Abstract Inadequate management practices are the main factors that can cause pasture degradation, and one of the key factors is to understand the nutrient cycling in pasture ecosystems. This review aimed to describe the cycling processes of important nutrients in pasture ecosystems (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), analyzing the interactions of soil-plant-animal components. The use of forage legume species intercropped with grasses is a strategy to increase the nitrogen content in the soil, minimizing costs with nitrogen fertilization in pastures. Manure and plant residues are great organic sources of phosphorus and potassium but are also fundamental for supplying microminerals. Nitrogen losses in pastures are mainly caused by leaching, runoff, and volatilization. The addition of phosphorus to the soil must be performed carefully, as there is an increase in phosphorus losses with increasing accumulation in the soil. Phosphorus is often returned to the soil far from where it was used, so the stock transfer represents a loss in pasture ecosystems that can account for approximately 5% of the inputs of phosphate fertilizers. Potassium losses mostly occur by leaching and runoff. Improving management practices is essential for balanced nutrient cycling in pasture ecosystems. degradation nitrogen, (nitrogen potassium, , potassium) soilplantanimal animal components microminerals runoff volatilization carefully used 5 fertilizers

Resumo Práticas inadequadas de manejo são os principais fatores que podem causar a degradação das pastagens, e um dos fatores chaves é entender a ciclagem de nutrientes nos ecossistemas de pastagem. Esta revisão teve como objetivo descrever os processos de ciclagem de nutrientes importantes em ecossistemas de pastagem (nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio), analisando as interações entre os componentes solo-planta-animal. Verificou-se que o uso de espécies de leguminosas forrageiras consorciadas com gramíneas é uma estratégia para aumentar o teor de nitrogênio no solo, minimizando os custos com adubação nitrogenada em pastagens campestres. Estrume e resíduos vegetais são as principais fontes orgânicas de fósforo e potássio. As perdas de nitrogênio nas pastagens ocorrem principalmente por lixiviação, escoamento superficial e volatilização. A adição de fósforo ao solo deve ser feita com cautela, pois há um aumento nas perdas de fósforo com o aumento de seu acúmulo no solo. O fósforo é muitas vezes devolvido ao solo longe do local onde foi consumido, de modo que a transferência de estoque representa uma perda nos ecossistemas de pastagem que pode representar aproximadamente 5% das entradas de fertilizantes fosfatados. As perdas de potássio ocorrem principalmente por lixiviação e escoamento superficial. A melhoria das práticas de manejo é essencial para uma ciclagem equilibrada de nutrientes em ecossistemas de pastagem. nitrogênio, (nitrogênio potássio, , potássio) soloplantaanimal. soloplantaanimal planta animal. animal solo-planta-animal Verificouse Verificou se campestres volatilização cautela consumido 5 fosfatados

ABSTRACT Purpose: To explore artificial intelligence’s impact on surgical education, highlighting its advantages and challenges. Methods: A comprehensive search across databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was conducted to compile relevant studies. Results: Artificial intelligence offers several advantages in surgical training. It enables highly realistic simulation environments for the safe practice of complex procedures. Artificial intelligence provides personalized real-time feedback, improving trainees’ skills. It efficiently processes clinical data, enhancing diagnostics and surgical planning. Artificial intelligence-assisted surgeries promise precision and minimally invasive procedures. Challenges include data security, resistance to artificial intelligence adoption, and ethical considerations. Conclusions: Stricter policies and regulatory compliance are needed for data privacy. Addressing surgeons’ and educators’ reluctance to embrace artificial intelligence is crucial. Integrating artificial intelligence into curricula and providing ongoing training are vital. Ethical, bioethical, and legal aspects surrounding artificial intelligence demand attention. Establishing clear ethical guidelines, ensuring transparency, and implementing supervision and accountability are essential. As artificial intelligence evolves in surgical training, research and development remain crucial. Future studies should explore artificial intelligence-driven personalized training and monitor ethical and legal regulations. In summary, artificial intelligence is shaping the future of general surgeons, offering advanced simulations, personalized feedback, and improved patient care. However, addressing data security, adoption resistance, and ethical concerns is vital. Adapting curricula and providing continuous training are essential to maximize artificial intelligence’s potential, promoting ethical and safe surgery. Purpose intelligences s education challenges Methods PubMed Scopus SciELO, SciELO , (SciELO) Embase Science Results procedures realtime real time feedback trainees skills planning intelligenceassisted assisted security considerations Conclusions privacy surgeons educators crucial vital Ethical bioethical attention guidelines transparency intelligencedriven driven regulations summary simulations care However potential surgery (SciELO

