Abstract Background: Early detection of suspected neurodevelopmental delay allows for timely diagnosis and appropriate intervention, for which numerous screening tests have been developed. However, most are complex and impractical for health-care workers at the community level. This study aimed to validate the KARVI scale in the neurodevelopment assessment of children under 1 year of age. Methods: We conducted an observational, longitudinal, comparative, inferential, and prospective study. Healthy children without risk factors for developing neurodevelopmental delay from 0 to 12 months of age were evaluated remotely using the Zoom® application. The Child Development Evaluation Test and the KARVI scale were applied once a month for four consecutive months. Results: Fifty individuals were analyzed, with a predominance of males in 52%. Adequate percentages for a screening test were obtained in the first evaluation with a sensitivity of 70% (confidence interval [CI] 95% 34.75-93.33) and a specificity of 75% (CI 95% 58.8-87.31), and in the fourth evaluation with a sensitivity of 100% (CI 95% 29.4-100) and a specificity of 78.72% (CI 95% 64.34-89.3), being significant in both evaluations (p = 0.007 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: The KARVI scale has the elements to be an effective screening test for suspected neurodevelopmental delay, but more extensive studies are needed to obtain more reliable results.

Resumen Introducción: La identificación temprana de retraso en el neurodesarrollo permite un diagnóstico oportuno y una intervención apropiada. Para ello, se han creado diversas pruebas de tamizaje; sin embargo, la mayoría son complejas y poco prácticas para el personal de la salud a nivel comunitario. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar la validación de la escala KARVI en la valoración del neurodesarrollo en niños menores de un año. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, longitudinal, comparativo inferencial y prospectivo, en el cual se evaluaron, vía remota mediante la aplicación Zoom®, niños sanos de 0 a 12 meses de edad sin factores de riesgo para desarrollar retraso en el neurodesarrollo. Se aplicaron la prueba EDI (Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil) y la escala KARVI una vez al mes por cuatro meses consecutivos. Resultados: Se analizaron 50 individuos, con predominio del sexo masculino en el 52%. Se obtuvieron porcentajes adecuados para una prueba de tamizaje tanto en la primera evaluación, con sensibilidad de 70% (IC 95% 34.75-93.33) y especificidad de 75% (IC 95% 58.8-87.31), como en la cuarta, con sensibilidad de 100% (IC 95% 29.4-100) y especificidad de 78.72% (IC 95% 64.34-89.3), con significación estadística en ambas evaluaciones (p = 0.007 y p = 0.001, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Se considera que la escala KARVI cuenta con los elementos para considerarla como una prueba de tamizaje efectiva para detectar retraso del neurodesarrollo, sin embargo. Sin requieren estudios más extensos para obtener resultados más confiables.

Resumen Introducción En México existe una cantidad inadecuada de profesionales en salud con una buena capacidad de atención de las personas mayores. Uno de los factores modificables para mejorar esta situación, son las intervenciones educativas que puedan implementarse en etapas formativas, sin embargo, no existe información actualizada de la enseñanza de geriatría en medicina en México. Objetivo Revisar y registrar si existe la materia de geriatría en los programas educativos de medicina en universidades mexicanas y describir las características de la misma, para elaborar un reporte actualizado de la enseñanza de geriatría en México. Método Estudio descriptivo de muestreo por conveniencia. Se realizó una encuesta a las escuelas y facultades de medicina certificadas por el Consejo Mexicano para la Acreditación de la Educación Médica (COMAEM), mediante un formato virtual. La información que no se respondió directamente por las escuelas, se obtuvo a partir de los sitios web de estas. Resultados Se encontró que un 88 % de las escuelas de medicina certificadas por la COMAEM tienen contenido de geriatría. El contenido es obligatorio en un 99 % de los casos evaluados. Un 56 % de las escuelas imparten el contenido de manera exclusivamente teórica y 41 % de manera teórico-práctica. Un 7 % de los docentes que imparten el contenido, reportaron no tener ninguna formación en geriatría. Conclusiones Hay avances en la difusión de la información de geriatría. Las siguientes metas serán lograr la totalidad de las escuelas con contenido y buscar uniformidad en el mismo.

