ABSTRACT The high production of jamelão (Syzygium cumini) during harvest and the lack of information about it emphasize the development of new processing technologies for this fruit since it has been proven that its different parts have functional properties. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics and to determine the content of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity present in the pulp and peel of the jamelão in order to assess which one has the greatest industrial potential. For this, the fruit was pulped and separated into peel and pulp. The peel was subsequently dehydrated, resulting in three samples: pulp, fresh peel, and dried peel. It was observed that drying the peel provided an increase in the values of ash, lipids, acidity, and soluble solids to a higher or equal level to those of the pulp. In addition, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total monomeric anthocyanins, and total antioxidant activity of the fresh peel were found to be ten times higher than those of the pulp. Thus, the peel, a by-product of jamelão, has great potential to be used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Resumo O INPI tem assistido a um atraso crônico no processamento de pedidos de patentes. O tempo de concessão de patentes no Brasil saltou quatro anos em uma década, atingindo 10,8 anos em 2013. O backlog (pendência) reduz a eficácia do sistema de patentes ao provocar um ambiente de incerteza e insegurança jurídica, desvirtuando a finalidade precípua do sistema patentário, qual seja, a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico do País. Nesse ínterim, a presente pesquisa propõe-se, como objetivo geral, a descrever e a analisar o quadro evolutivo de pedidos de patente com análise pendente no INPI de 2010 a 2013. Como objetivos específicos, a pesquisa não só busca alternativas já adotadas em outros países que poderão ser utilizadas pelo INPI para a diminuição do backlog de patentes como também propõe uma solução jurídica adequada para a defesa do direito do depositante à razoável duração do processo, aplicável ao procedimento administrativo. O trabalho se utilizou do método empírico e dedutivo, tendo sido pautado na doutrina, periódicos, trabalhos científicos, relatórios de gestão do INPI e principais INAPI do mundo (USPTO, EPO, JPO e KIPO), jurisprudência e legislação em vigor.

Abstract Brazilian Patent Office (INPI) has been facing a huge backlog of patent applications. The patent granting time in Brazil has increased four years in one decade, reaching 10.8 years in 2013. The backlog (pendency) reduces the effectiveness of the patent system causing an environment of legal uncertainty, distorting the main purpose of the patent system that is the promotion of economic and technological development of the country. Thus, the research proposal is to describe and analyze the evolutionary framework of patent applications pending examination at INPI from 2010 to 2013. As specific objectives, the research not only seeks alternatives already adopted in other countries which can be used by the INPI to reduce the backlog of patents as well as discuss the appropriate legal solution for the defense of the right of the applicant to the reasonable duration of the administrative procedure. The research was developed through empirical and deductive method, recurring to doctrine, periodicals, scientific papers, management reports of INPI and main INAPI of the world (USPTO, EPO, JPO and KIPO), jurisprudence and legislation.

The aim of this study was to extract and identify volatile compounds from pineapple residues generated during concentrated juice processing. Distillates of pineapple residues were obtained using the following techniques: simple hydrodistillation and hydrodistillation by passing nitrogen gas. The volatile compounds present in the distillates were captured by the solid-phase microextraction technique. The volatile compounds were identified in a system of high resolution gas chromatography system coupled with mass spectrometry using a polyethylene glycol polar capillary column as stationary phase. The pineapple residues constituted mostly of esters (35%), followed by ketones (26%), alcohols (18%), aldehydes (9%), acids (3%) and other compounds (9%). Odor-active volatile compounds were mainly identified in the distillate obtained using hydrodistillation by passing nitrogen gas, namely decanal, ethyl octanoate, acetic acid, 1-hexanol, and ketones such as γ-hexalactone, γ-octalactone, δ-octalactone, γ-decalactone, and γ-dodecalactone. This suggests that the use of an inert gas and lower temperatures helped maintain higher amounts of flavor compounds. These data indicate that pineapple processing residue contained important volatile compounds which can be extracted and used as aroma enhancing products and have high potential for the production of value-added natural essences.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de duas marcas comerciais de chá verde em sachê, e verificar o efeito do tempo de infusão, em intervalos de tempos que incluem o recomendado pelo fabricante, sobre a disponibilidade dos compostos funcionais. MÉTODOS: Por análises em cromatografia líquida ultrarrápida com detector de arranjos de díodo,foram identificadas e quantificadas a cafeína, a catequina, a epigalocatequina, a rutina e a epicatequina. RESULTADOS: A epigalotocatequina e a catequina foram encontradas em maior concentração no tempo seis minutos de infusão em água (100°C) em ambas as marcas, sendo a rutina apenas encontrada na infusão por seis minutos e em apenas uma das marcas avaliadas. A extraçãocom metanol (99,8%) aumentou significativamente o rendimento de todos os compostos avaliados. Foi observado que atividade antioxidante equivalente ao trolox do chá aumentou diretamente com o aumento do tempo de infusão, no entanto, para os extratos obtidos em metanol, a atividade antioxidante foi menor que todos os outros tratamentos, havendo diferença significativa (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: As análises químicas de umidade, cinzas e cinzas insolúveis em ácido clorídrico revelaram que as duas marcas avaliadas estão em conformidade com a legislação para esses parâmetros, bem como com relação à presença de sujidades e materiais estranhos, revelados na microscopia.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the quality of two commercial brands of green tea in sachets, verifying how different infusion times, including that recommended by the manufacturer, affect functional component levels. METHODS: High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection was used for identifying and quantifying caffeine, catechin, epigallocatechin, rutin and epicatechin. RESULTS: Epigallocatechin and catechin levels of both brands were higher with an infusion time of 6 minutes in boiling water (100°C). Rutin was only found in one of the brands after an infusion of six minutes. Methanol (99.8%) extraction significantly increased the yield of all study compounds. The Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity of the tea increased with infusion time. However, the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity of the methanol extractions was significantly smaller than that of all of the other treatments (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Chemical analysis of moisture, ash, ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and microscopic analysis of dirt and other physical contaminants showed that both brands conform to the legislation with respect to these parameters.

