Resumo: Introdução: a pneumonia por coronavírus é emergente. Existem poucos dados sobre o manejo ventilatório. Apresenta diferentes fenótipos pulmonares com difícil programação da VM. Esses pacientes são analisados em um hospital geral. Material e métodos: incluíram-se pacientes com pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2 internados na UTI ventilados entre março e junho de 2020. Analisamos dados demográficos, gravidade, programação ventilatória, gasometria arterial, mecânica pulmonar e desfechos. São descritos os pacientes que receberam posição prona (PP). Os pacientes foram categorizados pela média da compliance estática (Cst) e intervalos ≤ 20, >20 a ≤ 30 e >30 em 1 dia. Resultados: 118 pacientes, idade média 56.4 ± 1.3, 76.4% do sexo masculino. O APACHE II e SOFA de admissão: 13.6 ± 0.5 e 8.3 ± 0.2. Necessitaram PP 47.5%. Os dias de VM, UTI e hospital foram 13.5 ± 0.9; 16.8 ± 0.9 e 23.8 ± 1.5. A mortalidade hospitalar dos pacientes em PP e supino foi de 32.1 e 11.3%, p = 0.005. Mortalidade geral 21.2%. Pacientes com Cst ≤ 20 mL/cmH2O apresentaram mortalidade de 44.4%. Conclusão: muitos pacientes requerem PP precoce para superar a hipoxemia. A média da compliance não discrimina a mortalidade. Aqueles com Cst ≤ 20 apresentam maior mortalidade.

Abstract: Introduction: coronavirus infection is an emerging pathology, there are few data regarding ventilatory management. Different pulmonary phenotypes make the MV process difficult. This encouraged us to analyze our COVID-19 patients with MV. Material and methods: all patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who were admitted ventilated to our unit through March to June 2020 were included. Demographics, severity scores, ventilatory settings, arterial gases, lung mechanics, and outcomes are analyzed. The patients who received prone position (PP) are described. Patients were categorized according to the median static compliance (Cst) and if it was ≤ 20, > 20 a ≤ 30 y > 30 in day 1. Results: 118 patients, the mean age was 56.4 ± 1.3, 76.4% males. APACHE II and SOFA on admission: 13.6 ± 0.5 and 8.3 ± 0.2. 47.5% of the patients required PP. The MV, ICU and hospital stay were 13.5 ± 0.9; 16.8 ± 0.9 and 23.8 ± 1.5 days. The in-hospital mortality of PP and supine patients was 32.1 and 11.3%, p = 0.005. Overall mortality 21.2%. Mortality of patients with Cst ≤ 20 mL/cmH2O was 44.4%. Conclusion: a significant percentage require early PP to overcome hypoxemia and although most respond, it does not ensure a good hospital outcome. The patients with compliance ≤ 20ml/ cmH2O have higher mortality.

Resumen: Introducción: la neumonía por coronavirus es emergente. Existen pocos datos del manejo ventilatorio. Presenta diferentes fenotipos pulmonares con difícil programación de la ventilación mecánica (VM). Se analizan estos pacientes en un hospital general. Material y métodos: se incluyen pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 que ingresan a la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) ventilados entre marzo y junio de 2020. Analizamos demografía, gravedad, programación ventilatoria, gases arteriales, mecánica pulmonar y desenlaces. Se describen los pacientes que recibieron posición prona (PP). Los pacientes se categorizaron por mediana de la compliance estática (Cst) y rangos ≤ 20, > 20 a ≤ 30 y > 30 en el día uno. Resultados: 118 pacientes, edad promedio 56.4 ± 1.3, 76.4% varones. El APACHE II y SOFA de ingreso: 13.6 ± 0.5 y 8.3 ± 0.2. Requirieron PP 47.5%. Los días de VM, UCI y hospital fueron 13.5 ± 0.9; 16.8 ± 0.9 y 23.8 ± 1.5. La mortalidad hospitalaria de pacientes PP y supinos fue de 32.1 y 11.3%, p = 0.005. Mortalidad global de 21.2%. Pacientes con Cst ≤ 20 mL/cmH2O presentaron una mortalidad de 44.4%. Conclusión: un porcentaje importante de los pacientes requiere PP precoz para superar la hipoxemia y aunque la mayoría responden, no asegura un buen desenlace hospitalario. Los pacientes con Cst ≤ 20 ml/cmH2O muestran mayor mortalidad.