Abstract Introduction There are insufficient health care professionals with basic competencies for the adequate attention of the population of older adults in Mexico. One of the modifiable elements to improve this situation, are the educational interventions that could be implemented in formative years, however, there is a lack of current information regarding geriatrics training in the country. Objective To review and register if there is any content of geriatrics in the curriculum of medical programs of Mexican universities and to describe its characteristics to have a current report regarding the state of geriatrics’ education in Mexico. Method Descriptive study, with sample by convenience. A virtual survey was sent to all the medical schools who had current certification from the Mexican Counsel for the accreditation of medical education (COMAEM for the initials in Spanish). If the school failed to answer the survey, the missing information was obtained from the websites of the respective university. Results We found that 88 % of the medical schools with accreditation from the COMAEM included geriatrics and it was mandatory in 99 % of the cases. The content was given as a theoretical class in 56 % of the schools and as a theoretical and practical course in 41 % of the schools. A percentage of 7 % of the teachers in charge of the geriatrics course reported not having any formal training in geriatrics. Conclusions There is progress in the dissemination of geriatrics’ information. Next steps should include to achieve a totality of the schools with geriatrics’ content and to try and have some uniformity in the included information.

Abstract: The migration of Venezuelans nationals to other Latin-American countries has been defined as the most significant migratory phenomenon in the recent story of the region, with Colombia being the country that hosts the highest number of Venezuelan nationals. From a human rights perspective, this article critically analyzes the response of the Colombian State to address migration from Venezuela. The objective of this article is to show that Colombia has preferred to govern this migration through the creation of ad hoc permits, instead of recognizing the need for international protection of this population and their status as refugees. To this end, this paper analyzes the Colombian regulatory framework on migration and refuge and, in particular, the response of the Colombian State to the migration of people from Venezuela. Its central argument is that the Colombian authorities have opted for the design and implementation of alternative measures of migratory regularization, as it was at the time the Special Permit of Permanence and is today the Permit for Temporary Protection. This article concludes by stating that the approach to Venezuelan migration has led to a clear detriment to the refugee system, today collapsed and with no prospect of reform or strengthening. This is so because the institutional design of the Colombian refuge entails a host of obstacles that discourage applicants from following this path, even when they require international protection. The authors of this paper use legal dogmatic as the main research methodology.

Resumen: La migración de personas venezolanas a otros países de Latinoamérica ha sido definida como el fenómeno migratorio más significativo de la historia reciente de la región, siendo Colombia el país que más nacionales venezolanos acoge. Desde un enfoque de derechos humanos, este artículo analiza críticamente la respuesta del Estado colombiano para atender la migración desde Venezuela. El objetivo es mostrar que Colombia ha preferido gobernar este fenómeno migratorio a través de la creación de permisos ad hoc, en lugar de reconocer la necesidad de protección internacional de esta población y su condición de personas refugiadas. Para ello, analiza el marco normativo colombiano en materia migratoria y de refugio; y, en particular, la respuesta del Estado colombiano a la migración de personas desde Venezuela. El argumento central de este texto es que las autoridades colombianas han apostado por el diseño y la implementación de medidas alternativas de regularización migratoria, como lo fue en su momento el permiso especial de permanencia y lo es hoy el permiso por protección temporal. Este artículo concluye afirmando que el abordaje de la migración venezolana ha conllevado un franco detrimento del sistema de refugio, hoy colapsado y sin perspectiva de reforma ni fortalecimiento. Es así como el diseño institucional de refugio colombiano entraña un cúmulo de obstáculos que desincentiva a los solicitantes a transitar por este camino, aun cuando requieren de protección internacional. Las autoras de este artículo utilizan la dogmática jurídica como principal metodología de investigación.

