Resumen El enfoque posracionalista surge desde la crítica constructivista a la forma en que el cognitivismo tradicional conceptualiza la relación entre sujeto y realidad. Tomando como principal unidad de análisis el estudio de la identidad personal como fenómeno bio-psicológico, el modelo de Vittorio Guidano se ha convertido en la formulación más popular de este enfoque. Lamentablemente, la abrupta partida de su fundador parece haber dejado una serie de cuestiones conceptuales abiertas a la base del modelo. El presente artículo identifica los aspectos fundamentales de la epistemología posracionalista de Guidano y luego de explorar su obra tardía, propone que es posible identificar dos momentos fundamentales en el enfoque: (i) Un primer momento (que denominamos Guidano 1 y que concentra la mayoría de la literatura en el tema) que es la expresión de una marcada influencia constructivista que implica la idea de que el principio organizador del funcionamiento de los sistemas humanos es la sobrevivencia. (ii) Un segundo momento (que llamamos Guidano 2 y que no ha sido exhaustivamente explorado en la literatura actual) que puede ser identificado como el producto de un giro hacia la filosofía fenomenológico-existencial. Acá, la identidad de un organismo no solo está orientada a la sobrevivencia, sino que, sobre todo, al sentido de la existencia misma. Se concluye clarificando el tipo de fenomenología que guiaría la práctica clínica de Guidano 2.

Abstract The so-called postrationalist approach emerges against the way in which traditional cognitivism conceptualizes the relationship between subject and reality. Defining the self as a bio-psychological phenomenon, Vittorio Guidano’s proposal has become the most popular formulation of the model. Unfortunately, the sudden passing of Guidano left several conceptual issues opened within the model. After identifying the main aspects of the approach, this paper identifies two moments in Guidano’s model. (i) The first stage, strongly influenced by constructivism and traditional enactivism, defines the self as emerging in the recursive relationship between organism and environment defined by the need for survival. We shall call this moment Guidano 1. This stage has been the target of most literature on the topic. (ii) The second stage (Guidano 2) is the product of a turn towards existential-phenomenology. Here, the relationship between self and reality is not only organized around survival, but also, around the sense of the organism’s own existence. Importantly, this later moment has been largely neglected in the literature, so, after critically examining it, we conclude by clarifying the type of phenomenological analysis that would guide clinical practice from the perspective of the second moment in the model.

Resumen: El presente trabajo expone la noción de persona de Tomás de Aquino a la vez que se hace cargo de la crítica proveniente de ambientes personalistas a la noción clásica de persona que defiende el Aquinate. Según Tomás de Aquino afirmar la subsistencia de la persona supone que es un sujeto que subsiste por sí mismo. Ahora bien, esta afirmación no implica que no esté orientada a desarrollarse y perfeccionarse por medio de su actividad libre desde sus facultades, que expresan y manifiestan su acto de ser. Para el Aquinate el fundamento del desarrollo de la persona está en que posee una naturaleza racional abierta infinitamente a todo lo que es. Y desde esta naturaleza es posible cualquier tipo de desarrollo y perfeccionamiento.

Abstract: The present work exposes the notion of person of Tomás de Aquino at the same time that he takes charge of the criticism coming from personalistic environments to the classic notion of person that Aquinas defends. According to Thomas Aquinas, affirming the subsistence of the person supposes that he is a subject that subsists by himself. Now, this affirmation does not imply that it is not oriented to develop and perfect itself through its free activity from its faculties, which express and manifest its act of being. For Aquinas, the foundation of the development of the person is that he has a rational nature infinitely open to everything that is. And from this nature any type of development and improvement is possible.

Abstract Urbanization is developing in all areas of the planet. This process has an impact on the mobility of people in the city and the means to move both in metropolitan areas and in medium-sized cities. This article analyzes the evolution, between 2001 and 2019, of the motorized vehicle fleet in the communes of Chile in intermediate cities. Through the compilation and systematization of databases provided by official agencies and the use of statistical analysis, the explosive but heterogeneous increase of the vehicle fleet in the communes of such cities is made visible. This differentiated increase does not follow patterns related to urban hierarchy, poverty, income, or even those communes with a successful development model sustained by raw material exports. Based on the above, it is concluded that there are other multi-causal elements in the evolution of such vehicle fleet, such as inter-urban flows between communes, the morphology of the city or climatic conditions. These results invite us to reflect on the type of city that is being built and the problems in the sustainability of such growth for urban areas in the near future, due to the absence or weakness of pertinent territorial policies that favor other means of mobility.