RESUMEN Introducción: la enfermedad de hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) se caracteriza por la acumulación de gotas lipídicas (GL) y sobre expresión de la proteína de GL Perilipina 1 (PLIN1) en los hepatocitos. En su patogénesis y progresión participan NF-ĸB, caspasa-1 y citoquinas proinflamatorias como IL-1β. La medicina popular del norte de Chile utiliza la planta Lampaya medicinalis Phil. (Verbenaceae) contra enfermedades. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de un extracto hidroalcohólico de lampaya (EHL) sobre la expresión de marcadores inflamatorios y proteínas asociadas a las GL en hepatocitos tratados con ácidos grasos. Métodos: se incubó hepatocitos HepG2 con 0,66 mM de ácido oleico (AO) y 0,33 mM de ácido palmítico (AP) por 24 o 48 horas en presencia o no de EHL. Se evaluó la expresión proteica de NF-ĸB, PLIN1 y caspasa-1 por Western blot y la expresión de ARNm de IL-1β por qPCR. Resultados: los hepatocitos tratados por 48 h con AO/AP mostraron un aumento en la expresión de IL-1β que fue revertido por la co-incubación con EHL. Conclusión: estos antecedentes aportan nueva evidencia respecto a la actividad biológica del EHL en un modelo de alteraciones metabólicas e inflamatorias, asociadas a la EHGNA, inducidas por AO/AP en hepatocitos humanos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of lipid droplets (LD) and overexpression of the LD-associated protein Perilipin 1 (PLIN1). NF-ĸB, caspase-1 and proinflammatory cytokine such as IL-1β participate in the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD. Traditional medicine in northern Chile uses the plant Lampaya medicinalis Phil. (Verbenaceae) against diseases. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a hydroalcoholic extract of lampaya (HEL) on the expression of inflammatory markers and LD-associated proteins in hepatocytes treated with fatty acids. Methods: HepG2 hepatocytes were incubated with 0.66 mM oleic acid (OA) and 0.33 mM palmitic acid (PA) for 24 or 48 h in the presence or not of HEL. The protein expression of NF-ĸB, PLIN1 and caspase-1 was evaluated by Western blot while the mRNA expression of IL-1β was assessed by qPCR. Results: hepatocytes treated for 48 h with OA/AP showed an increase in IL-1β expression that was reversed by co-incubation with HEL. Conclusion: These antecedents provide new evidence regarding the biological activity of HEL in a model of metabolic and inflammatory alterations, associated with NAFLD, induced by OA/PA in human hepatocytes.

BACKGROUND: Algesia and inflammation are related with several pathological conditions. It is known that many drugs available for the treatment of these problems cause unwanted side effects. This study was aimed at evaluating acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of Lampaya medicinalis Phil. (Verbenaceae) widely used in the folk medicine of Northern Chile against rheumatism, arthritis and body joints pain. RESULTS: Oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) at the highest dose of 3000 mg/ Kg body weight resulted in no mortalities or evidence of significant behavioral changes. Histological examination revealed normal architecture and no significant adverse effects were observed on the liver, kidney, heart, lung or ovaries and testicles. The results suggest that the oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) from Lampaya medicinalis did not produce any toxic effect in rats. Hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema in dose - response relationship, at test doses of 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 mg/Kg body weight. Maximum inhibition (61.98 ± 2.69%) was noted at 300 mg/Kg after 2 h of drug treatment carrageenan induced paw edema, whereas indomethacin produced 47.90 ± 1.16% of inhibition. The inhibitory values of edema at 3 h postcarrageenan were 31.04±0.75%, 40.51 ± 2.36%, 48.97 ± 1.14% and 56.87 ± 0.41% for 37.5, 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg of extract respectively. Indomethacin (10 mg/Kg) gave a percentage inhibition of 49.44 ± 1.44. HAE (300 and 150 mg/kg) induced an anti-inflammatory effect greater than (or comparable) with the effect of indomethacin from 2nd to 4th hours of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal for first time that compounds contained in the hydroalcoholic extract ofLampaya medicinalis Phil exert anti-inflammatory effect and the oral administration is safe and non toxic up to dose level 3000 mg/kg body weight. The anti-inflammatory activity may be associated with the presence of flavonoids. These findings also justify the traditional use of the plant for treating pain.

