de estatina nas primeiras 24 horas de internação. O desfecho primário foi a incidência de hiperglicemia na internação (definida como pico de glicemia > 200mg/dL). Modelos de regressão logística e modelos lineares multivariados foram usados para ajuste quanto a fatores de confusão e um modelo de pareamento por escore de propensão foi desenvolvido para comparações entre os dois grupos de interesses. Um valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Um total de 2357 pacientes foram incluídos, 1704 deles alocados no grupo que receberam estatinas e 653 no grupo que não receberam estatinas nas primeiras 24 horas de internação. Após os ajustes, uso de estatina nas primeiras 24 horas foi associado com uma menor incidência de hiperglicemia durante a internação (OR ajustado = 0,61, IC95% 0,46-0,80; p < 0,001) e menor necessidade de uso de insulina (OR ajustado = 0,56, IC 95% 0,41-0,76; p < 0,001). Essas associações mantiveram-se similares nos modelos de pareamento por escore de propensão, bem como após análises de sensibilidade, como exclusão de pacientes que desenvolveram choque cardiogênico, infecção grave ou pacientes que foram a óbito durante a internação hospitalar. Conclusões Entre os pacientes internados com SCA que não receberam estatinas previamente, a terapia precoce com estatina associou-se independentemente com menor incidência de hiperglicemia durante a internação. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):285-294)

Abstract Background Increased risk of new-onset diabetes with statins challenges the long-term safety of this drug class. However, few reports have analyzed this issue during acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Objective To explore the association between early initiation of statin therapy and blood glucose levels in patients admitted with ACS. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of patients hospitalized with ACS. Statin-naïve patients were included and divided according to their use or not of statins within the first 24 hours of hospitalization. The primary endpoint was incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia (defined as peak blood glucose > 200 mg/dL). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to adjust for confounders, and a propensity-score matching model was developed to further compare both groups of interest. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 2,357 patients were included, 1,704 of them allocated in the statin group and 653 in the non-statin group. After adjustments, statin use in the first 24 hours was associated with a lower incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia (adjusted OR=0.61, 95% CI 0.46-0.80; p < 0.001) and lower need for insulin therapy (adjusted OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.41-0.76; p < 0.001). These associations remained similar in the propensity-score matching models, as well as after several sensitivity analyses, such as after excluding patients who developed cardiogenic shock, severe infection or who died during index-hospitalization. Conclusions Among statin-naïve patients admitted with ACS, early statin therapy was independently associated with lower incidence of in-hospital hyperglycemia. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):285-294)

INTRODUCTION: In elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction, very little is known about the role of surgical myocardial revascularization and percutaneous coronary intervention (invasive therapies - IT), especially in the context of long-term outcomes after hospital discharge. METHODS: We analyzed 1588 patients with MI who had been included prospectively in a databank and followed for up to 7.5 years. In this population, 548 patients were >70 years old (elderly group - EG), and 1040 were <70 years of age (younger group - YG); 1088 underwent IT during hospitalization, and the remaining 500 were treated medically (conservative therapy - CT). Patients were monitored either by visit or by phone at least once a year. A standard questionnaire was administered to all patients. The impact of IT was analyzed with both non-adjusted and adjusted models. RESULTS: By the end of the follow-up period, the survival rates for the IT and CT groups were, respectively, 71.9% versus 47.2% in the global population (hazard ratio=0.55, P<0.001), 81.5% versus 66.6% in the YG (hazard ratio=0.68, P=0.018) and 48.8% versus 20.3% in the EG (hazard ratio=0.58, P<0.001). In the adjusted models, the hazard ratios were 0.62 (P<0.001) in the global population, 0.74 in the YG (P=0.073) and 0.64 (P=0.001) in the EG. CONCLUSION: Long-term follow-up of patients with myocardial infarction revealed that IT during the in-hospital phase was at least as effective in elderly patients as in younger patients.