Resumen: El síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 es una presentación postinfecciosa, que puede ser particularmente grave, pudiendo producir una severa disfunción multiorgánica. Se presenta una serie de 6 casos clínicos, asistidos en Servicio Médico Integral, Montevideo-Uruguay, con el fin de exponer las características clínicas y paraclínicas de este nuevo síndrome, y la evolución clínica de los mismos. Se realiza un estudio observacional descriptivo. La edad media fue de 6 años, con predominio en sexo femenino. Estos pacientes tuvieron una presentación clínica leve a moderada, con buena evolución Las manifestaciones clínicas principales fueron: fiebre, compromiso gastrointestinal, mucocutáneo y afectación ocular; dos de estos pacientes presentaron compromiso cardiovascular. Todos tuvieron alteraciones en la paraclínica, destacándose reactantes de fase aguda elevados. Todos los pacientes recibieron inmunoglobulina intravenosa y corticoides, tres de ellos recibieron heparina de bajo peso molecular por valor de D-dímeros 5 veces por encima del valor de referencia. No descartamos el impacto del diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz en la buena evolución de estos niños.

Summary: The Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome associated with COVID-19 is a postinfectious presentation, which can be particularly serious, and can produce severe multiorgan dysfunction. A report of 6 clinical cases, assisted in the Comprehensive Medical Service, Montevideo-Uruguay, is presented in order to expose the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of this new syndrome, and their clinical evolution. A descriptive observational study was carried out. The mean age was 6 years, with a predominance of females. These patients had a mild to moderate clinical presentation, with good evolution. The main clinical manifestations were: fever, gastrointestinal and mucocutaneous involvement, and ocular involvement; two of these patients had cardiovascular compromise. All had alterations in the paraclinical, standing out elevated acute phase reactants. All patients received intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids, three of them received low molecular weight heparin with a value of D-dimers 5 times higher than the reference value. We do not rule out the impact of early diagnosis and treatment on the positive evolution of these children.

Resumo: A Síndrome Inflamatória Multissistêmica associada à COVID-19 é uma apresentação pósinfecciosa, que pode ser particularmente grave e produzir disfunção grave de múltiplos órgãos. Apresentamos um relato de 6 casos clínicos, atendidos no Serviço Médico Integral, Montevidéu-Uruguai, com o objetivo de expor as características clínicas e para clínicas desta nova síndrome, e sua evolução clínica. Tratase de um estudo observacional descritivo. A média de idade foi de 6 anos, com predomínio do sexo feminino. Esses pacientes tinham apresentação clínica leve a moderada, com boa evolução. As principais manifestações clínicas foram: febre, envolvimento gastrointestinal, muco cutâneo e ocular; dois desses pacientes apresentaram comprometimento cardiovascular. Todos apresentavam alterações para clínicas, destacandose elevados reagentes na fase aguda. Todos os pacientes receberam imunoglobulina e corticosteroides endovenosos, três deles receberam heparina de baixo peso molecular com valor do dímero D 5 vezes acima do valor de referência. Não descartamos o impacto do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces na evolução positiva dessas crianças.

Abstract This paper presents the results of an investigation that aimed to analyze the challenges and opportunities of community water management in the rural area of the Upper Basin of River Cauca during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on collaborative research, the regulatory framework for dealing with the COVID-19 emergency in the water and sanitation sector in Colombia and the problems faced by Community Water and Sanitation Management Organizations (CWSMOs) during the pandemic are analyzed. The main findings are: the regulatory framework issued general guidelines for water service providers, however there were few specific provisions for CWSMOs, ignoring their particularities. The identified problems affected CWSMOs with more than 500 subscribers differently than CWSMOs with under 500 subscribers, with the first group being the most impacted. Likewise, it was concluded that these problems are related to a structural context and not only to the global health emergency. The results of the research show the need to generate a specific public policy for CWSMOs that recognizes their particular characteristics, so that they continue to guarantee access to water in rural and peripheral areas of the country.

