Resumo Potência muscular é o produto entre força e velocidade, que se traduz na capacidade de produzir força em um curto intervalo de tempo. Avaliações periódicas de força e potência, combinadas a estratégias de treinamento para essas capacidades, são de grande valor para atletas e treinadores multi-esportivos, pois são determinantes para o sucesso da equipe. Especificamente no rugby, onde o passe é elemento predominante e determinante do sucesso esportivo, poucos testes de campo estão disponíveis para avaliar força muscular de membro superior. O objetivo deste ponto de vista é corrigir a equação de predição de potência do membro superior previamente publicada pelo nosso grupo e destacar seus conceitos e aplicabilidade nos esportes, especialmente no rugby.

Abstract Muscle power is the product of muscle force and velocity, which translates into the ability to produce force in a short time interval. Periodic evaluations of strength and power, coupled with training strategies for these capacities, are of great value to athletes and multi-sports coaches, since they are key determinants for team success. Specifically, in rugby, where passing is a predominant and determinant element of sporting success, few field tests are available for assessing upper limb muscle power. The purpose of this point of view is to correct the upper limb power prediction equation previously published by our group and to highlight its concepts and applicability in sports, especially in rugby.

Resumo Fundamento: Alterações na estrutura dos vasos de resistência contribuem para elevar a resistência vascular sistêmica na hipertensão, estando ligadas à hiperatividade simpática e lesões em órgãos-alvo. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento físico nos parâmetros hemodinâmicos e autônomos, assim como as lesões arteriolares esplênica em ratos machos Wistar Kyoto (WKY) e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). Métodos: Ratos normotensos sedentários (WKYS) e treinados (WKYT), e ratos hipertensos sedentários (SHRS) e treinados (SHRT) foram incluídos neste estudo. Após nove semanas de aplicação do protocolo experimental (treinamento de natação ou controle sedentário), registraram-se a pressão arterial (PA) e a frequência cardíaca (FC) dos ratos em movimento livre. Avaliamos o controle autônomo do coração através de bloqueio autônomo simpático e vagal. Análises morfométricas das arteríolas esplênicas foram realizadas. Adotou-se o nível de significado estatístico de p < 0,05. Resultados: Observou-se bradicardia de repouso nos dois grupos treinados (WKYT: 328,0 ± 7,3 bpm; SHRT: 337,0 ± 5,2 bpm) em comparação aos seus respectivos grupos sedentários (WKYS: 353,2 ± 8,5 bpm; SHRS: 412,1 ± 10,4 bpm; p < 0,001). O treinamento físico atenuou a PA média apenas no grupo SHRT (125,9 ± 6,2 mmHg vs. 182,5 ± 4,2 mmHg no SHRS; p < 0,001). O grupo WKYT mostrou maior efeito vagal (∆FC: 79,0 ± 2,3 bpm) em comparação ao grupo WKYS (∆FC: 67,4 ± 1,7 bpm; p < 0,05). Exercício crônico diminuiu os efeitos simpáticos em SHRT (∆FC: -62.8 ± 2.8 bpm) em comparação a SHRS (∆FC: -99,8 ± 9,2 bpm; p = 0,005). A espessura da parede das arteríolas esplênicas nos SHR foi reduzida pelo treinamento (332,1 ± 16,0 µm2 nos SHRT vs. 502,7 ± 36,3 µm2 nos SHRS; p < 0,05). Conclusões: O treinamento físico atenua a atividade simpática e a PA em SHR, o que pode contribuir para melhorar a morfologia das arteríolas esplênicas.

