Abstract: The main objective of hydraulics applied in oil well drilling is to ensure cleanliness at the bottom of the well, this consists of keeping in continuous movement the solids or cuttings of the formation, transporting the largest amount of them from the bottom and the annular space to the surface, thus minimizing the existence of unwanted events such as sticking, entrapment, among others. Each oil well has specific geological, geophysical and geomechanical characteristics that must be taken into account for its design, based on technical and scientific considerations that allow the establishment of its mechanical state and its exploitation engineering studies. The rheological behavior of a fluid in these wells cannot be generalized, even if they are separated by a few hundred meters. This paper describes the development of a graphical computational model for the fast and efficient calculation of the various hydraulic aspects associated with onshore oil well drilling. The model is arranged in three stages: First, the position of the drill pipes in the drillstring is evaluated and their pull margin is determined. Then, the hydraulic calculation procedures of national and international companies are developed. Finally, rheological models (Bingham plastic and exponential law) are used for fluid behavior. The model was developed with Microsoft Visual Basic.

Abstract The objective of this work was to develop a software for the evaluation of casing pipes design and its mechanical state combining technical and scientific theory with the experience in the handling of specialized software in the design of oil wells. The strategy for its development consisted in the decomposition of the original problem in three sections: 1) identification and management of the different mechanical properties of the casing pipes, 2) identification and evaluation of the different types of stresses that occur in the casing pipes according to the well design, and 3) schematization of the pipe arrangement according to the depth and design of the well. Among the results, it was possible to combine the programming with the specialized technical and scientific material, as well as to determine an approximate cost of the pipes and the operations in their selection and setting, to finally select the percentage and total cost of drilling. In conclusion, the developed work solves the presented problem, but only applies to vertical wells, given the limitation of 3D graphics for directional drilling and with a maximum depth of 5200 m (17 060 ft).

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue elaborar un software para la evaluación de diseño de tuberías de revestimiento y su estado mecánico confiable, sencillo y de fácil adaptación entre el programa y el usuario. Para ello, se combinó la teoría técnica y científica con la experiencia en el manejo de software especializado en el diseño de pozos petroleros. La estrategia para su desarrollo consistió en la descomposición del problema original en tres secciones: 1) identificación y manejo de las diferentes propiedades mecánicas de las tuberías de revestimiento, 2) identificación y evaluación de los diferentes tipos de esfuerzos que se presentan en las tuberías de revestimiento según el diseño del pozo y 3) esquematización del arreglo de tuberías acorde a la profundidad y diseño del pozo. Entre los resultados se logró combinar la programación con el material especializado técnico y científico: seleccionar, evaluar y esquematizar las diversas tuberías de revestimiento según los datos operativos del diseño del pozo, así como determinar un costo aproximado de las tuberías y de las operaciones en su selección y asentamiento para, finalmente, seleccionar el porcentaje y costo total de la perforación. En conclusión, el trabajo desarrollado resuelve la problemática presentada, pero solo aplica a pozos verticales, dada la limitación de gráficos 3D para la perforación direccional y con una profundidad máxima de 5200 m (17 060 ft).

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi elaborar um software para avaliação do projeto de tubos de revestimento e seu estado mecânico confiável, simples e de fácil adaptação entre o programa e o usuário. Para isso, aliou-se a teoria técnico-científica à experiência no manuseio de software especializado no projeto de poços de petróleo. A estratégia para o seu desenvolvimento consistiu na decomposição do problema original em três secções: 1) identificação e gestão das diferentes propriedades mecânicas dos tubos de revestimento, 2) identificação e avaliação dos diferentes tipos de esforços que ocorrem nos tubos de revestimento. revestimento de acordo com o projeto do poço e 3) esquematização da disposição das tubulações de acordo com a profundidade e projeto do poço. Entre os resultados, foi possível combinar a programação com o material técnico e científico especializado: selecionar, avaliar e traçar os diversos tubos de revestimento de acordo com os dados operacionais do projeto do poço, bem como determinar um custo aproximado dos tubos e do operações em sua seleção e liquidação para finalmente selecionar o percentual e o custo total da perfuração. Em conclusão, o trabalho desenvolvido resolve o problema apresentado, mas aplica-se apenas a poços verticais, dada a limitação de gráficos 3D para perfuração direcional e com profundidade máxima de 5.200 m (17.060 pés).