Resumen Este artículo presenta resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo analizar los retos y oportunidades de la gestión comunitaria del agua en la ruralidad de la Cuenca Alta del Río Cauca, bajo la pandemia del COVID-19. Desde una investigación colaborativa, se analiza el marco normativo para la atención de la emergencia del COVID-19 del sector de agua y saneamiento en Colombia y las problemáticas que enfrentan las Organizaciones Comunitarias Gestoras del Agua y Saneamiento (OCGAS) durante la pandemia. Como principales hallazgos se señalan: el marco normativo expidió lineamientos generales para los prestadores del servicio de agua, sin embargo, hubo pocas disposiciones específicas para las OCGAS, desconociendo sus particularidades. Las problemáticas identificadas afectaron de manera diferente a las OCGAS de más de 500 suscriptores que a las OCGAS con menos de 500 suscriptores, siendo el primer grupo el más impactado. Así mismo, se concluyó que dichas problemáticas se relacionan con un contexto estructural que no responde sólo a la emergencia sanitaria global. Los resultados de la investigación, muestran la necesidad de generar una política pública específica para las OCGAS que reconozca sus características particulares, para que continúen garantizando el acceso al agua en las zonas rurales y periféricas del país.

Abstract: Virus-based biopesticides are effective biocontrol agents of crop insect pests. Development of suitable formulations and production processes are necessary to obtain high-quality products easily adopted by farmers. A detailed unit operation study was carried out for the production process of a Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus-based biopesticide to control the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta, one of the most important pests affecting this crop. Physicochemical, microbiological, and insecticidal parameters were implemented in the process and applied to the finished product, and a scaling strategy was developed. A Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (Q-PCR) technique was implemented to quantify viral concentrations in the active ingredient (5.34 ± 1.44 x109 Occlusion Bodies mL-1) and in the finished product (>1.6x109 OB mL-1), without contaminant interferences. The Q-PCR methodology was also useful to select the appropriate solid mixing time following Lacey´s mixing index (8 min). Factors and similarity principles influencing the liquid mixing process were identified in the scaling evaluation. Furthermore, the drying kinetics analysis enabled identifying a drying temperature of 35 °C, with an efficacy under controlled conditions higher than 97%. Contaminant concentration was lower than 1%, indicating controlled and aseptic formulation process conditions. A simple statistical method was used to estimate the reproducibility and repeatability of the parameters assessed in the finished product. These results enable to establish and extrapolate important parameters in the standardization, scale-up, and quality control for the granulovirus-based biopesticide.

Resumen: El síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 es una presentación postinfecciosa, que puede ser particularmente grave, que puede producir una severa disfunción multiorgánica. Se presenta un reporte de 6 casos clínicos asistidos en el Servicio Médico Integral de Montevideo, Uruguay, con el fin de exponer las características clínicas y paraclínicas de este nuevo síndrome, y la evolución clínica de los pacientes. Se realiza un estudio observacional descriptivo. La edad media fue de 6 años, con predominio en sexo femenino. Estos pacientes tuvieron una presentación clínica leve a moderada, con buena evolución. Las manifestaciones clínicas principales fueron: fiebre, compromiso gastrointestinal y mucocutáneo y afectación ocular. Dos de estos pacientes presentaron compromiso cardiovascular. Todos tuvieron alteraciones en la paraclínica, destacándose reactantes de fase aguda elevados. Todos los pacientes recibieron inmunoglobulina intravenosa y corticoides, tres de ellos recibieron heparina de bajo peso molecular por valor de D-dímeros 5 veces por encima del valor de referencia. No descartamos el impacto del diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz en la buena evolución de estos niños.

Summary: The Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome associated with COVID-19 is a post-infectious presentation, which can be particularly serious, and can produce severe multi-organ dysfunction. We present a report of 6 clinical cases, assisted at the Health Medical Organization (Servicio Médico Integral) in Montevideo, Uruguay, and show the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of this new syndrome, and their clinical evolution. A descriptive observational study is carried out. The mean age was 6 years, mostly females. These patients had a mild to moderate clinical presentation, with good evolution. The main clinical manifestations were: fever, gastrointestinal, mucocutaneous, and ocular compromise; two of these patients had cardiovascular compromise. All had alterations in the paraclinical, increased acute phase reactants were observed. All patients received intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids, three of them received low molecular weight heparin with a value of D-dimers 5 times higher than the reference value. We do not rule out the impact of early diagnosis and treatment to explain these children´s positive evolution.