Abstract Background: Alterations in the structure of resistance vessels contribute to elevated systemic vascular resistance in hypertension and are linked to sympathetic hyperactivity and related lesions in target organs. Objective: To assess the effects of exercise training on hemodynamic and autonomic parameters, as well as splenic arteriolar damages in male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR). Methods: Normotensive sedentary (WKYS) and trained (WKYT) rats, and hypertensive sedentary (SHRS) and trained (SHRT) rats were included in this study. After 9 weeks of experimental protocol (swimming training or sedentary control), arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in freely moving rats. We assessed the autonomic control of the heart by sympathetic and vagal autonomic blockade. Morphometric analyses of arterioles were performed in spleen tissues. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: Resting bradycardia was observed in both trained groups (WKYT: 328.0 ± 7.3 bpm; SHRT: 337.0 ± 5.2 bpm) compared with their respective sedentary groups (WKYS: 353.2 ± 8.5 bpm; SHRS: 412.1 ± 10.4 bpm; p < 0.001). Exercise training attenuated mean AP only in SHRT (125.9 ± 6.2 mmHg) vs. SHRS (182.5 ± 4.2 mmHg, p < 0.001). The WKYT showed a higher vagal effect (∆HR: 79.0 ± 2.3 bpm) compared with WKYS (∆HR: 67.4 ± 1.7 bpm; p < 0.05). Chronic exercise decreased sympathetic effects on SHRT (∆HR: -62.8 ± 2.8 bpm) in comparison with SHRS (∆HR: -99.8 ± 9.2 bpm; p = 0.005). The wall thickness of splenic arterioles in SHR was reduced by training (332.1 ± 16.0 µm2 in SHRT vs. 502.7 ± 36.3 µm2 in SHRS; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Exercise training attenuates sympathetic activity and AP in SHR, which may be contributing to the morphological improvement of the splenic arterioles.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito crônico do treinamento de força e técnico-tático na capacidade de sprints repetidos (CSR) em atletas de basquete e posteriormente, comparar as estatísticas individuais com as da equipe. A amostra investigada foi constituída de 8 atletas de basquete adultas de nível estadual (21,5 ± 2,0 anos; 170 ± 4,2 cm; 68,0 ± 8,3 kg). O estudo foi conduzido no início e final de uma pré-temporada de 4 semanas (28 sessões de treinamento). Foi avaliada a CSR pelo RAST teste calculando-se o melhor tempo de sprint (CSRmelhor) e tempo médio dos sprints (CSRmédia). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre pré e pós treinamento na CSRmelhor (p = 0.146; d = -0.78, 90% CI [0.90]) e CSRmédia (p = 0.220; d = -0.58, 90% CI [0.81]). 2 atletas apresentaram piora em CSRmelhor, 2 melhoria moderada, 1 grande e 3 sujeitos muito grande. Na CSRmédia 2 apresentaram piora, 1 melhoria moderada, 4 melhoria grande e 1 melhoria muito grande. Conclui-se que a média da equipe feminina de basquete analisada não apresentou melhoria significativa na CSR, porém, quando as atletas foram analisadas individualmente, 75% das mesmas foram responsivas a intervenção proposta.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was verify the chronic training effect on the repeated sprints ability (RSA) in basketball athlete and later, compare the individual’s statistics with those of the team. The sample investigated was constituted of 8 state-level adult basketball athletes (21,5 ± 2,0 years; 1,70 ± 0,42 m; 68,0 ± 8,3 kg). The research was conducted in begin and end of 4 weeks of preseason (28 training sessions). Was assessed RSA by RAST test calculation best performance of sprint (RSAbest) and the mean performance of the sprints (RSAmean). No difference were found between before and after training in RSAbest (p= 0.146; d= -0.78, 90% CI [0.90]) and RSAmean (p= 0.220; d= -0.58, 90%IC [0.81]). 2 athletes showed to got worse in RSAbest, 2 moderate improvement, 1 large and 3 subjects very large improvement. On the RSAmean 2 showed to got worse, 1 moderate improvement, 4 large improvement and 1 very large improvement. It is concluded that average female basketball team analyzed no significant showed to improvement in RSA, however, when the athletes were analyzed individually, 75% them were responsive to the proposed intervention.

Abstract Aims: To investigate the effect of 12 weeks of intradialytic aerobic training on serum levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha and functional capacity. Methods: Thirty sedentary volunteers were randomly assigned to either to exercise or control group. Exercise group were submitted to 12 weeks of aerobic training performed on a cycle ergometer for 30 minutes at intensity rated using the Borg scale (6 to 7) three times a week while control group kept the daily habits. Results: After 12 weeks only exercise group presented a significant reduction of serum levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha and an increase in serum levels of interleukin-10 and functional capacity. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of intradialytic aerobic training was effective in controlling inflammation and improving the functional ability of patients with chronic kidney disease.