Resumen La urbanización se desarrolla en todas las áreas del planeta. Tal proceso impacta en la movilidad de las personas en la ciudad y los medios para realizarla tanto en espacios metropolitanos como en las urbes de tamaño medio. En este artículo se analiza la evolución, entre los años 2001 y 2019 del parque vehicular motorizado en las comunas de Chile donde se localizan ciudades intermedias. Mediante la recopilación y sistematización de las bases de datos proporcionadas por organismos oficiales y el uso de análisis estadístico se visibiliza el explosivo, pero heterogéneo incremento del parque automotriz en las comunas donde se ubican tales ciudades. Este aumento diferenciado no sigue patrones relacionados con la jerarquía urbana, pobreza, ingreso, o incluso asociados a las comunas con un modelo de desarrollo exitoso sostenido en exportaciones de materias primas. Con base en lo anterior, se concluye que existen otras posibles causas, como los flujos interurbanos entre comunas, la forma de la ciudad o las condiciones climáticas. Los resultados invitan a reflexionar sobre el tipo de ciudad que se construye y las problemáticas en la sustentabilidad de tal crecimiento para áreas urbanas en un futuro próximo, debido a la ausencia o debilidad de políticas territoriales pertinentes en pro de otros medios para la movilidad.

Resumen: Las formas de habitar mapuche son diversas y heterogéneas, constituidas en parte por prácticas residenciales que integran el medio circundante, la naturaleza y los sitios de significación cultural. En la región de la Araucanía, al sur de Chile, se ha urbanizado sobre territorio indígena, lo que ha transformado las prácticas y movilidades de habitantes mapuche que actualmente intentan preservar sus modos de vida ancestrales enmarcados en luchas explícitas por el cuidado de la tierra y naturaleza. Este artículo demuestra que la urbanización acelerada del territorio ancestral indígena implica también transformaciones en las prácticas y acciones cotidianas espacializadas, y da cuenta de una arista escasamente estudiada de la geografía mapuche en entornos urbanos.

Abstract: Mapuche ways of living are diverse and heterogeneous, consisting in part, of residential practices that integrate the surrounding environment, nature, and sites of cultural significance. In the Araucanía region of southern Chile, an indigenous territory has been urbanized, transforming the practices and mobilities of Mapuche inhabitants who are currently trying to preserve their ancestral ways of life framed in explicit struggles for the care of the land and nature. This article demonstrates that accelerated urbanization on indigenous ancestral territory also implies transformations in everyday spatialized practices and actions, and provides an account of a little-studied aspect of Mapuche geography in urban environments.

Resumo: Os modos de moradia mapuche são diversos e heterogêneos, constituídos em parte por práticas residenciais que integram o ambiente circundante, a natureza e os locais de importância cultural. Na região da Araucanía, no sul do Chile, o território indígena foi urbanizado, o que gerou cenários de transformação nas práticas e na mobilidade dos habitantes mapuche que atualmente tentam preservar seus modos de vida ancestrais enquadrados em lutas explícitas pelo cuidado da terra e da natureza. Este artigo demonstra que a urbanização acelerada do território ancestral indígena também implica em transformações nas práticas e ações cotidianas espacializadas, e dá conta de uma margem pouco estudada da geografia mapuche em ambientes urbanos.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to show that the divine life occupies the peak of vital perfection because it is a fruitful intellectual life, according to St. Thomas Aquinas. But this life in a fertile act is also found in the finite intellectual subject that produces a verb by knowing and man ifesting what it is that is. The divine generation of the Word is the fruit of the life in the act of God through intelligible activity that has as its own term the procession of the subsistent Word through intelligible generation. By virtue of the perfection of the generative activity of the Word, Aquinas maintains in his mature works that this is properly a personal name and not merely of the essence.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio es mostrar que la vida divina ocupa la cima de la perfección vital porque es vida intelectual fecunda según Sto. Tomás de Aquino. Pero esta vida en acto fe cunda también se encuentra en el sujeto intelectual finito que produce un verbo al conocer y manifestar lo que es que es. La generación divina del Verbo es fruto de la vida en acto de Dios mediante actividad inteligible que tiene como término propio la procesión del Verbo subsistente mediante generación inteligible. En virtud de la perfección de la actividad generativa del Verbo Santo Tomás sostiene en sus obras de madurez que éste es propiamente nombre personal y no meramente de la esencia.