Resumo: A Síndrome Inflamatória Multissistêmica associada ao COVID-19 é uma apresentação pós-infecciosa, que pode ser particularmente grave, podendo produzir disfunção multiorgânica grave. Apresenta-se um relato de 6 casos clínicos, atendidos pela Assistência Serviço Médico Integral de Montevidéu, Uruguai, a fim de expor as características clínicas e paraclínicas desta nova síndrome e sua evolução clínica. Foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo. A média de idade foi de 6 anos, principalmente do sexo feminino. Esses pacientes apresentaram quadro clínico leve a moderado, com boa evolução, sendo as principais manifestações clínicas: febre, comprometimento gastrointestinal, muco cutâneo e ocular; dois desses pacientes apresentavam comprometimento cardiovascular. Todos apresentaram alterações na paraclínica, destacando-se elevados reagentes de fase aguda. Todos os pacientes receberam imunoglobulina endovenosa e corticosteroides, três deles receberam heparina de baixo peso molecular com valor de D-dímeros 5 vezes maior que o valor de referência. Não descartamos o impacto do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces na positiva evolução dessas crianças.

Abstract GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase is a hexameric complex formed by subunits α, β, and γ, where the first two are encoded by the GNPTAB gene and the third by the GNPTG gene. Pathogenic variants identified in the GNPTAB gene cause the diseases Mucolipidosis II and III alpha/beta, which are severe and characterized by an overflow of lysosomal hydrolases into the extracellular environment, and their absence in lysosomal compartments causes an accumulation of non-degraded macromolecules. Methodology: a retrospective study that included 32 unrelated Brazilian patients with a clinical and genetic diagnosis of Mucolipidosis II/III alpha/beta. The regional frequency of the altered alleles was determined. Results: The patients were from all regions of Brazil. The most prevalent variants were c.3503_3504del, associated with the severe form of the disease, and c.1208T>C, associated with the milder form. Variant c.3503_3504del is the most frequently found in the Midwest, Northeast, and Southeast regions of Brazil. In the South, 42.8% of the alleles present the c.1196C>T variant. Conclusions: From the perspective of all patients diagnosed with Mucolipidosis II/III in Brazil, it is possible to conclude that different regions present allelic frequencies of specific pathogenic variants, which can be explained by the occurrence of a founding effect or high inbreeding rates.

Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar como a abundância e a riqueza de mariposas Arctiinae variam temporalmente, ao longo do período noturno. Especificamente, analisamos as seguintes questões: (1) existe relação entre a abundância e a riqueza de Arctiinae e a umidade relativa do ar e a temperatura? (2) qual é o horário de atividade de cada espécie de mariposa? (3) a composição de espécies difere ao longo da noite? (4) é necessário amostrar esse grupo de mariposas ao longo de toda a noite para ter uma amostra representativa das espécies? Realizamos as amostragens no Parque Nacional das Emas (17°49’-18°28’S e 52°39’-53°10’W), Brasil. Selecionamos sete pontos amostrais em uma área de campo cerrado. Em cada ponto, coletamos as mariposas Arctiinae utilizando uma fonte luminosa (lâmpada UV de 15 W) refletida em um pano branco (2 x 3 m) estendido na vertical. Coletamos as mariposas durante sete noites consecutivas (uma noite por ponto, entre os dias 13 e 19 de dezembro de 2012, das 19:00 até as 07:00). Dividimos o período noturno em doze faixas de uma hora. Medimos a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar com auxílio de um termohigrômetro digital. Amostramos 149 indivíduos pertencentes a 17 espécies de mariposas Arctiinae. A maioria das espécies (70,5%) esteve ativa apenas por uma ou duas horas durante a noite. As espécies diferiram em termos de horário de atividade. O horário das 20 h apresentou uma maior abundância (44 indivíduos), seguido do horário das 21 (38) e das 22 h (23). A riqueza também foi maior nas primeiras horas da noite. Somente a temperatura foi positivamente correlacionada com a abundância de mariposas. A riqueza de mariposas não foi influenciada nem pela temperatura nem pela umidade relativa do ar. As possíveis causas das diferenças em termos de horários de atividade são discutidas..

