Tephrosia toxicaria (Sw.) Pers., which is currently known as T. sinapou (Buc'hoz) A. Chev., Fabaceae, is a source of compounds such as flavonoids, however, few studies addressed the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of T. sinapou. Therefore, we evaluated the antioxidant mechanisms of the T. sinapou ethyl acetate extract in vitro, and whether the extract affects leukocyte recruitment in four models of inflammation and the involvement of nitric oxide and cytokines in its mechanism. In vitro, it was observed that the extract presented hydrogen donating ability to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH<img src="/img/revistas/rbfar/2012nahead/aop23011img01.jpg" />), 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical (ABTS+), and also efficiently inhibited iron-dependent and independent lipid peroxidation and iron chelation assays. In vivo, it inhibited the recruitment of total leukocytes and neutrophil induced by carrageenin, zymosan, glycogen and lipopolysaccharide in the peritoneal cavity of mice. Two mechanisms were detected: 1) T. sinapou effect on leukocyte recruitment depends on nitric oxide since was dose-dependently inhibited by treatment with L-NAME (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), and 2) the extract also inhibited the production of crucial cytokines for the leukocyte recruitment; tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β. Concluding, T. sinapou ethyl acetate extract reduces oxidative stress in vitro, and inflammatory leukocyte recruitment by a mechanism related to inhibition of cytokine production, and in a nitric oxide dependent manner in vivo.

Os modelos matemáticos de análises são ferramentas integradoras que podem contribuir para uma avaliação mais eficaz do potencial poluente de dejetos quando dispostos no ambiente. Utilizou-se, para avaliar os impactos do uso de fontes de nutrientes, um experimento conduzido durante nove anos, em um Nitossolo Vermelho Distrófico, com uma combinação de aplicação de cinco fontes de nutrientes (três fontes orgânicas, uma mineral e uma testemunha) associadas a cinco sistemas de manejo do solo, com delineamento em blocos subdivididos e três repetições. Os atributos utilizados foram os teores no solo de Zn e Cu disponíveis, formas lábeis de P, índice de diversidade da mesofauna edáfica, teores de carbono e nitrogênio no solo, além de dois questionários de opinião sobre o impacto ambiental do uso dos dejetos e dos sistemas de manejo do solo. Na avaliação se usou um modelo cujas saídas, para cada fonte de nutriente dentro de cada sistema de manejo do solo, foram figuras triangulares e a área das mesmas, com intervalo de confiança a nível de 90%. As fontes orgânicas exerceram efeitos diferenciados quanto ao aspecto ambiental, em que o dejeto líquido de suínos apresentou o pior desempenho. O índice de risco, dentre os três índices que compõem o aspecto ambiental, demonstrou ser o mais crítico ao ambiente, considerando-se os parâmetros e pesos utilizados.

Integrated analysis models can contribute to more efficient evaluation of the pollutant potential of sludge disposed in the environment. In order to study these aspects, an experiment was carried out for nine years on an Oxisol to evaluate five nutrient sources (three organic, one mineral, and a control) associated with five tillage systems in a subdivided block design, with three replications. The attributes used were available Cu and Zn, labile P compounds, diversity index of soil mesofauna, total N, and organic carbon content, as well as two questionnaires asking for technical opinions about the environmental impact of nutrient sources and soil tillage. In this evaluation a model was used which outputs, for each nutrient source within each soil tillage system, triangular figures and their areas, with a confidence interval of 90%. The nutrient sources were different regarding the environmental aspect, and the pig slurry was the worst source among them. Among the three indexes which took part in the environmental aspect, environmental risk index was the most critical considering the parameters and weights used.

O extrato hexânico dos frutos de Xylopia emarginata foi particionado entre hexano e MeOH/H2O. A fase hidroalcoólica foi submetida à separação cromatográfica fornecendo quatro sesquiterpenos: óxido de cariofileno, espatulenol, 1beta,6alfa-diidroxi-4(15)-eudesmeno e 4-hidroxi-1,15-peróxieudesmano. A fase hexânica foi fracionada através de cromatografia em coluna fornecendo dois hidrocarbonetos (nonadecano e 1-nonadeceno) e uma cetona alifática (hentriacontan-16-ona). As estruturas dos compostos isolados foram estabelecidas através de análise espectroscópica, principalmente RMN e EM.

The hexane extract from Xylopia emarginata fruits was partitioned between hexane and MeOH/H2O. The hydro-alcoholic phase was submitted to chromatographic separation to afford four sesquiterpenes: caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, 1beta,6alpha-dihydroxy-4(15)-eudesmene and 4-hydroxy-1,15-peroxy-eudesmane. The hexane phase was fractioned in column chromatography to afford two hydrocarbons (nonadecane and 1-nonadecene) and one aliphatic ketone (hentriacontan-16-one). The structures of the isolated compounds were established by spectral data analysis, mainly NMR and MS.

Um novo sesquiterpeno, aromadendrano-4b,10a,15-triol, foi isolado das folhas de Xylopia brasiliensis Spreng (Annonaceae), juntamente com quatro derivados de esqueleto aromadendrano e três esteróides. As estruturas dos metabólitos foram definidas por meio da análise dos respectivos espectros de RMN, incluindo experimentos bidimensionais, além de espectrometria de massas. Os sesquiterpenos aromadendranos diidroxilados apresentaram atividade antifúngica frente a Cladosporium cladosporioides.

A new sesquiterpenoid, aromadendrane-4b,10a,15-triol, was isolated from the leaves of Xylopia brasiliensis Spreng (Annonaceae), together with four known aromadendrane derivatives and three steroids. The structures of these compounds were defined by analysis of their NMR spectral data, including bidimensional analysis, and mass spectrometry. The isolated aromadendranediol derivatives showed antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides.

This paper describes a chromatographic method to fractionate volatile oils and to identify their sesquiterpenic constituents. The fractionation process includes flash chromatography over silica gel and chromatography over silica gel/AgNO3, utilising pentane, CH2Cl2 and/or acetone as eluents. GC chromatograms were obtained in order to get the relative percentage of each constituent in the volatile oils, to get the retention time value of them as well as to analyse and combine the fractions eluted from the columns. Such procedure afford mixtures of sesquiterpenes which are analysed by GC/MS, 13C and ¹H NMR.