Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize (Zea mays L.) crops in Brazil. The effects of beta-cypermethrin, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, spinosad, etofenprox, triflumuron, alpha-cypermethrin/teflubenzuron, and lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam on Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) immature stages were evaluated. Eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), containing immature stages of the parasitoid were dipped in water solution pesticides, to evaluate their effects on emergence and sex ratio of F1 parasitoids. For F2 parasitoids, emergence, parasitism capacity, and sex ratio were evaluated. Beta-cypermethrin, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, and spinosad affected the emergence success of F1 T. pretiosum. Insects exposed to etofenprox and alpha-cypermethrin/teflubenzuron during the egg-larval period and to lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam during the pupal stage also suffered reduction in the emergence. Beta-cypermethrin affected the sex ratio of F1 T. pretiosum from host eggs treated during the egg-larval period; spinosad affected it during the egg-larval period and the pupal stage, whereas chlorpyrifos did the same when applied during the pupal stage. Chlorpyrifos also affected the sex ratio of F2 parasitoids, but only when applied during the egg-larval period, whereas chlorfenapyr reduced this trait when applied during the pre-pupal phase. Chlorpyrifos and alpha-cypermethrin/teflubenzuron affected the parasitism capacity of F1 females from eggs treated during the egg-larval period. Considering the overall effects, only etofenprox and triflumuron were selective on T. pretiosum when applied on parasitized A. kuehniella eggs. Further studies need to be carried out to verify the toxicity of the other pesticides under semi-field and field conditions.

Corn (Zea mays L.) is cultivated in large areas and considered one of the world’s major cereal crops. There are several arthropod pests that can reduce its production such as the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lep.: Noctuidae), which is considered to be the main pest for corn. Fall armyworm is primarily controlled by insecticides. The use of biological control agents to manage this pest is growing with an emphasis on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae). Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of the following insecticides (g ai L-1) beta-cypermethrin (0.03), chlorfenapyr (0.60), chlorpyrifos (0.96), spinosad (0.16), etofenprox (0.10), triflumuron (0.08), alfa-cypermethrin/teflubenzuron (0.0425/0.0425), and lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam (0.11/0.083) on survival, sex ratio, reproduction, and T. pretiosum offspring. Distilled water was used as a control. Commercial insecticide formulations were diluted in distilled water. Bioassays used Anagasta kuehniella eggs treated with insecticides which were afterwards exposed to parasitism. Bioassays were conducted under controlled conditions at 25 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 10% RH, and 12:12 h photoperiod. Alfa-cypermethrin/teflubenzuron, beta-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenapyr, spinosad, etofenprox, and lambda-cyhalothrin/thiamethoxam reduced parasitism capacity of maternal generation females as well as the percentage of insect emergence from the F1 generation. Only triflumuron was selective for T. pretiosum and can be recommended along with this parasitoid in fall armyworm management programs in corn.

Temperate fruit crops are an important economic activity for growers in southern Brazil. However, several pest species are associated to apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) crops in Brazil. Pesticides are largely used to control them and one way to change this is to combine selective pesticides and predator insects. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of the abamectin, carbaryl, fenitrothion, methidathion, sulfur, and trichlorfon pesticides on the survival and stage length of larvae and pupae, adult oviposition from treated larvae, and hatched eggs of two Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) populations. The compounds were sprayed on glass plates in accordance with the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) recommendations. First- and second-instar larvae were exposed to pesticide residues. Carbaryl, fenitrothion, and methidathion caused 100% mortality of first- and second-instar larvae. Changes in the number of eggs laid by females from first- and second-instar larvae exposed to residues of abamectin and sulfur, or abamectin, sulfur, and trichlorfon, respectively, were not observed. Only abamectin reduced the number of hatched eggs laid by females in Bento Gonçalves from treated first-instar larvae. Sulfur reduced the viability of C. externa eggs in Bento Gonçalves and Vacaria females from treated second-instar larvae, whereas trichlorfon and abamectin reduced the viability of eggs in Vacaria females. In conclusion, carbaryl, fenitrothion and methidathion were harmful to C. externa. Trichlorfon was harmful to first-instar larvae and slightly harmful to second-instar larvae. Abamectin and sulfur were slightly harmful to first-instar larvae and harmless to second-instar larvae.

El cultivo de frutas de clima templado es una actividad económica importante para agricultores del Sur de Brasil. Sin embargo, varias especies de plagas están asociadas al cultivo de la manzana (Malus domestica Borkh.) en Brasil. Los plaguicidas son muy utilizados para su control, y una manera de cambiar esto es la combinación de plaguicidas selectivos e insectos depredadores. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de abamectina, carbaril, azufre, fenitrotion, metidation, y triclorfon en la supervivencia de larvas y pupas, en la ovipostura de adultos, y en la viabilidad de huevos de dos poblaciones de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Los tratamientos fueron aplicados en placas de vidrio, y las larvas fueron sometidas a contacto con los productos. Carbaril, fenitrotion, y metidation causaron mortalidad del 100% de larvas. No se observaron cambios en el número de huevos puestos por hembras procedentes de larvas de primero segundo estadio expuestas a residuos de abamectina y azufre, o abamectina, azufre y triclorfon, respectivamente. Abamectina redujo la viabilidad de huevos puestos por hembras a partir de larvas de primer estadio, procedentes de Bento Gonçalves. Azufre redujo la viabilidad de huevos a partir de larvas de segundo estadio, mientras que abamectina y triclorfon redujeron la viabilidad de huevos puestos por hembras desde Vacaria. Carbaril, fenitrotion y metidation fueron perjudiciales. Triclorfon fue perjudicial para larvas de primer estadio y ligeramente perjudicial para las de segundo. Abamectina y azufre son ligeramente perjudiciales para larvas de primer estadio, sin embargo no ejercen efecto en las de segundo.