Abstract Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, adherence to hygiene measures is an objective aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality. Objective: To evaluate adherence to hand hygiene and protection measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: Cross-sectional study on health personnel handwashing at the five moments recommended by the World Health Organization, as well as on the use of specific personal protective equipment. Results: One hundred and seventeen hand hygiene opportunities were observed in health personnel. Hand washing was observed in 40 (34 %) and omission in 76 (65 %). Adherence to the use of face shield was observed in five (4 %), and lack of adherence in 112 (96%). Adherence to the use of face mask was observed in 65 nursing professionals (87 %), with appropriate use of the mask in 56 of them (60 %) and use of face shield in one (1 %). Conclusion: Health personnel showed low proportions of adherence to hand hygiene and use of equipment for specific protection during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumen Introducción: Ante la pandemia de COVID-19, el apego a las medidas de higiene es un objetivo para disminuir la morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Evaluar el apego a la higiene de manos y medidas de protección durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en un hospital de tercer nivel. Métodos: Estudio transversal acerca del lavado de manos del personal de salud en los cinco tiempos recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, así como sobre el uso del equipo de protección personal específico. Resultados: Fueron observadas 117 oportunidades de higiene de manos en personal de salud: 40 (34 %) respecto al lavado de manos y 76 (65 %) respecto a su omisión; sobre el apego al uso de careta en cinco (4 %) y sobre la falta de apego en 112 (96 %). Se identificó apego al uso de mascarilla en 65 profesionales de enfermería (87 %), uso adecuado de mascarilla en 56 de ellos (60 %) y uso de careta en uno (1 %.) Conclusión: El personal mostró baja proporción de apego a la higiene de manos y al uso de equipo para la protección específica durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: Urbanization advances vertiginously and its impacts are visible beyond metropolitan spaces. In this context, urban sprawl simulation methodologies become relevant to understand and add to future urban growth scenarios. In this work, the case of the city of Temuco in the La Araucanía Region is analyzed, using the following tools: Markov chains; Cellular Automaton; Multicriteria-Multi-objective Assessment; and the determination of land usage/cover using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Based on the above, the urban scenario was determined for 2049 from the spatial patterns of the area under study, since 1985. The model shows a trend to a peripheral and diffuse sprawl towards the north of the city and a strong development towards the western sector in the Labranza neighborhood. That is to say, the first sector is projected as a possible node of expansion, and the second, as one of consolidation. It is concluded that both zones require pertinent updated urban planning instruments, which the city has not had until now.

RESUMEN: La urbanización avanza de manera vertiginosa y sus impactos son visibles más allá de los espacios metropolitanos. En ese contexto, las metodologías de simulación del crecimiento urbano adquieren relevancia para comprender (y aportar a) futuros escenarios de crecimiento urbano. En concreto, aquí se analiza el caso de la ciudad de Temuco en la Región de La Araucanía empleando las siguientes herramientas: Cadenas de Markov, Autómata Celular, Evaluación Multicriterio-Multiobjetivo, como también de la determinación de usos/coberturas de suelo mediante Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). Así, el trabajo determina el escenario urbano al año 2049 a partir de los patrones espaciales del área de estudio desde el año 1985. El modelo muestra la tendencia al crecimiento periférico y difuso hacia el norte de la ciudad y un fuerte desarrollo hacia el sector oeste en el barrio de Labranza, es decir, el primer sector se proyecta como un foco de posible expansión y el segundo, como uno de consolidación. Se concluye que ambas zonas requieren de instrumentos pertinentes y actualizados de planificación urbana, con los que la ciudad no ha contado hasta ahora.

Abstract The automobile has played a fundamental role in the development of cities in the daily movement of people. This paper analyzes the explosive increase in the number of motorized vehicles in the municipalities of Chile. Additionally, due to its national relevance, a disaggregated analysis of the Metropolitan Area of Santiago is presented. Through statistical data of the last 20 years, the analysis evidenced an explosive but differentiated increase of the automotive fleet. Results show the poorest municipalities with a lower dynamism, while those of the more affluent sectors experience exuberant increases. Particularly in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, the results follow the same pattern, dynamics that jeopardize the planning and sustainability of national urban areas. A reflection is made focusing on the type of city that is being planned and built throughout the country and the urgency of a strategic public policy in urban public transport.