Bees can form all levels of social organization, from solitary to advanced eusocial societies. Although 80% of the species exist as solitary species, most researches emphasize social species. This study focuses on the description of the male reproductive system of the solitary beesThygater analis (Lepeletier) and Melitoma segmentaria (Fabricius) and searches for traits that support behavioral and phylogenetic studies. The reproductive system of males were dissected, fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer pH 7.2 and post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide. The tissue was dissected and included for light microscopy. The species presented similar anatomical traits, including paired testicles, seminal vesicles, deferent ducts, accessory glands and an ejaculatory duct. Each testicle was composed of four follicles. In both species, a testicle and a seminal vesicle were surrounded by a joint capsule, forming a seminal vesicle-testicle complex. The two species presented accessory glands with very distinct morphological traits. The anatomic pattern and the histological traits of the reproductive system of the species studied were similar to those described for other bees. In addition, these traits can be used to differentiate species and allow inferences concerning their reproductive biology.

INTRODUÇÃO: As técnicas empregadas em cirurgia cardíaca visando a extubação imediata (EI) dependem de analgesia adequada e titulação de drogas anestésicas. OBJETIVO: A finalidade deste estudo é analisar a EI, utilizando eletroencefalograma (índice bispectral - BIS) para adequar o melhor momento de extubação. MÉTODO: Foram analisados 12 pacientes, ASA III, 7 crianças (Grupo I) 58,4%, com idades entre 0 e 7 anos, submetidas a correção cirúrgica de cardiopatias congênitas e 5 adultos (Grupo II), com idades entre 30 e 75 anos, submetidos a revascularização do miocárdio. No Grupo I realizou-se raquianestesia entre L5 e S1 com injeção de marcaína pesada (0,5 mg/kg) e morfina (5µg/kg). No Grupo II realizou-se bloqueio epidural entre T3 e T4, com introdução de cateter e injeção de 60mg de ropivacaína e 2mg de morfina. Na indução da anestesia, empregamos: Fentanil 4 µg/kg, propofol até BIS igual a 30 e relaxante muscular. A anestesia geral foi mantida com sevoflurano para BIS entre 40 e 60. Foi programada extubação quando o BIS atingisse 90. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes foram extubados até 1 hora após o término da operação, sendo 91,6% na sala de operações, com função cognitiva preservada, sem história de memória explícita, dor (adultos e crianças maiores) ou expressão facial de dor (crianças menores). Cinqüenta e sete por cento (4) dos pacientes do Grupo I e 20% (1) Grupo II apresentaram prurido e 28% (2) Grupo I apresentaram vômitos. CONCLUSÕES: A técnica empregada mostrou-se segura e eficaz, desde que observados critérios rígidos para sua execução.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:The current techniques of anesthesia employed in cardiac surgery leading to immediate extubation depend on adequate analgesia and titration of anesthetic drugs. We sought to determine the best possible moment of extubation, using the bispectral index of the electroencephalogram. METHOD: Twelve ASA III patients were analyzed. Seven (58.4%) were children (Group I), submitted to correction of congenital cardiac defects with ages ranging from 0 to 7 years. Five adults (Group II), with ages ranging from 30 to 75 years, underwent coronary artery bypass grafts. In Group I spinal anesthesia (L5-S1) using hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine (0.5mg/kg) and morphine (5µg/kg) was chosen. In Group II epidural anesthesia (T3-T4) with catheter placement plus ropivacaine (60mg) and morphine (2mg) were employed. For the induction of anesthesia fentanila (4µg/kg), muscle relaxant and propofol (to bring the bispectral index value down to 30) were utilized. General anesthesia was maintained with sevofluorane, maintaining the bispectral index value between 40 and 60. Extubation was programmed at a bispectral index value of 90. RESULTS: All patients were extubated up to one hour after the end of the surgical procedure, 91.6% of them in the operating room. All had the cognitive functions preserved without history of explicit memory or pain (adults and children who were able to speak), nor facial expression of pain (small children). Four (57%) patients in Group I and one (20%) in Group II had post-operative pruritus. Two patients (28%) in Group II had emesis. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the technique employed is safe and effective, as long as the criteria for its use are strictly observed.