Os efeitos dos pesticidas abamectim, carbaril, fenitrotiom, metidatiom, enxofre e triclorfom foram avaliados sobre a fase de ovo de duas populações de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen), bem como sobre as fases subsequentes do desenvolvimento e reprodução do predador. A pulverização dos pesticidas e de água destilada (testemunha) sobre ovos de C. externa foi realizada por meio de torre de Potter. Nenhum dos pesticidas avaliados reduziu a viabilidade de ovos tratados, independente da população de C. externa estudada. Para as demais fases de desenvolvimento, apenas carbaril causou mortalidade acumulada significativa de ambas as populações quando em comparação aos demais pesticidas. A razão sexual dos adultos obtidos não foi afetada por nenhum dos compostos. Nenhum dos pesticidas afetou negativamente a capacidade de oviposição de fêmeas de C. externa oriundas de ovos tratados. No entanto, enxofre reduziu a viabilidade de ovos depositados por fêmeas da população de Bento Gonçalves. Considerando-se o efeito total (E) de cada pesticida, triclorfom, fenitrotiom, metidatiom e abamectim foram inócuos a ambas as populações de C. externa quando aplicados sobre seus ovos, enquanto carbaril foi considerado levemente prejudicial; o fungicida enxofre, por outro lado, foi considerado levemente prejudicial à população de Bento Gonçalves, e inócuo aos insetos da população de Vacaria.

The goal of this work was to evaluate the effects of the pesticides abamectin, carbaryl, fenitrothion, methidathion, sulphur and trichlorfon on eggs of two Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) populations, as well as on the subsequent developmental stages and reproduction capacity of this green lacewing. Pesticide exposure and distilled water (control) were accomplished using a Potter's tower. None of the evaluated pesticides affected the egg viability of the C. externa populations studied, but abamectin and carbaryl caused significant mortality of other developmental stages of the predator. Sex ratio and reproduction capacity of females originated from treated eggs were unaffected. However, egg viability of C. externa from Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil, was reduced by sulphur. Considering to the total effect (E) of each pesticide, trichlorfon, fenitrothion, methidathion and abamectin were harmless to both C. externa populations (Bento Gonçalves and Vacaria), when applied on eggs, whereas carbaryl was slightly harmful. On the other hand, the fungicide sulphur was slightly harmful to C. externa from Bento Gonçalves, but harmless to those from Vacaria.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a toxicidade de alguns produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura do crisântemo para ovos e ninfas de Orius insidiosus (Say). Os bioensaios foram conduzidos em condições de laboratório a 25 ± 2ºC, UR de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. O contato dos produtos com os ovos foi realizado pela imersão de hastes de picão-preto (Bidens pilosa L.), previamente expostas para oviposição, nas caldas químicas dos produtos por um período de cinco segundos. Os produtos foram aplicados sobre ninfas por meio de torre de Potter. Foram utilizadas 40 ninfas de primeiro ínstar e 20 ninfas de segundo ínstar de O. insidiosus por tratamento. Adultos oriundos de ovos e ninfas tratados foram agrupados em casais para estudar o efeito dos produtos sobre seus parâmetros reprodutivos. Nenhum dos compostos avaliados afetou a viabilidade dos ovos tratados. Azoxistrobim, benomil, imibenconazole, iprodione, metalaxil + mancozebe e triforine foram seletivos para os insetos de primeiro e segundo ínstares de O. insidiosus tratados, enquanto abamectina, acefato e clorfenapir mostraram-se tóxicos para indivíduos de ambos os ínstares. O período de pré-oviposição, o número médio diário de ovos colocados, o número total de ovos por dez dias e a viabilidade de ovos também não foram afetados negativamente por azoxistrobim, benomil, imibenconazole, iprodione, metalaxil + mancozebe e triforine. Esses compostos, devido à baixa toxicidade apresentada, podem ser recomendados em programas de manejo de doenças na cultura do crisântemo, em associação com O. insidiosus.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of some pesticides used in chrysanthemum crops to eggs and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Say). The bioassays were carried out at 25 ± 2ºC, 70 ± 10% RH and 12h photophase. For the tests with eggs, stems of Bidens pilosa L. previously exposed to predator oviposition were dipped for five seconds in aqueous dilution of the pesticides, using 40 eggs per treatment. The pesticides were applied on nymphs using a Potter's tower. Forty first-instar and twenty second-instar nymphs of O. insidiosus were used per treatment in the tests with nymphs. The adults from eggs and nymphs treated were grouped in couples to study the pesticides effects on its reproductive parameters. None tested pesticide affected the viability of treated eggs. Azoxystrobin, benomyl, imibenconazole, iprodione, metalaxyl + mancozeb and triforine were harmless to first- and second-instar nymphs of O. insidiosus, whereas abamectin, acephate and chlorfenapyr were shown to be harmful to nymphs of both first and second instars. The pre-oviposition period, the daily number of eggs, number of eggs in ten days, and egg viability were not affected by azoxystrobin, benomyl, imibenconazole, iprodione, metalaxyl + mancozeb and triforine. These pesticides, for showing low toxicity to the predator, can be recommended in disease management programs for chrysanthemum crops, in association with O. insidiosus.