Resumo O estudo analisou a imunidade oral após treino de rúgbi em atletas submetidos à dieta com alto teor de carboidratos (DATC). Em estudo randomizado, duplo-cego e placebo controlado, 20 atletas consumiram DATC por três dias antes do experimento. Os atletas receberam aleatoriamente bebida carboidratada (CHO) ou placebo (PLA) e participaram de duas sessões de treino de rúgbi, separados por sete dias. Coletas de saliva foram feitas antes (Pré-E), imediatamente após (Pós-E) e 1 h após (1 h Pós-E) o jogo-treino. Houve diferença significativa em taxa de secreção de IgA-s para PLA somente no tempo 1 h Pós-E. DATC, dias antes de treino de rúgbi, preserva função imunológica oral independente da suplementação de CHO durante treino.

Abstract The study analyzed the oral immunity after rugby training in athletes undergoing diet high in carbohydrates (DATC). In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 20 athletes consumed DATC for three days before the experiment. The athletes were randomly carbohydrate drink (CHO) or placebo (PLA) and participated in two training sessions of rugby, separated by seven days. Saliva samples were taken before (Pre-E), immediately after (Post-E) and 1 h after (1 h post-E) training. Significant difference in rate of s-IgA secretion to PLA only at time 1 h post-E. DATC, days before training rugby, preserves immune function independent of oral CHO supplementation during training.

Resumen El estudio analizó la inmunidad oral después del entrenamiento de rugby en jugadores sometidos a una dieta elevada en hidratos de carbono (DEHC). En un estudio aleatorizado, a doble ciego, controlado con placebo, 20 jugadores consumieron una DEHC durante 3 días antes del experimento. Los jugadores recibieron aleatoriamente bebida de hidratos de carbono (CHO) o placebo (PLA), y participaron en dos sesiones de entrenamiento de rugby, separadas entre sí 7 días. Las muestras de saliva fueron antes (pre-E), inmediatamente después (post-E) y 1 hora después (1 h post-E). Hubo una diferencia significativa en la tasa de secreción de s-IgA a PLA sólo en 1 h post-E. La DEHC, días antes de la sesión de rugby, preserva la función inmunológica independientemente de la suplementación de CHO durante el entrenamiento.

Abstract AIMS We evaluated whether exercise training ameliorates cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in obesity-induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in rats. METHODS Wistar male rats were assigned in normal diet, sedentary (ND-S) and trained (ND-T) and HFD, sedentary (HFD-S) and trained (HFD-T). Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), BP variability (BPV), cardiac baroreflex and cardiac autonomic tonus were assessed. RESULTS HFD-S showed higher bodyweight increase (19.4%) compared to all other groups (HFD-T: 13.2%, ND-S: 14% and ND-T: 12.4%). Relative epididymal, retroperitoneal and visceral fat was also greater in HFD-S compared to all other groups. Resting bradycardia in ND-T (339.5±10.6 bpm) and HFD-T (341.0 ± 9.4 bpm) was more pronounced than ND-S (438.4 ± 6.3 bpm; p<0.05) and HFD-S (448.5 ± 18.7 bpm; p<0.05). The HFD-T group showed lower systolic (125.3 ( 1.9 mmHg), diastolic (88.5 ( 2.0 mmHg) and mean BP (100.3 ± 2.5 mmHg) in comparison with HFD-S (153.8 ( 3.7; 103.5 ( 2.6 and 120.5 ± 3.7 mmHg; p<0.05, respectively). Lower variance of HRV and higher variance of diastolic BPV was observed in HFD-S compared to other groups while sympathetic modulation of HRV and BPV was higher in HFD-S, as well as the LF/HF ratio. HFD-T showed a decrease in sympathetic tonus compared to HFD-S. ND-T and HFD-T showed higher cardiac vagal tonus than respective sedentary groups. Analysis showed an association between visceral fat, sympathetic activity and BP. CONCLUSIONS HFD induces hypertension and is associated with autonomic imbalance in rats, while exercise training may reverse these harmful changes.