Resumen El intento fallido en el control de un brote o el descontrol de un pozo petrolero trae consigo pérdidas económicas muy graves, por ejemplo, la pérdida total del mismo. Sin embargo, la posibilidad de analizar, seleccionar y aplicar las acciones y actividades correctas brinda la oportunidad de controlar su manifestación, cuyo resultado es la reducción y eliminación de la gravedad del descontrol. En el presente artículo se describe el desarrollo de una herramienta didáctica computacional, gráfica y numérica, diseñada para el adiestramiento y capacitación de las metodologías en el control de pozos petroleros de Petróleos Mexicanos-Asociación Internacional de Contratistas de Perforación (Pemex-IADC). Dicha aplicación se desarrolló con Macros de Visual Basic en el entorno de Microsoft y ha sido validada mediante una investigación exhaustiva para el diseño de su configuración y probada mediante la ejecución de ejercicios numéricos y la comparación con ejemplos de los manuales de WellCap de Pemex y de diversas compañías afiliadas.

Abstract The unsuccessful attempt to control an offshoot or inadequate management of oil well control situations may bring serious economic costs, such as the total loss of the well. However, the possibility of analyzing, selecting, and applying the correct actions and activities provides the opportunity to control its manifestation, resulting in the reduction or elimination of the severity of the blowout. This article describes the development of a graphical and numerical computational tool, designed to study and understand the methodologies in the control of oil wells of Petróleos Mexicanos-International Association of Drilling Contractors (Pemex-IADC). This application was developed with Visual Basic Macros in the Microsoft environment. It has been validated through an exhaustive investigation for the design of its configuration and has been tested employing the execution of numerical exercises and comparing it with examples of the WellCap manuals of Pemex and diverse affiliated companies.

RESUMEN El artículo presenta una crítica al espacio conceptual que Gargarella reclama para su pensamiento: un socialismo republicano que se encuentra a la izquierda del liberalismo igualitarista. Para ello, se cuestionan los rasgos mediante los cuales Gargarella define el liberalismo, los que en su caso son conceptualmente dependientes de las críticas que el republicanismo dirige a la tradición liberal. En el artículo se muestra que la definición de liberalismo de Gargarella la obtiene a costa de una reducción de los tipos de liberalismo a dos grandes grupos, uno conservador y otro igualitario, lo que excluye al liberalismo defendido por el pluralismo de valores. Este último desafía algunos aspectos que resultan relevantes para el socialismo republicano de Gargarella: la democracia deliberativa y sus presupuestos y la idea de un catálogo armonizable de derechos individuales y colectivos.

ABSTRACT The article presents a critique of the conceptual space that Gargarella claims for his thought: a republican socialism to the left of egalitarian liberalism. For this aim, I discuss the features that, according to Gargarella, defines the liberal tradition. Those features are dependent on the criticism that republicanism directs to liberal tradition. The article shows that Gargarella's definition of liberalism is obtained at the cost of a reduction of all forms of liberalism to two kinds: conservatives and egalitarians, which excludes the one defended by value pluralism. Value pluralism challenges some relevant aspects of Gargarella's republican socialism: the presuppositions of deliberative democracy and the idea of a compatible catalogue of individual and collective rights.

Abstract: This article analyzes the link between humanitarian and human rights considerations and the restrictive and indirectly expulsion-orientated effect of recent measures taken in Chile with respect to Haitian migrants. The text reveals that the strategy of appealing to humanitarian rhetoric represents a central element of the paradigm of migratory governance, and is an approach that supports the global regime for the management/control of migration, one that has been materializing in the Chilean State's consideration of international migration since the mid-2000s. These measures are also connected with those adopted by other South American countries, in a scenario of the regionalization of this regime.

Resumen: En este artículo se analiza el vínculo entre el argumento humanitario y de derechos humanos y el efecto restrictivo, e indirectamente expulsor, de las medidas recientes tomadas en Chile respecto de la migración haitiana. El texto muestra que esta estrategia de apelación a la retórica humanitaria constituye un elemento central del paradigma de la gobernabilidad migratoria, enfoque que sirve de sustento al régimen global de gestión/control de las migraciones, y que se ha ido cristalizando en el pensamiento del Estado chileno sobre la migración internacional desde mediados de la década de 2000. Se conectan además estas medidas con las adoptadas por otros países sudamericanos, en un escenario de regionalización de este régimen.