Resumo A restauração florestal em áreas de pastagens, dominadas por Urochloa spp. (braquiárias), apresenta custo relativamente elevado, principalmente pela dificuldade de controle dessa planta infestante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a forma de controle de braquiárias mais eficiente para a formação de povoamento para restauração florestal. Foram comparadas quatro estratégias para controle de braquiária em área de restauração florestal no município de Bom Jardim - RJ: T1 - capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio e roçadas nas entrelinhas; T2 - capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio e aplicações do herbicida glyphosate (1,44 kg i.a. ha-1) nas entrelinhas; T3 - capina em área total e consórcio com leguminosas herbáceas fixadoras de nitrogênio; T4 - capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio, roçadas e consórcio com eucalipto nas entrelinhas. Avaliou-se o crescimento em altura, diâmetro no nível do solo e diâmetro de copa de dez espécies arbóreas em diferentes idades, bem como todos os custos envolvidos na aplicação e manutenção de cada tratamento, até 30 meses após o plantio. Em todas as épocas de avaliação, as plantas florestais apresentaram média de crescimento significativamente superior em altura e em diâmetro nos tratamentos de consórcio com leguminosas e aplicação de glyphosate (T3 e T2). Aos 24 meses após o plantio, a copa das árvores implantadas já recobria 80% a 90% da área da unidade experimental nesses tratamentos. Entretanto, o custo de manutenção do T3 foi quase o dobro das unidades de T1 e o custo deste último foi quase três vezes superior das unidades submetidas a T2. O consórcio de eucalipto nas entrelinhas de plantio não prejudicou, mas não beneficiou o crescimento das espécies nativas. O controle químico e o consórcio com leguminosas herbáceas podem ser apontados como alternativas eficazes para controle da braquiária dessa área, antecipando a formação dos povoamentos e resultando em economia de recursos.

Abstract Forest restoration in pastures dominated by Urochloa spp. (brachiaria) shows relatively high cost, mainly by the difficulty of controlling this weed. The objective of this work was to determine the most efficient brachyria control for forest restoration formation. Four different strategies for brachiaria control in the forest restoration area were compared in the city of Bom Jardim, Rio de Janeiro state: T1 weeding in strips in the planting lines and mowed between the lines; T2 weeding in strips in the planting lines and applications of glyphosate (1.44 kg i.a. ha-1) between the lines; T3 - weeding in total area and consortium with herbaceous legumes nitrogen-fixing; T4 - weeding in strips in the planting lines, mowing and consortium with eucalyptus between the lines. The growth in height, the diameter at ground level and the diameter of the top of ten forest species at different ages were evaluated, as well as all costs involved in the application and maintenance of each treatment, up to 30 months after planting. In every age of valuation, forest plants showed significantly higher average growth in height and diameter at the ground level in the treatment of consortium with herbaceous legumes and application of glyphosate. At 24 months after planting, the top of the trees that were introduced had already covered 80% to 90% of the area of experimental unit that received the T3 (legumes) and T2 (Glyphosate) treatments, respectively. However, the maintenance cost of the T3 was almost double the T1 units and the cost of the latter was almost three times higher than the units analyzed for T2. As a general rule, eucalyptus consortium between the lines of planting did not harm, but also did not benefit the growth of the native species planted up to 30 months after planting. Chemical control and consortium with herbaceous legumes can be pointed as effective alternatives to control the brachiaria of this area, anticipating the formation of stands and resulting in resource savings.