Abstract We evaluated the effect of performing various distinct warm-up exercises on vertical countermovement jump (VCMJ) performance. Eight volleyball players (age 15.4 ± 0.5 yrs) performed five different warm-up activities (in a counterbalanced, randomized crossover study) over five days, at 24-h intervals: stretching (4 × 30 s, 30 s between sets), cycloergometer (5 min at 50 W + 5 min at 100 W), resistance exercise (leg press 45°, 3 × 5 repetitions maximum, 3-min pause between sets), specific vertical jumping (4 × 10 VCMJ, 2-min pause between sets), and no warm-up at all (control condition). Beginning 3 min after their warm-up, the players performed 3 attempts (at intervals of 3 min) of VCMJ (on a contact carpet), and each player's best jump was considered in the analysis. All warm-up activities presented higher VCMJ performance (p< 0.05) than the control condition, with the exception of stretching. Vertical jumping revealed a large effect size(0.8) than other interventions. We conclude that in practical terms, vertical jumps are the best warm-up exercise (when applied by itself) to acutely improve VCMJ performance in volleyball players, but that other exercises can make a complementary contribution.

Abstract This study examined gender differences after resistance exercise (RE) by measuring fasting plasma levels of creatine kinase, lipid profile, blood glucose, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and leptin. Thirteen women (23.6 ± 7.3 years) and 11 men (29.5 ± 9 years) were enrolled in the study. Two bouts of RE were performed on two different occasions separated by 48 h each. Blood samples were collected and analyzed at baseline and 15 h after the last RE session. Increased creatine kinase levels and improvements in lipid profile and blood glucose were found for both genders. No changes in adiponectin and TNF-α levels were observed for both genders, but leptin levels were reduced (p < 0.05) only for women after RE. Collectively, our findings clearly show that RE was effective in lowering blood glucose and that this effect was not accompanied by changes in adiponectin levels in healthy subjects, indicating that RE is still an important tool for the prevention of metabolic diseases. Furthermore, two sessions of RE promoted a reduction in leptin levels in women, even though no changes in body weight were found, showing that RE is an interesting approach to study obese patients and metabolic regulation.

Resumo Objetivou-se verificar a concordância e predição da potência muscular de membros superiores (PMS) a partir da distância do teste de Arremesso de Medicine Ball (AMB) em jogadores de rugby. Participaram do estudo 18 jogadores amadores de rugby (11 homens) os quais realizaram o teste AMB e o exercício de supino reto na barra guiada com acelerômetro Myotest® nas intensidades de 30%, 40%, 50% e 60% de 1RM. A regressão linear foi utilizada para derivar a equação de predição da potência a partir da distância no AMB. A análise de resíduo estimou o erro residual dos valores preditos, utilizando os valores obtidos pelo Myotest® como referência. O método leave-one-out foi adotado para aferir o erro da equação em subconjuntos da amostra. O modelo de Bland-Altman verificou a concordância entre potência predita pelo AMB e valores obtidos do Myotest® de forma absoluta Watts (W) e relativa à massa isenta de gordura (W/kg). Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre os métodos (r=0,834, 0872 e 0,854) para as intensidades de 30%, 40% e 50% de 1RM, respectivamente. O viés de medida na análise absoluta foi de -1,87 W (p<0,05). Na análise relativa, foi verificado o viés de 0,782 W/kg (p<0,05). Pode-se concluir que o teste de AMB possui alta concordância com os valores reais da PMS e também verificou-se que a equação elaborada no estudo possui alta acurácia para predizer a PMS em jogadores de rugby de ambos os sexos.