The cytotoxicity, scavenging and lipid peroxidation - inhibiting activities of 5,3 ',4'- trihydroxy - 7 - methoxyflavanone, isolated from Haplopappus rigidus Phil.(Asteraceae), were evaluated in a series of in vitro assays involving free radicals (ABTS, DPPH), ascorbate - induced rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation, and the cytotoxicities to three human tumor cell lines . 5,3',4'-trihydroxy - 7 - methoxyflavanone , at concentration of 0.3 mg/mL , elicited an 97.4 % scavenging effect on DPPH; TEAC 1.35mM on ABTS , preventing microsomal lipid peroxidation IC50 1.8 μM and ED50 3.23 - 5.66 ug/mL against three human tumor cell, indicating that the flavanone 5,3',4'-trihydroxy - 7 - methoxyflavanone was effectively cytotoxic , as well as free radicals scavenger and a good inhibitor of iron/ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation in a dose dependent manner.

The antioxidant properties oí Acantholippia deserticola, a herb used in traditional northern Chilean medicine was studied using free radical - generating systems. The 50% aqueous - ethanol extract oí Acantholippia deserticola protected against non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation in microsomal membranes of rat, induced by an Fe++ - ascorbate system and measured spectrophotometrically by the TBARS test, and had strong free radical scavenging capacities on stable ABTS and DPPH radicáis. The results shows that the IC50 valué of the 50% aqueous - ethanolic extract oí A.deserticola is 18 ± 0.5 μg/mL in DPPH radical - scavenging, 15 ± 0.8 μg/mL in lipid peroxidation , Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) is 0.95 mM of Trolox per mg/mL of extract. The total phenolics content of extract is 725 ± 12 mg of gallic acid equivalent per g of dried extract. The results indicate that the 50% aqueous - ethanol extract oí Acantholippia deserticola clearly has antioxidant properties.

Constituents of Helenium atacamense Cabr were investigated following a preliminary screening of the biotoxicity against Artemia salina and the antitumoral activity of ethanol extract . Three compounds already identified were isolated from aerial parts of Helenium atacamense Cabr, and their structures were elucidated as helenalin, quercetin and 3-O-methylquercetin based on mass and various nuclear magnetic resonance techniques . Quercetin and 3- O- methylquercetin were tested by using TEAC Test

Antibacterial activity and biotoxicity against Artemia salina of chloroform and alcohol extracts and isolated products from four plants used in ethnomedicine in northern Chile is reported. Nine compounds already identified were isolated from aerial parts of Artemisia copa Phil., Acantholippia punensis Botta, Ephedra andina Poepp. ex C. A . Mey and Haplopappus rigidus Phil : 3,5 dihydroxy 6, 7, 3', 4' tetramethoxyflavone, lupeol, beta amyrine , beta sitosterol, ephedrine, 2 ethylhexanol phthalate , 18 acetoxy cis cleroda 3,13 Z dien 15 oic acid, 5,4' dihydroxy 7 methoxyflavanone and 3,5,7 trihydroxy 6, 4' dimethoxyflavone

The anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of natural products isolated from Azorella compacta was evaluated, with particular emphasis on their effect against intracellular amastigotes. Five diterpenoids from A. compacta derived from mulinane and azorellane were isolated and identified. Only two products, named azorellanol (Y-2) and mulin-11,3-dien-20-oic acid (Y-5), showed trypanocidal activity against all stages of T. cruzi including intracellular amastigotes. At 10 µM, these compounds displayed a strong lytic activity. It ranged from 88.4 ± 0.6 to 99.0 ± 1 % for all strains and stages evaluate, with an IC50 /18 h values of 20-84 µM and 41-87 µM, respectively. The development of intracellular amastigotes was also inhibited by nearly 60% at 25 µM. The trypanocidal molecules Y-2 and Y-5 did show different degrees of cytotoxicity depending on the cell line tested, with an IC50 /24 h ranging from 33.2 to 161.2 µM. We evaluated the effect of diterpenoids against intracellular T. cruzi forms by immunofluorescent identification of a specific membrane molecular marker (Ssp-4 antigen) of the T. cruzi amastigote forms. The accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements were found to be outstanding when examined by confocal microscopy.

In addition to azorellanol a new diterpenoid 7-deacetylazorellanol, has been isolated from the aerial parts of Laretia acaulis (Cav.) Gill et Hook (Umbelliferae). Its structure was based on spectroscopic comparison with azorellanol and chemical grounds. Azorellanol and 7-deacetylazorellanol showed marked inhibitor activity against trophozoites of protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The 50 % inhibitory dose for azorellanol was calculated in 54 muM and for 7-deacetylazorellanol was 42 mM.

Desde de las partes aéreas de Laretia acaulis (Cav.) Gill et Hook hemos aislado azorellanol y un nuevo diterpenoide 7-desacetilazorellanol. Su estructura esta basada en la comparación de sus datos espectroscópicos con los de azorellanol y transformaciones químicas. Azorellanol y 7-desacetilzorellanol muestran una marcada actividad inhibitoria frente a los trofozoitos del protozoo parásito Toxoplasma gondii. La dosis inhibitoria 50 (DI50) de azorellanol es 54 myM y para 7-desacetylazorellanol 42 myM

The fractionation work of the aerial parts of Senecio atacamensis Phil. afforded, in addition to the already known 6beta -hydroxyeremophilenolide, a new sesquiterpene lactone 6beta - hydroxy - 8alpha - methoxyeremophil -1(10),7(11) - dien - 8beta,12 olide. The structures were established by spectral data, in particular 2D NMR (DEPT, DQF-COSY, HMQC, HMBC and ROESY).

Desde las partes aéreas de Senecio atacamensis Phil. se ha aislado una nueva lactona sesquiterpénica : 6beta - hidroxi - 8alfa - metoxieremofil - 1(10),7(11) - dien - 8beta,12 - olida, junto a la ya conocida 6beta - hidroxieremofilanólida, Las estructuras fueron establecidas usando la información espectral , en particular, las técnicas de RMN en 2D (DEPT, DQF-COSY, HMQC, HMBC and ROESY).

A new glycoditerpenoid , 13 - O - beta - xylopiranosylmanool 1, named rigiduside was isolated from Haplopappus rigidus Phil. , together with the flavonoid 3,5,7- trihydroxy - 6,4’ - dimetoxyflavone, compound that showed a moderate leishmanicidal effect against two species of Leishmania. The structures were established by spectral data

De Haplopappus rigidus .Phil , (Asteraceae) se ha aislado un nuevo glicoditerpenoide al que se ha llamado rigidusido y ha sido caracterizado como 13 - O - beta - xilopiranosilmanool ( 1 ). Además, se ha identificado el flavonoide :3, 5, 7 -trihidroxi - 6,4’ - dimetoxiflavona , de moderada actividad leishmanicida. Las estructuras químicas han sido establecidas por las propiedades espectroscópicas .