Abstract: This article offers a new formulation of the Socratic principle known as the Principle of the Sovereignty of Virtue (PSV). It is divided in three sections. In the first section I criticize Vlastos’ formulation of the PSV. In the second section I present the weighing model of practical deliberation, introduce the concepts of reason for action, simple reason, sufficient reason and conclusive reason that were offered by Thomas Scanlon in Being realistic about reasons (2014), and then I adapt these concepts so as to render them apt to be used in the formulation I intend to offer. In the third section I present my formulation of the PSV using the concepts introduced in the second section and explain why I believe this formulation is better than the one offered by Vlastos.

Abstract This paper presents a clear and fast design procedure for directly matched low noise active integrated microstrip antenna front end circuits. Initially, a theoretical analysis is given for the overall gain equivalence between traditional and directly matched antennas. Then, a detailed procedure is presented for the design and construction of a fully integrated GPS antenna. To validate the proposed procedure, a prototype was built and characterized by measuring the reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, noise figure and the active antenna overall gain. Additionally, a field test comparison was made between the manufactured prototype and a commercially available active antenna using the u-blox NEO-6M GPS receiver module. The prototype experimental and field test results showed excellent performance, thus validating the proposed co-design approach.

Abstract The difference between phase velocities of the odd and even modes in inhomogeneous microstrip coupled lines makes the microstrip directional coupler a poor device regarding directivity. In this work, this issue is successfully compensated by the addition of a matching network at the ports of coupled lines. Furthermore, the proposed matching network, composed of a single segment of microstrip line, was extensively studied providing significant insights for the design of a compact and broadband device. As result, simple design equations based on coupled lines S-parameters are obtained, as well as the achievable operation limits of the proposed matching network. Finally, in order to validate the proposed design methodology, a compact microstrip directional coupler is constructed to operate with directivity higher than 30 dB and coupling of 17 dB over a 600-MHz bandwidth.

Abstract Paper aims This article aims at investigating the implementation level of Lean Supply Chain (LSC) practices in hotels’ supply chains. Originality The proposed method allows to characterize LSC implementation in such an unusual context, identifying improvement opportunities and checking for discrepancies in their implementation. Research method Six different supply chains of high-quality hotels were analyzed through semi-structured interviews. Interviewees played key roles in their purchasing departments and presented large experience in the hospitality sector. Main findings Results were consolidated and for each case attributes were assigned to measure the implementation level of ten practices. Implementation scores were compared to a perceived average importance degree in order to verify convergences and divergences between the desired and actual improvement initiatives. Implications for theory and practice The applicability of LSC practices in services still needs further exploration. In the hospitality sector, whose evidence is even scarcer, this study provides a more holistic approach enabling a deeper understanding of the necessary adaptation for a successful implementation.

RESUMO A produção de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pode ser prejudicada por diversas pragas e doenças, com destaque entre os patógenos de solo para os nematoides de galha, que causam perdas significativas. Objetivou-se avaliar a reação de genótipos de feijoeiro à reprodução desses nematoides, com ênfase nas duas espécies mais comumente encontradas parasitando a cultura: Meloidogyne javanica e Meloidogyne incognita. Os experimentos foram realizados em casa-de-vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 26 tratamentos (genótipos), dez repetições e parcela composta por um vaso contendo uma planta. Cada parcela foi inoculada com 1.000 ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio e avaliada aos 62 dias após a inoculação, quando as populações finais foram estimadas. A resistência dos genótipos foi determinada com base em dois critérios: fator e índice de reprodução. Todos os genótipos foram suscetíveis a M. incognita por ambos os critérios. As cultivares IAC Alvorada, IAC Imperador, BRS Esplendor e BRS Esteio, embora possam ser classificadas como resistentes a M. javanica pelo fator de reprodução, são classificadas apenas como moderadamente resistentes se o critério de avaliação for o índice de reprodução.