Objetivo: Os substitutos valvares atuais não preenchem os requisitos de uma prótese ideal. A técnica de Ross tenta oferecer, principalmente às crianças, um auto-enxerto em posição aórtica, livre de eventos tromboembólicos, hemólise e com excepcional durabilidade. O homoenxerto em posição pulmonar também tem mostrado bom desempenho a longo prazo. Nosso objetivo é demonstrar a viabilidade da técnica e os resultados da experiência inicial com o procedimento. Casuística e Métodos: Foram operados entre jan/97 e dez/98, 12 pacientes. Insuficiência aórtica - 5 casos, insuficiência aórtica e mitral - 3 casos, insuficiência aórtica e membrana subaórtica - 2 casos, estenose aórtica - 1 caso, reoperação de plastia da valva aórtica - 1 caso. O sexo predominante foi o masculino (75%). A idade variou de 8 a 15 anos (M = 12,17±2,04). A classe funcional III representou 58,3% e II 41,7%. A avaliação pré-operatória foi realizada com auxílio do ecocardiograma e pós-operatória com ecocardiograma e cateterismo cardíaco. Os homoenxertos utilizados foram mantidos em solução preservante antibiótica. Os procedimentos foram realizados com circulação extracorpórea e cardioplegia cristalóide gelada. Resultados: As intercorrências foram: febre 75%, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC) 25%, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) 33,3%, sangramento 8,33%, hipersecreção pulmonar 8,33% e isquemia miocárdica 8,33%. Ecocardiograma pós-operatório demonstrou insuficiência aórtica discreta em 4 casos. Angiocardiografia evidenciou ausência de insuficiência aórtica ou pulmonar, gradiente VE-Ao em 2 casos (16 mmHg e 9 mmHg) e gradiente VD-TP em 2 casos (13,5 mmHg e 9,5 mmHg). Encontram-se em classe funcional I (91,6%) e II (8,4%). Conclusões: A técnica é eficaz, reprodutível e de baixa mortalidade. É necessário maior tempo de acompanhamento para avaliação dos enxertos.

Current prosthetic replacement for aortic valve disease are far from the ideal. The pulmonary autograft replacement of the aortic valve, associated with a homograft in pulmonary position (Ross' procedure), offers an attractive option in younger patients, with growth potential and long-term survival. In our Institution, between January 1997 and December 1998, 12 patients have undergone this procedure. Aortic regurgitation was the main lesion in 5 cases - associated with significant mitral regurgitation, requiring intervention, in three, Aortic regurgitation associated with sub-aortic membrane - 2 cases, Aortic stenosis - 1 case. Reoperation due to failure of aortic valve reconstruction - 1 case. The ethiology was rheumatic in 83.3% of the patients. The mean age was 12.17 years (± 2.04) (range, 8 to 15 years). 41.66% (5 patients ) were in NYHA Class II and the remaining in NYHA Class III. Echocardiogram was performed for pre-op and post-op evaluation in all cases, as well as post-op cardiac catheterization. The homografts used in this series were preserved in antibiotic solution and used before three weeks. Post-op fever was present in 9 (75%) patients, congestive heart failure in 3 (25%), systemic hypertension in 4 (33.3%), excessive pulmonary secretion in 1 (8.33%) and myocardial ischemia 1 case (8.33%). Post-op cardiac catheterization, one month after surgery, showed absence of aortic or pulmonary regurgitation. All patients but 1 (8.33%) are in NYHA Class I, with no medication. In conclusion, the techniques is effective and adequate for children, but some long-term follow up is necessary for better evaluation of the grafts.