Resumo O automóvel tem desempenhado um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento das cidades, no movimento diário das pessoas. Este artigo analisa o aumento explosivo do número de veículos motorizados nos municípios do Chile. Adicionalmente, devido à sua relevância nacional, é apresentada uma análise desagregada da Área Metropolitana de Santiago. Por meio de dados estatísticos dos últimos 20 anos, a análise evidenciou um aumento explosivo mas diferenciado da frota automotiva. Os resultados mostram os municípios mais pobres com menor dinamismo, enquanto os dos setores mais abastados experimentam aumentos exuberantes. Particularmente na Área Metropolitana de Santiago, os resultados seguem o mesmo padrão, dinâmicas que comprometem o planejamento e a sustentabilidade das áreas urbanas nacionais. Uma reflexão é feita enfocando o tipo de cidade que está sendo planejada e construída em todo o país e a urgência de uma política pública estratégica no transporte público urbano.

Abstract Background: Children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) can develop respiratory viral infections (RVI) during fever episodes. There are few data about clinical outcomes in RVI and compared to bacterial infections (BI) in this population. Aim: To determine clinical outcome of RVI, compared to BI in children with HSCT. Methods: Prospective study, patients ≤ 18 years with cancer and HSCT admitted with fever at a National Bone Marrow Transplant Center (Hospital Calvo Mackenna), Chile, (April-2016 to May-2019). Clinical assessment, laboratory tests, blood cultures, nasopharyngeal sample for multiplex-PCR (Filmarray®), viral loads by PCR and cytokine panel (Luminex®, 38 cytokines) were performed. The following outcomes were evaluated: upper/lower respiratory tract disease (RTD), admission to ICU, mechanical ventilation, mortality and antimicrobial withdrawal. Results: Of 56 febrile episodes, 35 (63%) were RVI, 12 (21%) BI and 9 (16%) with unknown etiology (UE). Median of age was 8.5 years, 62% male gender. Rhinovirus (54%) and coronavirus (15%) were the more frequent detected viruses. No significant differences in cytokine levels were observed between RVI and BI. 94% of RVI patients had symptomatic RTD, versus 33% in BI and 33% in UE group (p < 0.001), with lower-RTD in 69% of RVI group (p < 0,001). Admission to ICU was 11% in RVI, 17% in BI and 11% in UE group (p = 0.88); only 2 patients required mechanical ventilation (p = 0.37) and no mortality was reported. After an RVI was detected by PCR, antimicrobials were withdrawal in 26% of patients with RVI (p: 0.04). Conclusion: RVI are frequent etiologic agents in febrile episodes of patients with HSCT. Viral detection might help to rationalize the use of antimicrobials in this population.

Resumen Introducción: Los niños que reciben trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos (TPH) pueden presentar infecciones respiratorias virales (IRV) durante episodios febriles. Los datos sobre su evolución clínica son escasos, así como la comparación de ellos con infecciones bacterianas (IB). Objetivo: Caracterizar la evolución clínica de pacientes con IRV, en comparación con IB en niños con TPH, cursando un episodio febril. Método: Estudio prospectivo en pacientes ≤ 18 años con cáncer y TPH ingresados por fiebre en el Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna (2016-2019). Se realizó evaluación clínica y de laboratorio: hemocultivos, RPC para patógenos respiratorios (Filmarray®), cuantificación viral y medición de citoquinas en muestra nasal (Luminex®, 38 citoquinas). Se compararon los grupos IRV, IB y los de etiología no precisada (ENP) en relación con: infección respiratoria aguda (IRA), citoquinas nasales, ingreso a UCI, necesidad de ventilación mecánica, mortalidad y suspensión de antimicrobianos. Resultados: De 56 episodios febriles, 35 fueron IRV, 12 IB y 9 de ENP. Mediana de edad fue 8,5 años, 62% masculino. Un 94% de los casos IRV presentó IRA sintomática, versus 33% en los grupos IB y ENP (p < 0,001), con IRA baja en 69% de las IRV (p < 0,001). Rinovirus (54%) y coronavirus (15%) fueron las etiologías más frecuentemente detectadas. No hubo diferencias en citoquinas nasales entre los grupos IRV e IB. Ingreso a UCI: 11% del grupo IRV, 17% de IB y 11% de ENP (p = 0,88). Requirieron ventilación mecánica sólo 2 pacientes (p = 0,37) sin fallecimiento. Tras la detección viral respiratoria por RPC, se suspendió antimicrobianos en 26% de los casos con IRV (p = 0,04). Conclusión: Las IRV son frecuentes en niños con TPH y episodios febriles. La detección viral podría optimizar y racionalizar el uso de antimicrobianos en esta población.