ABSTRACT The production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) may be compromised by a variety of pests and diseases, with root-knot nematodes standing out among the soil-borne pathogens that cause significant losses. It was assessed the reaction of common bean genotypes to the reproduction of these nematodes, with emphasis on the two species most frequently found parasitizing the crop: Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogne incognita. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized design, with 26 treatments (genotypes), ten replications and plot consisting of a pot containing one plant. Each plot was inoculated with 1,000 eggs and second-stage juveniles and assessed at 62 days after the inoculation, when the final populations were estimated. The genotypic resistance was determined based on two criteria: reproduction factor and index. All the genotypes were susceptible to M. incognita according to both assessment criteria. The IAC Alvorada, IAC Imperador, BRS Esplendor and BRS Esteio cultivars, although may be classified as resistant to M. javanica by the reproduction factor, are classified only as moderately resistant if the assessment criterion is the reproduction index.

In this article, I present an interpre-tation of Aristotle’s thought regarding the normative value of friendship duties. The argument is divided in VII sections. In Section I, I provide brief summaries of the main arguments defended by me in a previous article about the normative consequences of virtue and utility friendships in Aristotle, the objectives that are to be defended in this article and of the conclusions that I take them to support. In section II, I offer an inter-pretation ofAristotle’s thought regarding the normative value of friendship duties in cases where there is no practical conflict between friendship duties. In section III, I outline Aristotle’s theory about how we should deal with cases where there is such practical conflict. In the next sections, I analyze three other passages of the Aristotelian corpus where we have good reason to think that this kind of conflict appears, namely, NE, III 1, 1110a20-29 (IV), Pol, III 10, 1286b23-28 (V) and Rol., VII 9, 1330a9-25 (VI), in order to flesh out the outline presented in section III. In section VII I conclude with a summary of the argument.

En este artículo presento una interpretación del pensamiento de Aristóteles en relación con el valor normativo de los deberes de la amistad. El trabajo está dividido en siete secciones. En la primera sección ofrezco un resumen de los argumentos principales que expuse en un artículo anterior acerca de las consecuencias normativas de las amistades basadas en la virtud y aquellas basadas en la utilidad. En esa misma sección expongo las tesis que defenderé y las conclusiones que de ellas se siguen. En la segunda sección, ofrezco una interpretación del pensamiento de Aristóteles en relación con el valor normativo de los deberes de la amistad en los casos en que no hay conflicto práctico entre ellos. En la tercera sección esbozo la teoría de Aristóteles acerca de cómo deberíamos proceder en los casos en que dichos conflictos se presentan. En las siguientes secciones analizo otros tres pasajes del corpus aristotélico en los que existen buenas razones para pensar que surge esta clase de conflicto: NE, III 1, 1110a20-29 (IV), Pol., III 10, 1286b23-28 (V) y Pol., VII 9, 1330a9-25 (VI), con el objeto de ilustrar lo esbozado en la sección III. En la última sección recapitulo el argumento.

In this article, I use the expanded hohfeldian model presented by Wenar to argue that, according to Aristotle's theory of friendship, every bond of friendship that is based on utility or virtue creates duties and hohfeldian incidents between those who are friends. In section 1, I provide a quick presentation of Hohfeld's work and of Wenar's hohfeldian model. In section 2, I present my thesis about the creation of certain hohfeldian incidents and certain duties in virtue and utility friendships as conceived by Aristotle. In section 3, I give a broad characterization of Aristotle's theory of friendship and of the three great kinds of friendship that he recognizes. In section 4, I defend the thesis that it is only in virtue and utility friendships that duties are created. In section 5, I specify what are the hohfeldian incidents created by these two kinds of friendship. In section 6, I specify the two ways in which, according to Aristotle, these incidents and duties might be created. In section 7, I conclude with a brief recapitulation of the argument.

