SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: The transition from face-to-face to remote teaching is yet to be fully understood. In clinical training, traditional teaching must prevail because it is essential for the acquisition of skills and professionalism. However, the responses of each school to the pandemic and the decision on when to resume clerkship rotations were mixed. In this study, we aimed to analyze whether the time to resume clerkship rotations was associated with the performance of the students by using a multi-institutional Progress Test. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at nine different Brazilian medical schools that administer the same annual Progress Test for all students. We included information from 1,470 clerkship medical students and analyzed the time of clinical training interruption as the independent variable and the student’s scores as the dependent variable. RESULTS: The comparisons of the students’ scores between the schools showed that there are differences; however, they cannot be attributed to the time the clerkship rotations were paused. The correlation between the schools’ average scores and the time to resume clerkship rotations was not significant for the fifth year (r= -0.298, p=0.436) and for the sixth year (r= -0.440, p=0.240). By using a cubic regression model, the time to resume clerkship rotations could explain 3.4% of the 5-year students’ scores (p<0.001) and 0.9% of the 6–year students, without statistical difference (p=0.085). CONCLUSIONS: The differences between the students’ scores cannot be attributed to the time when the schools paused the clerkship rotations.

RESUMO: CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Fragilidade é uma síndrome multifatorial. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência e características da síndrome da fragilidade em uma população urbana de idosos. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal realizado nas casas em amostra randomizada para representar os idosos independentes de Ribeirão Preto, Brasil. MÉTODO: Características sociodemográficas, dados clínicos e critérios do fenótipo da fragilidade foram obtidos nas casas. Foram avaliados 385 idosos. A definição da fragilidade foi baseada na detecção de perda de peso, exaustão, fraqueza, lentidão e baixo nível de atividade física. Idosos com três ou mais destas características foram classificados com frágeis; com uma ou duas características como pré-frágeis. Foram calculados pontos de corte específicos para fraqueza, lentidão e baixo nível de atividade física. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 73,9 ± 6,5 anos, com 64,7% de mulheres. 12,5 % perderam peso no último ano, 20,5% tiveram exaustão, 17,1% lentidão, 24,5% baixo nível de atividade física e 20,5% fraqueza. Foram considerados frágeis 9,1% e pré-frágeis 49,6%. Os frágeis eram mais velhos, foram em mais consultas médicas, tiveram maior chance de internação nos últimos 12 meses e tiveram mais eventos cerebrovasculares, diabetes, neoplasias, osteoporose, incontinência fecal e urinária. CONCLUSÃO: Em uma população idosa independente, existem vários indivíduos frágeis e pré-frágeis. A síndrome da fragilidade foi associada com alta morbidade. Pontos de corte para fraqueza, lentidão e baixo nível de atividade física devem ser ajustados para a população em estudo. É essencial identificar idosos frágeis e pré-frágeis para intervenções apropriadas.

ABSTRACT: CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Frailty is a multifactorial syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of frailty syndrome in an elderly urban population. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study carried out at the homes of a randomized sample representing the independent elderly individuals of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. METHODS: Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical data and criteria of the frailty phenotype were obtained at the subjects' homes; 385 individuals were evaluated. Frailty was defined based on detection of weight loss, exhaustion, weakness, slowness and low physical activity level. Individuals with three or more of these characteristics were classified as frail and those with one or two as pre-frail. Specific cutoff points for weakness, slowness and low physical activity level were calculated. RESULTS: The participants' mean age was 73.9 ± 6.5 years, and 64.7% were women. 12.5% had lost weight over the last year; 20.5% showed exhaustion, 17.1% slowness, 24.4% low physical activity level and 20.5% weakness. 9.1% were considered frail and 49.6% pre-frail. Frail subjects were older, attended more medical visits, had a higher chance of hospitalization within the last 12 months and had more cerebrovascular events, diabetes, neoplasms, osteoporosis and urinary and fecal incontinence. CONCLUSION: In this independent elderly population, there were numerous frail and pre-frail individuals. Frailty syndrome was associated with high morbidity. Cutoff points for weakness, slowness and low physical activity level should be adjusted for the population under study. It is essential to identify frail and pre-frail older individuals for appropriate interventions.

FUNDAMENTO: O papel do estresse oxidativo em pacientes idosos hipertensos com síndrome de apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS) é desconhecido. Objetivo: O objetivo foi avaliar os níveis de Big Endotelina-1 (Big ET-1) e Óxido Nítrico (NO) em pacientes idosos hipertensos com e sem SAHOS moderada a grave. MÉTODOS: Os voluntários permaneceram internados durante 24 horas. Obtivemos os seguintes dados: índice de massa corporal (IMC), Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial (MAPA) - 24 horas, e medicação atual. Sangue arterial foi coletado às 7:00 h e às 19:00 h para determinar níveis plasmáticos de NO e Big ET-1. A oximetria de pulso foi realizada durante o sono. A correlação de Pearson, Spearman e análise de variância univariada foram utilizadas para a análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 25 sujeitos com SAHOS (grupo 1) e 12 sem SAHOS (grupo 2), com idades de 67,0 ± 6,5 anos, 67,8 ± 6,8 anos, respectivamente. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos em IMC; no número de horas de sono; PA diastólica e sistólica em 24 h; PA de vigília; PA no sono; ou medicamentos usados para controlar a PA. Não foram detectadas diferenças nos níveis de NO e Big ET-1 plasmáticos às 19:00 h, mas às 7:00 h os níveis de de Big ET-1 foram mais altos (p = 0,03). No grupo 1, correlação negativa também foi observada entre a saturação de oxihemoglobina arterial média e a PA sistólica - 24 horas (p = 0,03, r = -0,44), e Big ET-1 (p = 0,04, r = 0,41). CONCLUSÕES: Na comparação entre idosos hipertensos com e sem SAHOS com PA e IMC semelhantes, observou-se níveis mais elevados de Big ET-1 após o sono no grupo SAHOS. Os níveis de NO não diferiram entre os pacientes hipertensos com ou sem SAHOS.

BACKGROUND: The role of oxidative stress in hypertensive elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to evaluate the levels of big endothelin-1 (Big ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) in elderly hypertensive patients with and without moderate to severe OSAHS. METHODS: Volunteers were hospitalized for 24 h. We obtained the following data: body mass index (BMI); 24-ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; and current medication. Arterial blood was collected at 7pm and 7am for determining plasma NO and Big ET-1 levels. Pulse oximetry was performed during sleep. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation and univariate analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: We studied 25 subjects with OSAHS (group 1) and 12 without OSAHS (group 2) aged 67.0 ± 6.5 years and 67.8±6.8 years, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the groups in BMI; number of hours of sleep; 24-h systolic and diastolic BPs; awake BP, sleep BP and medications to control BP between groups. No differences were detected in plasma Big ET-1 and NO levels at 19:00 h, but plasma Big ET-1 levels at 7:00 h were higher in group 1 (p =0.03). In group 1, a negative correlation was also observed between the mean arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation level, 24-h systolic BP (p = 0.03, r = -0.44), and Big ET-1 (p = 0.04, r = -0.41). CONCLUSIONS: On comparing elderly hypertensive patients with and without OSAHS having similar BP and BMI, we observed higher Big ET-1 levels After sleep in the OSAHS group. NO levels did not differ between the hypertensive patients with or without OSAHS.