Abstract: The main goal of this work was to investigate how the abundance and richness of Arctiinae moths varies over time, during the night. Specifically, we analyzed the following questions: (1) Is there a relationship between Arctiinae abundance and richness with the temperature and relative humidity? (2) What are the hours of activity of each species of moth? (3) Does the species composition differ over night? (4) Is it necessary to sample this group of moths throughout the night to have a representative sample of the species? We sampled the moths in Emas National Park (17°49’-18°28’S and 52°39’-53°10’W), Brazil. We selected seven sampling points in an area of savanna. At each sampling point, we collected the Arctiinae moths with a light trap (with a 15-W black light fluorescent light bulb), reflected in a white cloth (2 x 3 m) extended vertically. We sampled the moths in seven consecutive nights (one night in each sampling point, from December 13 to December 19, 2012, from 7 p.m. until 7 a.m.). We divided the samplings in twelve periods over the night, with an hour each. At each period of time, we measured the temperature and the relative humidity with a digital termohygrometer. We sampled 149 individuals belonging to 17 species of Arctiinae moths. Most species (70.5%) were active only for one or two hours at night. The species differed in terms of time activity. The higher abundance occurred at 8 p. m. (44 individuals), followed by 38 individuals at 9 p. m. and 23 at 10 p. m. The species richness was also higher in the early hours of the night. The temperature was the only variable that showed a positive and significative relationship with the Arctiinae moth abundance. The species richness was not influenced neither by the temperature nor by the relative air humidity. The possible causes of the peak of abundance and species richness in specific hours of the night are discussed.

RESUMO Efeito do estresse luminoso sobre Crotalaria spectabilis (Fabaceae) e seu inseto herbívoro, a mariposa Utetheisa ornatrix (Erebidae:Arctiinae) A hipótese do estresse da planta prevê que as plantas estressadas são mais atacadas por insetos herbívoros. Neste trabalho, investigamos a influência do estresse luminoso em Crotalaria spectabilis Roth (Fabaceae) e em seu principal herbívoro, a mariposa Utetheisa ornatrix (L., 1758) (Erebidae: Arctiinae). Especificamente, verificamos se as plantas estressadas por sombreamento diferem das plantas não estressadas em termos de produtividade, características morfológicas e porcentagem de água. Também avaliamos o desempenho das mariposas em plantas estressadas e não estressadas. As sementes foram semeadas em vasos. Quando as plantas atingiram 50 cm de altura, foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: plantas estressadas (grupo de tratamento) e plantas sem estresse (grupo controle). As plantas estressadas foram cobertas por uma malha preta, proporcionando 50% de sombreamento. Foram avaliadas oito características de plantas estressadas e não estressadas de C. spectabilis: altura, biomassa aérea fresca e seca, número de vagens e sementes, dureza foliar, número de tricomas, área foliar, massa foliar específica e porcentagem de água foliar. As mariposas foram criadas individualmente em folhas de plantas estressadas e não estressadas. Obtivemos a sobrevivência larval, o tempo de desenvolvimento larval, o peso pupal e a fecundidade das fêmeas. As plantas não estressadas apresentaram porcentagem significativamente maior de água nas folhas, maior biomassa aérea fresca e um maior número de tricomas do que as plantas estressadas. A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 98% para larvas criadas em folhas de plantas sob estresse e 92% em folhas de plantas sem estresse. O tempo de desenvolvimento larval foi significativamente menor e o peso das pupas femininas significativamente maior em plantas sem estresse do que em plantas estressadas. Assim, a hipótese de estresse em plantas foi corroborada apenas por duas variáveis testadas: número de tricomas (menor nas plantas estressadas) e sobrevivência larval (maior nas plantas estressadas). Os tricomas estão entre os principais tipos de defesa das plantas contra a herbivoria e a redução do seu número nas folhas tornaria as plantas estressadas mais suscetíveis ao ataque de larvas de mariposas, fato corroborado por uma maior sobrevivência larval. Uma das possíveis explicações para a falta de corroboração da hipótese de estresse de planta para a maioria das variáveis testadas é que outras características podem ser alteradas sob condições de estresse, como a concentração de compostos secundários.

