A variation in the climatic parameters of an orographic vineyard influences the growth and development of vines and grapes. Understanding the effects of this is highly beneficial in determining how viticulture practices can be modified to enhance grape quality. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of in-row grape position, altitude and vigour on berry morphology and grape maturity. The effects of vigour, altitude and in-row grape position on berry weight and diameter, titratable acidity, pH and sugar concentration of Carignan and Grenache noir grapes grown in a vineyard located in Priorat were investigated in the 2021 vintage. The results show that Carignan grapes with a lower vigour demonstrated a higher sugar concentration, berry weight and diameter, as well as lower titratable acidity, while the Grenache noir grapes with a lower vigour achieved only a higher sugar concentration. The grapes at high altitude had a higher sugar concentration in Carignan and higher titratable acidity in Grenache noir. Outer-row grapes of Carignan were characterised by lower titratable acidity and a higher sugar concentration, berry weight and diameter, while the outer-row grapes of Grenache noir displayed lower berry diameter, and a higher pH and sugar concentration. Vigour and in-row grape position have stronger effects on berry morphology and chemical composition than altitude. Sugar concentration is more susceptible than other parameters to be influenced by variability in the vineyard conditions.

Purpose: A guidelines for the management of retinal vein occlusion is presented. This is necessary because at this moment several therapeutic alternatives have been developed although their role is not yet sufficiently defined. Methods: Review of the literature for evidence published up to date. Relevant literature was identified and the level of evidence graded. Evidence was then assessed for consistency, applicability and clinical impact. The information was contrasted with those guides published in other countries. Results: Taking into account the different options of treatment that are currently used, several modes of action are suggested. The role of the various complementary examinations are discussed and it is recommended that criteria for the treatment are based on clinical, angiographic, and tomographic findings. Conclusions: Although there is no overall consensus, these guidelines promote a good standard of clinical practise and provide an update of the management of retinal vein occlusion.

Propósito: Se presenta una guía de manejo de las oclusiones venosas retinianas. Esto se hace necesario en un momento en el que han aparecido varias alternativas terapéuticas cuyo papel aún no está completamente definido. Métodos: Se revisa la literatura publicada hasta el momento identificando los artículos más relevantes, clasificándolos en base al nivel de evidencia. Resultados: Teniendo en cuenta las distintas opciones de tratamiento que existen en la actualidad, se sugieren varias líneas de actuación. Se discute el papel de las exploraciones complementarias y se recomiendan pautas de tratamiento en base a los hallazgos clínicos, angiográficos y tomográficos. Conclusiones: aunque no existe un consenso total, esta guía promueve un estándar de buena práctica clínica y proporciona una actualización del manejo de las oclusiones venosas retinianas.

Even though frequency analysis of body sway is widely applied in clinical studies, the lack of standardized procedures concerning power spectrum estimation may provide unreliable descriptors. Stabilometric tests were applied to 35 subjects (20-51 years, 54-95 kg, 1.6-1.9 m) and the power spectral density function was estimated for the anterior-posterior center of pressure time series. The median frequency was compared between power spectra estimated according to signal partitioning, sampling rate, test duration, and detrending methods. The median frequency reliability for different test durations was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient. When increasing number of segments, shortening test duration or applying linear detrending, the median frequency values increased significantly up to 137%. Even the shortest test duration provided reliable estimates as observed with the intraclass coefficient (0.74-0.89 confidence interval for a single 20-s test). Clinical assessment of balance may benefit from a standardized protocol for center of pressure spectral analysis that provides an adequate relationship between resolution and variance. An algorithm to estimate center of pressure power density spectrum is also proposed.

Purpose: To describe our experience in the diagnosis of Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) at its different clinical stages. We also report our outcomes in early treatment of this inherited disorder. Methods: Retrospective interventional and descriptive case series of 11 patients (17 eyes) affected by FEVR evaluated and treated in our hospital. Results: In our series, 33.3% of patients were classified as stage I, while 16.7% and 50% were classified as stage II and III, respectively. Visual acuity (VA) remained stable after treatment in stages I and II (mean VA was 0.8 and 0.4, respectively) but decreased in stage III. Conclusions: Early treatment of FERV may improve the visual prognosis and avoid complications such as subfoveal chronic exudation and vitreoretinal peripheral interphase contraction and fibrosis.