The Maule earthquake (Mw 8.8) that affected south-central Chile on February 27, 2010 was preceded by the 1835 event documented by FitzRoy and Darwin. The relation between both events has been controversial. Fault slip in 2010 estimated by Lorito et al. (2011) is less than expected from 175 years of strain accumulation, leading them to conclude only limited overlap between the 2010 and 1835 events, and that a Mw 7.5-8 event could still strike the Concepción region. However, Lorito et al. 's model was based on displacements obtained from only 6 GPS stations and underpredicts observations from recent studies. Here we show that an alternative model based on 169 GPS displacements reproduces the data better, suggesting Lorito et al. 's main conclusion is not correct. Based on a slip deficit map, we suggest the seismic gap opened in 1835 was most likely closed in 2010.

El terremoto del Maule (Mw 8.8) que afectó el centro-sur de Chile el 27 de febrero del 2010 fue precedido por el evento de 1835 documentado por FitzRoy y Darwin. La relación entre ambos eventos ha sido controversial. Los desplazamientos para el 2010 estimados por Lorito et al. (2011) son menores a los esperados en 175 años de acumulación de acortamiento, observación que los llevó a concluir que los eventos del 2010 y 1835 tenían una similitud restringida y que, por ende, un evento de Mw 7.5 a 8 podría afectar la zona de Concepción en el futuro cercano. El modelo de Lorito et al. (2011) usó desplazamientos obtenidos de solo 6 estaciones de GPS y subestima observaciones de estudios recientes. Aquí mostramos que un modelo alternativo basado en 169 estaciones de GPS reproduce los datos mejor, y sugiere que la principal conclusión de Lorito et al. (2011) no es correcta. Basados en un mapa de déficit de deslizamiento sugerimos que la laguna sísmica abierta en 1835 fue muy probablemente cerrada el 2010.

As fraturas do quadril são a maior causa de hospitalização da terceira idade, e constituem um considerável encargo econômico e social. A taxa de mortalidade atual após um ano de fratura é acima de 33%, e o risco de morte é maior do quarto ao sexto mês após a fratura. O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar alterações na composição corporal de pacientes idosos, durante sua hospitalização por fraturas fêmur proximal, através de métodos antropométricos e análise dos valores fisiológicos de gasto energético. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo utilizando-se 45 pacientes consecutivos com diagnóstico de fratura do quadril. Em todos os casos, foram obtidas medidas diretas e avaliações antropométricas indiretas baseadas em estimativas, nas primeiras 24 horas e repetidas após uma semana de admissão hospitalar. Após uma semana de internação houve diminuição da média do perímetro do braço (0,73 cm, p=0.0052) e da espessura da prega tricipital (1.41 mm, p=0.0181), sem haver modificação das outras variáveis estudadas. A avaliação antropométrica como um meio de se fazer um mapa da composição corporal, em conjunto com as estimativas indiretas sugeridas neste estudo, podem ajudar a determinar o estado nutricional e necessidades calóricas de pacientes idosos.

Hip fractures are a major cause of hospitalization among the elderly, and constitute a considerable social and economic burden. The current mortality rate one year after hip fracture is over 33%, the risk of death is greatest 4 to 6 months after fracture. The objective of this study was to use anthropometric methods and physiological energy-expenditure values to assess changes in body composition during hospitalization, in elderly patients admitted for fractures of the proximal femur. A prospective study was performed using a consecutive sequence of 45 patients with diagnosed hip fracture. In all cases, direct measurements and indirect estimate-based anthropometric evaluation were performed in the first 24 hours following admission, and again one week after admission. By one week after admission, there was a decrease in mean arm girth (0.73 cm, p=0.0052) and in triceps fold thickness (1.41 mm, p=0.0181), but not in the other variables tested. Anthropometric evaluation as a means of charting body composition, in conjunction with the indirect estimates suggested here, may help to determine nutritional status and calorie requirements in elderly patients.