En este artículo utilizo el modelo hohfeldiano extendido, presentado por Wenar, para argumentar que, según la teoría de la amistad de Aristóteles, todo lazo de amistad basado en la utilidad o la virtud crea deberes e incidentes hohfeldianos entre aquellos que son amigos. En la sección 1 proporciono una presentación rápida de la obra de Hohfeld y del modelo hohfeldiano de Wenar. En la sección 2 presento mi tesis sobre la creación de ciertos incidentes hohfeldianos y ciertos deberes en las amistades basadas en la virtud y la utilidad tal como fueron concebidos por Aristóteles. En la sección 3 ofrezco una caracterización general de la teoría de la amistad de Aristóteles y de los tres grandes tipos de amistad que reconoce. En la sección 4 defiendo la tesis de que los deberes se crean solamente en las amistades basadas en la virtud y la utilidad. En la sección 5 especifico cuáles son los incidentes hohfeldianos creados por estos dos tipos de amistad. En la sección 6 especifico las dos maneras en que, según Aristóteles, podrían crearse estos incidentes y deberes. En la sección 7 concluyo con una breve recapitulación de la argumentación.

Abstract A practical procedure to reduce the back lobe level of linear microstrip antenna arrays is presented in this paper. The novel concept consists in the design of the radiators asymmetrically positioned with respect to the ground plane. In order to validate this technique, a four-element linearly-polarized array is designed in the HFSS software and a prototype is manufactured. Furthermore, the design of beamforming circuit to achieve broadside radiation and -20 dB side lobe level is detailed. Very good agreement between simulated and experimental results is obtained. Although the technique is presented for linearly polarized arrays, it is general and can also be applied in the circularly polarized ones.

This paper presents an integration of the process of environmental licensing applied to Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) through the document Study and Report of Environmental Impact (EIA/RIMA). Also, the study analyzes the structuring of the recommendations of project management practices according to the Project Management Institute in the stages of initiation, planning, execution, control and closure. This is done to identify the efficiency in integration processes, stakeholders, scope, time, quality, cost and communication in the document project management plan EIA/RIMA. The contextualization of the national, state and local environmental licensing policies in Brazil was done. These are crucial in the making of the Environmental Impact Study. The integration of project management and environmental management documents contributes to form teams that are more committed with environmental responsibilities present in the work plans of environmental projects.

Este artículo presenta una integración del proceso de licenciamiento ambiental aplicada a Río de Janeiro (Brasil) a través del documento de Estudio e Informe de Impacto Ambiental (EIA/RIMA). Se analiza también la estructuración de las recomendaciones sobre prácticas de gestión de proyectos de acuerdo Instituto de Gestión de Proyectos en las etapas de iniciación, planificación, ejecución, control y cierre. Esto se hace con el fin de identificar la eficiencia en los procesos de integración, las partes interesadas, alcance, tiempo, calidad, costo y la comunicación en el plan de gestión de la EIA/RIMA. Se realizó una contextualización de las políticas de licenciamiento ambiental nacional, estatal y local en Brasil, que son cruciales en la elaboración del estudio de impacto ambiental. La integración de la gestión de proyectos y documentos de gestión ambiental contribuye a formar equipos más comprometidos con responsabilidades ambientales presentes en los planes de trabajo para proyectos ambientales.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do espaçamento de plantio no crescimento de seis espécies florestais, aos 22 meses de idade, em plantios de recomposição florestal, na Bacia do Rio Guandu. O experimento foi instalado na SFE - Usina Termelétrica Barbosa Lima Sobrinho, Município de Seropédica-RJ. Foram utilizadas 48 espécies arbóreas, estabelecidas nos espaçamentos 1,0 x 1,0; 1,5 x 1,5; 2,0 x 2,0 e 3,0 x 2,0 m, os quais constituem os tratamentos. Aos 22 meses após plantio, avaliou-se o crescimento em altura, diâmetro ao nível do solo (DNS) e largura da copa para as espécies Anadenanthera macrocarpa Benth. Brenan (angico vermelho), Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira pimenteira), Schizolobium parahyba Blake (guapuruvu), Chorisia speciosa St. Hill (paineira), Cordia sp. (babosa branca) e Inga marginata (ingá). Foi constatado que o crescimento das espécies comportou de maneira diferenciada nos espaçamentos de plantio, sendo que os mesmos influenciaram significativamente no crescimento inicial de todas as espécies. Concluiu-se que, de modo geral, nos espaçamentos mais amplos, as plantas apresentaram maior crescimento.