Abstract The aim of this study was to develop an upper limb muscle power (PUL) prediction model using the Medicine Ball Throw Test (MBT) in rugby players. Eighteen amateur rugby players underwent the MBT test and the guided bench press exercise at 30, 40, 50 and 60% of 1. Myotest® accelerometer was positioned on the bench press bar to estimate muscle power. Linear regression was used to derive the upper limb muscle power prediction equation from the MBT distance. The residue analysis estimated the residual error of the predicted values using values obtained by Myotest®. Bland-Altman plots were used to verify agreement between actual and predicted upper limb muscle power, both in absolute Watts (W) and relative terms (W/kg of fat-free mass). There were significant correlations between actual and predicted upper limb muscle power (r = 0.834, 0.854, and 0.872) for intensities of 30%, 40% and 50%, respectively. Absolute bias of predicted values was -1.87 W (p <0.05). For muscle power predicted relative to fat-free mass, bias was 0.782 W/kg (p <0.05). Conclusion: The MBT test has high correlation with actual PUL values and it was found that the equation developed in this study has high accuracy to predict PUL in rugby players of both sexes.

INTRODUÇÃO: O intervalo de recuperação entre sessões é uma variável do treinamento de força fundamental para garantir a recuperação da capacidade neuromuscular.OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito do tempo de recuperação entre sessões consecutivas de exercício de força sobre o desempenho neuromuscular de homens treinados.MÉTODOS: Oito homens treinados em força (21,6 ± 3,3 anos; 75,1 ± 11,3 kg; 178,2 ± 6,8 cm) realizaram duas sessões de exercício de força randomizadas e cruzadas, repetidas com intervalo de recuperação de 24h ou 48h. As sessões consistiram dos exercícios supinos reto, inclinado e declinado executadas em cinco séries de 10 repetições com intensidade de 70% de uma repetição máxima (1RM) para cada exercício. O desempenho neuromuscular pós-sessão de exercício (força, potência e velocidade), foi avaliado por meio de acelerômetro (Myotest(r)), com carga de 50% de 1RM, no exercício supino reto.RESULTADOS: Ambas as sessões (24 e 48h) apresentaram redução significante (P<0,05) na capacidade neuromuscular (força, potência e velocidade) pós-sessão de treinamento, apresentando retorno ao valor pré no intervalo de 24h (P>0,05).CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que o intervalo de recuperação de 24h é suficiente para a recuperação do desempenho neuromuscular de membros superiores em homens treinados.

INTRODUCTION: The rest interval between bouts is a crucial variable of resistance training to ensure recovery of neuromuscular capacity.OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of rest interval between repeated bouts of resistance training on neuromuscular capacity of trained men.METHODS: Eight resistance-trained men (21.6 ± 3.3 years, 75.1 ± 11.3 kg, 178.2 ± 6.8 cm) performed two randomized and crossover resistance exercise bouts, repeated with rest interval of 24h or 48h. The bouts consisted of horizontal, inclined and declined bench press performed with five sets of 10 repetitions with an intensity of 70% of one repetition maximum (1RM) for each exercise. Neuromuscular performance post-exercise bout (strength, power and speed), was assessed with an accelerometer (Myotest(r)), with a load of 50% 1RM, in the bench press exercise.RESULTS: Both sessions (24 and 48h) showed significant reduction (P <0.05) in the neuromuscular capacity (strength, power and speed) post-exercise bout, returning to baseline values within 24h (P> 0.05).CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the rest interval of 24h is sufficient for recovery of neuromuscular performance in upper limbs of resistance-trained men.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El intervalo de recuperación entre sesiones es una variable del entrenamiento de fuerza fundamental para garantizar la recuperación de la capacidad neuromuscular.OBJETIVO: Comparar el efecto del tiempo de recuperación entre sesiones consecutivas de entrenamiento de la fuerza en el rendimiento neuromuscular de hombres entrenados.MÉTODOS: Ocho hombres entrenados en fuerza (21,6 ± 3,3 años y 75,1 ± 11,3 kg, 178,2 ± 6,8 cm) realizaron dos sesiones de ejercicios aleatorios y cruzados, repetidas a intervalos de fuerza 24h o 48h de recuperación. Las sesiones consistieron en ejercicios supinos recto, inclinado y declinado siendo ejecutadas cinco series de 10 repeticiones con una intensidad de 70% de una repetición máxima (1RM) para cada ejercicio. El rendimiento neuromuscular después de la sesión de ejercicio (fuerza, potencia y velocidad), fue evaluado por medio de acelerómetro (Myotest(r)), con carga de 50% de 1RM en el ejercicio supino recto.RESULTADOS: Ambas sesiones (24 y 48 h) mostraron una reducción significativa (P<0,05) en la capacidad neuromuscular (fuerza, potencia y velocidad) después de la sesión de entrenamiento, presentando retorno al valor anterior en el intervalo de 24 h (P>0,05).CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados sugieren que el intervalo de recuperación de 24 h es suficiente para la recuperación del desempeño neuromuscular de miembros superiores en hombres entrenados.