Relato do caso de mulher de 74 anos, com hipertensão arterial sistêmica e insuficiência vascular periférica, que apresentou sintomas de síndrome coronariana aguda. A angiografia coronariana demonstrou artérias sem obstruções significativas. A ventriculografia e a ecocardiografia demonstraram acinesia dos segmentos médios e apicais, e hipercinesia dos segmentos basais do ventrículo esquerdo. A paciente evoluiu com recuperação completa da função global e motilidade segmentar em ecocardiografia realizada duas semanas após o início dos sintomas. Esse padrão incomum e reversível de disfunção sistólica e comprometimento segmentar dando ao ventrículo esquerdo forma semelhante a um takotsubo é hoje conhecido como cardiomiopatia do estresse.

This is the report of a 74-year-old female patient with a history of systemic hypertension and peripheral vascular disease who presented acute coronary syndrome symptoms. Coronary angiography showed coronary arteries with no significant obstructions. Ventriculography and echocardiography showed akinesia in mid and apical segments; and hyperkinesia of left ventricle basal segments. Two weeks after the onset of symptoms, a new echocardiogram demonstrated normal global and regional systolic function. The uncommon, reversible pattern for systolic dysfunction and segmental compromising that gives left ventricle a takostubo-like shape is known today as stress cardiomyopathy.

Relatamos caso de mulher de 45 anos de idade, com antecedentes de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e tabagismo, submetida a ecocardiografia sob estresse pela dobutamina-atropina para investigação de doença arterial coronariana. No pico do estresse, a paciente apresentou dor precordial súbita e de forte intensidade. O eletrocardiograma de doze derivações revelou elevação do segmento ST nas derivações DII, DIII, aVF, V5 e V6 e depressão do segmento ST nas derivações DI, aVL, V2 e V3. Pela monitoração das imagens ecocardiográficas foi observado aparecimento de discinesia do septo inferior e acinesia da parede inferior do ventrículo esquerdo. O exame foi interrompido imediatamente, a paciente foi medicada e evoluiu com melhora da dor precordial e das alterações de motilidade segmentar. A angiografia coronariana revelou lesões coronarianas irregulares com menos de 50% de obstrução do diâmetro luminal. Trata-se de um caso de vasoespasmo coronariano induzido por estimulação alfa-adrenérgica durante a ecocardiografia sob estresse pela dobutamina-atropina.

This is the report on a 45-year-old female, with a history of systemic arterial hypertension and cigarette smoking, submitted to dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the investigation of coronary artery disease. At stress peak, the patient reported sudden, highly intense precordial pain. The 12-lead electrocardiogram showed ST segment elevation in DII, DIII, aVF, V5 and V6, and depression in DI, aVL, V2 and V3. Echocardiographic imaging monitoring showed dyskinesia of inferior septum and akinesia of inferior wall. The test was interrupted immediately. The patient was medicated and improved her precordial pain condition as well as wall motion abnormalities. Coronary angiography showed irregular coronary lesions with <50% luminal diameter obstruction. It is a case of coronary spasm induced by alpha-adrenergic stimulation during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE: To report about a group of physicians' understanding of the recommendations of the II Brazilian Guidelines Conference on Dyslipidemias, and about the state of the art of primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis. METHODS: Through the use of a questionnaire on dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis prevention, and recommendations for lipid targets established by the II Brazilian Guidelines Conference on Dyslipidemias, 746 physicians, 98% cardiologists, were evaluated. RESULTS:Eighty-seven percent of the respondents stated that the treatment of dyslipidemia changes the natural history of coronary disease. Although most of the participants followed the total cholesterol recommendations (<200mg/dL for atherosclerosis prevention), only 55.8% would adopt the target of LDL-C <100 mg/dL for secondary prevention. Between 30.5 and 36.7% answered, in different questions, that the recommended level for HDL-C should be <35mg/dL. Only 32.7% would treat their patients indefinitely with lipid- lowering drugs. If the drug treatment did not reach the proposed target, only 35.5% would increase the dosage, and 29.4% would change the medication. Participants did not know the targets proposed for diabetics. CONCLUSION: Although the participating physicians valued the role played by lipids in the prevention of atherosclerosis, serious deficiencies exist in their knowledge of the recommendations given during the II Brazilian Guidelines Conference on Dyslipidemias.