RESUMEN Objetivo/contexto: el trabajo estudia los efectos de la reforma electoral chilena sobre la proporcionalidad de la representación, y particularmente dentro de los pactos electorales. Metodología: la investigación utiliza los datos de las elecciones chilenas de 2017 para la Cámara de Diputados, estimando el efecto de las variables tamaño del partido y número de candidatos electos por pacto sobre la proporcionalidad de la distribución de cargos dentro de cada coalición. Se incorpora también un análisis de las estrategias de los partidos más pequeños para aumentar sus beneficios. Conclusiones: la proporcionalidad de la representación en el interior de los pactos varía en función del número de escaños que obtienen y del tamaño de cada partido dentro de estos. Los partidos pequeños que concentran sus candidaturas en pocos distritos, focalizando el gasto en campaña, pueden aumentar sus ganancias dentro del pacto. Originalidad: el trabajo aporta nueva evidencia sobre el efecto de los pactos electorales sobre la distribución de cargos en sistemas proporcionales, estudiando un caso que no ha sido analizado hasta el momento.

ABSTRACT Objective/context: This article analyzes the effects of the Chilean electoral reform on proportionality, focusing mainly on electoral pacts. Methodology: The research uses data of the election of the Chilean Chamber of Deputies of 2017, in order to calculate the effects of two variables on proportionality within the electoral pacts: party size and number of seats obtained. Moreover, it analyzes the strategies of small parties in order to maximize their gains. Conclusions: Proportionality within electoral pacts depends on the number of seats obtained and the size of the parties. Small parties that concentrate their candidacies in few districts and thereby use their economic resources more efficiently, can maximize their benefits within the pact. Originality: The article provides new evidence regarding the effects of electoral pacts on seat allocation in proportional systems by analyzing a case that has not been studied until now.

RESUMO Objetivo/Contexto: este trabalho estuda os efeitos da reforma eleitoral chilena sobre a proporcionalidade na representação e, em particular, sobre as coalizões eleitorais. Metodologia: a pesquisa utiliza os dados das eleições chilenas de 2017 para a Câmara dos Deputados, a fim de estimar o efeito das variáveis “tamanho do partido” e “número de candidatos eleitos por coalizão” sobre a proporcionalidade na distribuição de cargos dentro de cada coalizão. Além disso, apresenta uma análise das estratégias dos menores partidos para aumentarem seus benefícios. Conclusões: a proporcionalidade na representação no interior das coalizões varia de acordo com o número de cadeiras e o tamanho de cada partido. Os partidos pequenos, que focam suas candidaturas em poucos municípios, dão importância ao gasto em campanha e podem aumentar seu lucro com uma coalizão. Originalidade: este trabalho contribui com nova evidência sobre o efeito das coalizões eleitorais sobre a distribuição de cargos em sistemas proporcionais, com o estudo de um caso que não tinha sido analisado até o momento.

Resumo Os sistemas de partidos institucionalizados podem coexistir com uma alta incongruência programática entre a elite e os cidadãos. Sistemas partidários menos institucionalizados, pelo contrário, poderiam estar em posição de gerar maior congruência programática. Analisamos essa aparente anomalia no Cone Sul da América Latina, comparando Argentina, Chile e Uruguai. Metodologicamente, usamos três medidas de congruência: médias, comparação de distribuições (many-to-many), distância entre eleitores e um representante típico (many-to-one). Nesta última medida, projetamos vários modelos de regressão para identificar as variáveis que predizem maior congruência. Concluímos que em sistemas estáveis as preferências eleitorais permanecem apesar da distância entre a elite e os eleitores em algumas áreas de competição, sendo o Uruguai o caso mais representativo.

Abstract Institutionalized party systems can coexist with a low programmatic congruence between elites and citizens. To the contrary, less institutionalized party systems could be in a position to generate greater programmatic congruence. We analyze this apparent anomaly in the Southern Cone of Latin America, comparing Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Methodologically, we used three measures of congruence: averages, comparison of distributions (many-to-many), distance between voters and a median legislator (many-to-one). For this last measure, we designed multiple regression models to identify the variables that predict greater congruence. We arrived at the conclusion that in stable systems the electoral preferences remain despite the distance between elites and voters in some areas of the competition—Uruguay being the most representative case.