INTRODUÇÃO: A importância da mensuração do consumo máximo de oxigênio (<img border=0 id="_x0000_i1026" src="/img/revistas/rbme/v18n3/v.jpg" align=absmiddle>O2máx)é justificada por sua aceitação internacional como o melhor parâmetro fisiológico para avaliar a capacidade funcional do sistema cardiorrespiratório tanto em atletas como em não atletas que treinam fisicamente com objetivo de obter melhor saúde. OBJETIVO: Verificar a concordância entre os protocolos Polar Fitness Test® para a estimativa do <img border=0 id="_x0000_i1027" src="/img/revistas/rbme/v18n3/v.jpg" align=absmiddle>O2máx e o teste de esforço máximo com medida direta de gases. MÉTODOS: Dezessete homens ativos (22,5 ± dois anos) participaram. Em repouso, aplicou-se o protocolo Polar Fitness Test® e, em seguida, a coleta direta de gases sob o esforço máximo, em esteira, seguindo o protocolo de Bruce. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa entre os valores médios dos métodos para estimativa do <img border=0 id="_x0000_i1028" src="/img/revistas/rbme/v18n3/v.jpg" align=absmiddle>O2máx. O protocolo Polar Fitness Test® subestimou o <img border=0 id="_x0000_i1029" src="/img/revistas/rbme/v18n3/v.jpg" align=absmiddle>O2máx, em média 15% (IC95%: 24; -53%) comparado com a medida direta de gases. Os valores obtidos pelo Polar Fitness Test® não tiveram boa correlação com a medida direta em ergoespirômetro (r = 0,1). CONCLUSÃO: O protocolo Polar Fitness Test® não é válido para a estimativa do <img border=0 id="_x0000_i1030" src="/img/revistas/rbme/v18n3/v.jpg" align=absmiddle>O2máx em homens jovens ativos fisicamente.

INTRODUCTION: The importance of maximal oxygen consumption (<img border=0 id="_x0000_i1032" src="/img/revistas/rbme/v18n3/v.jpg" align=absmiddle>O2máx) measurement is justified by its international acceptance as the best physiological parameter to assess the functional capacity of the cardiorespiratory system in both athletes and non-athletes who physically train in order to achieve better health. OBJECTIVE: To determine the agreement between the Polar Fitness Test® protocols to estimate of <img border=0 id="_x0000_i1033" src="/img/revistas/rbme/v18n3/v.jpg" align=absmiddle>O2máx and the maximal exercise test with direct gas measurement. METHODS: Seventeen active males (22.5 ± 2 years) participated in the study. At rest, the Polar Fitness Test® protocol by direct gas collection under maximum effort on treadmill and the Bruce protocol were applied. RESULTS: Significant difference in the <img border=0 id="_x0000_i1034" src="/img/revistas/rbme/v18n3/v.jpg" align=absmiddle>O2máx estimation was observed between methods. The Polar Fitness Test® protocol underestimated <img border=0 id="_x0000_i1035" src="/img/revistas/rbme/v18n3/v.jpg" align=absmiddle>O2máx a mean of 15% (CI95%: 24;-53%) when compared to the direct protocol. The values obtained by the Polar Fitness Test® did not correlate well with direct measurement in ergospirometer (r = 0.1). CONCLUSION: The Polar Fitness Test® protocol is not valid to estimate <img border=0 id="_x0000_i1036" src="/img/revistas/rbme/v18n3/v.jpg" align=absmiddle>O2máx in physically active young men.