ABSTRACT The Plant Stress Hypothesis predicts that stressed plants are more attacked by herbivorous insects. In this work, we investigated the influence of light stress on Crotalaria spectabilis Roth (Fabaceae) and on its main herbivore, the moth Utetheisa ornatrix (L., 1758) (Erebidae: Arctiinae). Specifically, we verified whether plants stressed by shading differ from non-stressed plants in terms of productivity, morphological characteristics and water percentage. We also evaluated the performance of moths in stressed and non-stressed plants. Seeds were sown in pots. When the plants reached 50 cm in height, they were randomly divided into two groups: stressed plants (treatment group) and non-stressed plants (control group). The stressed plants were covered by a black mesh, providing 50% of shading. Eight characteristics of stressed and non-stressed C. spectabilis plants were evaluated: height, fresh and dry aerial biomass, number of pods and seeds, leaf hardness, number of trichomes, leaf area, specific leaf mass and percentage of leaf water. Moths were raised individually on leaves of stressed and non-stressed plants and we obtained the larval survival, larval development time, pupal weight and female fecundity. The non-stressed plants had significantly higher percentage of water in the leaves, greater fresh aerial biomass and a higher number of trichomes than the stressed plants. The survival rate was 98% for larvae raised on leaves from stressed plants and 92% on leaves from non-stressed plants. The larval developmental time was significantly shorter and the weight of female pupae significantly higher in non-stressed plants than in stressed plants. Thus, the Plant Stress Hypothesis was only corroborated by two tested variables: number of trichomes (lower in stressed plants) and larval survival (higher in stressed plants). Trichomes are among the main types of plant defenses against herbivory and reducing their number on leaves would make stressed plants more susceptible to attack by moth larvae, a fact corroborated by a greater larval survival. One of the possible explanations for the lack of corroboration of the Plant Stress Hypothesis for most of the variables tested is that other characteristics can be changed under stress conditions, such as the concentration of secondary compounds.

Abstract Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death among older adults in Latin America. In this study we evaluated the effect of the inclusion of gerontologists as part of an oncology clinic. Methods: Patients aged ≥65 with gastrointestinal cancer treated in a Mexican public hospital were included. Clinical and geriatric assessment data were collected, and geriatric syndromes were described. The implementation of geriatric interventions was recorded and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Thirty patients were included. 87% had colorectal neoplasms and 13% gastric tumors, 40% presenting metastatic disease. 37% were dependent on basic activities of daily living and 80% on instrumental activities. Interventions most commonly implemented by the gerontologist were aimed at mitigating urinary incontinence (80%), promoting exercise (70%), promoting vaccination (60%) and providing nutritional counseling (60%). Conclusions: Integrating gerontologists in an oncology clinic is feasible, allows for the identification of geriatric syndromes, and leads to the implementation of interventions.

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer es una de las principales causas de muerte en adultos mayores en Latinoamérica. En este estudio evaluamos el efecto de la inclusión de gerontólogos en una consulta de oncología. Metodología: Se incluyó a pacientes ≥ 65 años con cáncer gastrointestinal tratados en un hospital público mexicano. Se recolectaron datos clínicos y de la valoración geriátrica y se describieron los síndromes geriátricos identificados. Se registraron las intervenciones implementadas después de la valoración utilizando estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Se incluyeron 30 pacientes. El 87% tenía neoplasias colorrectales y el 13% neoplasias gástricas, con un 40% con enfermedad metastásica. El 37% eran dependientes en actividades básicas y el 80% en instrumentadas. Las intervenciones más comúnmente implementadas por gerontología fueron las encaminadas a mejorar continencia urinaria (80%), promover el ejercicio (70%), vacunación (60%) y consejería nutricional (60%). Conclusiones: Incluir gerontólogos en una consulta de oncología es factible, facilita la identificación de síndromes geriátricos y conduce a la implementación de intervenciones.