This work veriflied the influence of planting spacing on the initial growth of six forest species, at the age of 22 months, in plantations of forest recomposition in the Guandu River Basin. The experiment was installed in the SFE - thermoelectric power plants Barbosa Lima Sobrinho, located in the City of Seropédica-RJ. Forty eight tree species were planted, using the spacings, 1.0 x 1.0, 1.5 x 1.5, 2.0 and 2.0 x 3.0 x 2.0 m, which are the study treatments. At 22 months after planting, it was evaluated the growth in height, diameter at ground level (DNS) and area of the canopy for the species, Anadenanthera macrocarpa Benth. Brenan (angico vermelho), Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira pimenteira), Schizolobium parahyba Blake (guapuruvu) Chorisia speciosa St. Hill (paineira), Cordia sp. (babosa branca) and Inga marginata (ingá). It was found that the studied species behaved in a different way in the differents spacing of planting, and that the planting density significantly influenced on the initial growth of all the species. In general, in wider planting spacings, the plants had higher growth.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso de blocos prensados como recipientes na produção de mudas de Inga marginata, Jacaranda puberula e Zeyheria tuberculosa. O sistema de bloco prensado (440 cm³/muda) foi comparado com sacos plásticos (330 cm³) e tubetes de seção circular (280 cm³). O substrato utilizado foi uma mistura de composto orgânico, moinha de carvão e solo argiloso (6:2:2). Após a prensagem, os blocos prensados apresentaram dimensões de 60 x 40 x 12 cm (comprimento, largura e altura). Foram medidos a altura e o diâmetro das mudas mensalmente, dos 60 até 150 dias após a repicagem. Em seguida, determinou-se o peso de matéria seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. Para avaliar o comportamento das mudas produzidas nos diferentes tratamentos e em condições de campo, mediram-se a taxa de sobrevivência aos 2 meses e o crescimento em altura aos 10 meses após o plantio. As mudas produzidas no sistema de blocos prensados apresentaram crescimento superior ou similar àquelas produzidas nos sacos plásticos e tubetes. Em condições de campo, a taxa de sobrevivência e o crescimento das plantas oriundas do sistema de blocos prensados não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas em relação às plantas oriundas de sacos plásticos e tubetes. O sistema de blocos prensados mostrou-se tecnicamente viável para a produção de mudas das espécies florestais estudadas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of using pressed blocks as containers for the production of Inga marginata, Jacaranda puberula and Zeyheria tuberculosa seedlings. The pressed block system (440 cm³) was compared to plastic bags (330 cm³) and circular section tubes (280 cm³). The substrate used was a mixture of organic matter, ground charcoal and clayish soil (6:2:2). After pressing, the size of the blocks was 60 x 40 x 12 cm (length, width and height). Height and diameter of the seedlings were measured monthly, starting at 60 to 150 days after transplantation. The next step was to determine the dry matter weight of the aerial part and root system. To evaluate the behavior of the seedlings produced in the various treatments under field conditions, the survival rate at two months from planting was measured. The seedlings produced by the pressed block system showed a growth higher than or similar to those produced in plastic bags or tubes. Under field conditions, no statistical differences were observed for survival rate and growth of the seedlings from the pressed blocks, plastic bags and tubes. The pressed block system was found to be technically feasible for the production of seedlings of the forest trees species studied.