Objetivo: Evidenciar la variabilidad de la presentación inicial de la vitreorretinopatía exudativa familiar (VREF) y la importancia de su diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz. Así como, valorar la respuesta al tratamiento de los diferentes estadios clínicos. Métodos: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo, intervencional y descriptivo de 11 pacientes (17 ojos) afectos de vitreorretinopatía exudativa familiar tratados en nuestro centro. Resultados: De los pacientes afectos de vitreorretinopatía exudativa familiar, un 33,3% se encontraban en el estadio I, un 16,6% en el estadio II y el 50% restante en estadio III. Los resultados tras el tratamiento fueron los siguientes. En los estadios I y II, la agudeza visual se mantuvo estable (agudeza visual media 0,8 y 0,4 respectivamente). En el estadio III se observó un empeoramiento de la agudeza visual. Conclusiones: El tratamiento en estadios iniciales puede mejorar el pronóstico visual y evitar complicaciones como la exudación subfoveal crónica y la contracción y fibrosis en la interfase retino vítrea periférica que pueden provocar ectopia macular.

Increased heart rate variability (HRV) and high-frequency content of the terminal region of the ventricular activation of signal-averaged ECG (SAECG) have been reported in athletes. The present study investigates HRV and SAECG parameters as predictors of maximal aerobic power (VO2max) in athletes. HRV, SAECG and VO2max were determined in 18 high-performance long-distance (25 ± 6 years; 17 males) runners 24 h after a training session. Clinical visits, ECG and VO2max determination were scheduled for all athletes during thew training period. A group of 18 untrained healthy volunteers matched for age, gender, and body surface area was included as controls. SAECG was acquired in the resting supine position for 15 min and processed to extract average RR interval (Mean-RR) and root mean squared standard deviation (RMSSD) of the difference of two consecutive normal RR intervals. SAECG variables analyzed in the vector magnitude with 40-250 Hz band-pass bi-directional filtering were: total and 40-µV terminal (LAS40) duration of ventricular activation, RMS voltage of total (RMST) and of the 40-ms terminal region of ventricular activation. Linear and multivariate stepwise logistic regressions oriented by inter-group comparisons were adjusted in significant variables in order to predict VO2max, with a P < 0.05 considered to be significant. VO2max correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with RMST (r = 0.77), Mean-RR (r = 0.62), RMSSD (r = 0.47), and LAS40 (r = -0.39). RMST was the independent predictor of VO2max. In athletes, HRV and high-frequency components of the SAECG correlate with VO2max and the high-frequency content of SAECG is an independent predictor of VO2max.

Ventricular late potentials are low-amplitude signals originating from damaged myocardium and detected on the body surface by ECG filtering and averaging. Digital filters present in commercial equipment may interfere with the ability of arrhythmia stratification. We compared 40-Hz BiSpec (BI) and classical 40- to 250-Hz band-pass Butterworth bidirectional (BD) filters in terms of impact on time domain variables and diagnostic properties. In a transverse retrospective age-adjusted case-control study, 221 subjects with sinus rhythm without bundle branch block were divided into three groups after signal-averaged ECG acquisition: GI (N = 40), clinically normal controls, GII (N = 158), subjects with coronary heart disease without sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT), and GIII (N = 23), subjects with heart disease and documented SMVT. Conventional variables analyzed from vector magnitude data after averaging to 0.3 µV final noise were obtained by application of each filter to the averaged signal, and evaluated in pairs by numerical comparison and by diagnostic agreement assessment, using conventional and optimized thresholds of normality. Significant differences were found between BI and BD variables in all groups, with diagnostic results showing significant disagreement between both filters [kappa value of 0.61 (P<0.05) for GII and 0.31 for GIII (P = NS)]. Sensitivity for SMVT was lower with BI than with BD (65.2 vs 91.3%, respectively, P<0.05). Filters provided significantly different numerical and diagnostic results and the BI filter showed only limited clinical application to risk stratification of ventricular arrhythmia.