ABSTRACT Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a global pandemic. Older adults have been found as a vulnerable group for developing severe forms of disease and increased mortality. Objective: The objective of the study was to propose a pathway to assist the decision-making process for hospital resource allocation for older adults with COVID-19 using simple geriatric assessment-based tools. Methods: We reviewed the available literature at this point of the COVID-19 outbreak, focusing in older adult care to extract key recommendations for those health-care professionals who will be treating older adults in the hospital emergency ward (HEW) in developing countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: We listed a series of easy recommendations for non-geriatrician doctors in the HEW and suggested simple tools for hospital resource allocation during critical care evaluation of older adults with COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries. Conclusions: Age must not be used as the sole criterion for resource allocation among older adults with COVID-19. Simple and efficient tools are available to identify components of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, which could be useful to predict outcomes and provide high-quality care that would fit the particular needs of older adults in resource-limited settings amidst this global pandemic.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como propósito analizar las transformaciones en el proceso organizativo de Ecofuturo, organización comunitaria ubicada en Bolívar, Valle del Cauca, a partir de su vinculación con el gobierno local en el manejo de los residuos sólidos del municipio. Se describe la relación construida con el gobierno local durante los ocho años en que la organización estuvo a cargo de este servicio y las transformaciones de la organización a raíz del desarrollo de dicha actividad. Como principales hallazgos se señala: la relación entre Ecofuturo y el gobierno local no ha sido homogénea a lo largo del tiempo, fluctuando entre lo contractual y lo colaborativo, entre la subordinación y la cooperación, lo cual está influenciado por aspectos tales como los cambios normativos, la procedencia de la financiación, el tipo de vinculación, el papel que asumen las partes en términos administrativos y financieros, entre otros. Por último, se presentan los cambios dentro de la organización en la que, a pesar de la dinámica de trabajo, también disminuyó la participación de los asociados.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyse the transformation in the organizational process of Ecofuturo, a community organization located in Bolivar, Valle del Cauca, after its alliance with the local government in the management of solid waste of the municipality. A description is provided of the relationship constructed with the local government during the eight years that the organization was in charge of this service, and of the transformation within the organization as a result of the mentioned activity. The principle findings to highlight are: the relationship between Ecofuturo and the local government has not been uniform throughout the period - it fluctuates between the contractual and the collaborative, and subordination and cooperation. These variances are influenced by aspects such as changes in regulation, sources of funding, the type of alliance and the roles played by each party in administrative and financial terms, among others. Finally, the article presents the changes within the organization, which suffered a decrease in the participation of its associates in spite of the work set up.

Resumen Se realizó la caracterización del ensamblaje de escarabajos coprófagos en la cuenca alta y media del río Bita, en el marco de la alianza interinstitucional por el “Río Bita, protegido”. Los escarabajos fueron recolectados con trampas de caída, en 4 localidades del departamento del Vichada, entre enero y junio de 2016. El conjunto de datos contiene 1904 registros procedentes de la revisión de 6253 especímenes, depositados en la colección del Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (Instituto Humboldt). Un total de 17 géneros y 34 especies son reportadas para el río Bita; 15 especies con epíteto específico completo y 19 especies con código único de morfoespecie (12 códigos previamente establecidos en la colección de referencia del Instituto Humboldt (CRECC) y 7 nuevas codificaciones, con base en el estudio de los caracteres morfológicos incluyendo la genitalia del macho). Hasta la fecha no se contaba con información sobre la riqueza de escarabajos coprófagos de la cuenca del río Bita, por lo que estos resultados se consideran los primeros registros de este grupo taxonómico en el extremo nororiental del territorio nacional y aportan a la línea base para la declaratoria del río Bita bajo la figura del primer río protegido de Colombia.

Abstract The dung beetle assemblage of the upper and middle basin of the Bita River was characterized in the interinstitutional framework alliance of “Río Bita, protegido (protected Bita River)”. The beetles were collected with pitfall traps in 4 locations in the department of Vichada, Colombia between January and June 2016. The dataset contains 1904 records from the 6253 specimens inspected and deposited at the Research Institute of Biological Resources Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH). Seventeen genera and 34 species are reported for the Bita River; 15 species with complete scientific names and 19 species with single morphospecies code identifier (12 codes previously established in the reference collection of IAvH (CRECC) and 7 new codifications, based on the study of morphological characters including male genitalia). To date, there was no information on the dung beetles richness in the Bita River basin; these results are the first records of this taxonomic group in the northeastern part of the national territory, and thus contribute to the construction of the baseline for the declaration of the Bita River as the first protected river of Colombia.