Los sistemas de partidos institucionalizados pueden convivir con una alta incongruencia programática entre élite y ciudadanía. Por el contrario, sistemas de partidos menos institucionalizados podrían estar en la posición de generar una mayor congruencia programática. Analizamos esta aparente anomalía en el Cono Sur de América Latina, comparando Argentina, Chile y Uruguay. Metodológicamente, utilizamos tres medidas de congruencia: promedios, comparación de distribuciones ( many to many ), distancia entre los votantes y un representante típico ( many to one ). Sobre esta última medida diseñamos modelos de regresión múltiple para identificar las variables que predicen mayor congruencia. Concluimos que en sistemas estables las preferencias electorales se mantienen a pesar de la distancia entre élite y votantes en algunos ejes de competencia, siendo Uruguay el caso más representativo.

Résumé Les systèmes de partis institutionnalisés peuvent coexister avec une forte incongruité programmatique entre l’élite et les citoyens. Au contraire, les systèmes partisans moins institutionnalisés pourraient être capables de générer une plus grande congruence programmatique. Nous analysons cette anomalie apparente dans le Cône Sud de l’Amérique Latine, en comparant l’Argentine, le Chili et l’Uruguay. Méthodologiquement, nous utilisons trois mesures de congruence: les moyennes, la comparaison des distributions (many-to-many), la distance entre les électeurs et un représentant typique (many-to-one). Sur cette dernière mesure, nous concevons des modèles de régression multiple pour identifier les variables qui prédisent une plus grande congruence. Nous concluons que dans les systèmes stables, les préférences électorales demeurent malgré la distance entre l'élite et les électeurs dans certaines zones de compétition, l'Uruguay étant le cas le plus représentatif.

BACKGROUND: Maritime Antarctica is severely affected by climate change and accelerating glacier retreat forming temporal gradients of soil development. Successional patterns of soil development and plant succession in the region are largely unknown, as are the feedback mechanisms between both processes. Here we identify three temporal gradients representing horizontal and vertical glacier retreat, as well as formation of raised beaches due to isostatic uplift, and describe soil formation and plant succession along them. Our hypotheses are (i) plants in Antarctica are able to modulate the two base parameters in soil development, organic C content and pH, along the temporal gradients, leading to an increase in organic carbon and soil acidity at relatively short time scales, (ii) the soil development induces succession along these gradients, and (iii) with increasing soil development, bryophytes and Deschampsia antarctica develop mycorrhiza in maritime Antarctica in order to foster interaction with soil RESULTS: All temporal gradients showed soil development leading to differentiation of soil horizons, carbon accumulation and increasing pH with age. Photoautptroph succession occurred rapidly after glacier retreat, but occurrences of mosses and lichens interacting with soils by rhizoids or rhizines were only observed in the later stages. The community of ground dwelling mosses and lichens is the climax community of soil succession, as the Antarctic hairgrass D. antarctica was restricted to ornithic soils. Neither D. antarctica nor mosses at the best developed soils showed any sign of mycorrhization CONCLUSION: Temporal gradients formed by glacier retreat can be identified in maritime Antarctic, where soil development and plant succession of a remarkable pace can be observed, although pseudo-succession occurs by fertilization gradients caused by bird feces. Thus, the majority of ice-free surface in Antarctica is colonized by plant communities which interact with soil by litter input rather than by direct transfer of photoassimilates to soil

Background: In our country, the assessment of insulin resistance (IR) measuring serum insulin levels at 60 and 120 minutes after a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), is usual. However, there is no information about the distribution of serum insulin levels in the Chilean population. Aim: To assess the distribution of serum insulin levels at 60 and 120 minutes during OGTTs and suggest a statistical cut-off point to estimate the degree of IR. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of 1815 OGTTs performed in non-diabetic subjects aged between 18 and 75 years, at a university medical center. HOMA-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment), insulin sensitivity index of Matsuda (ISI-Composite), and their correlation with serum insulin levels at 60 and 120 minutes were calculated. Results: The 75th percentiles for serum insulin levels at 60 and 120 minutes were 127 and 81 µU/mL, respectively. There was a high correlation between HOMA-IR and ISI-Composite (r = -089, p < 0.001). There was a weaker although significant correlation between HOMA-IR and ISI-Composite and insulin levels at 60 (r = 0.56 and -0.79 respectively, p < 0,001) and 120 minutes (r = 0.54 and -0.75 respectively, p < 0,001). Conclusions: We propose 60 and 120 min serum insulin levels of 130 and 80 µU/mL respectively, as cut-off values for normality during OGTT in Chilean normoglycemic individuals.