Resumen Antecedentes: La osteoartritis es una enfermedad degenerativa compleja en la cual varios factores contribuyen al daño articular. Objetivo: Comparar el efecto del ácido hialurónico (HA) y acetónido de triamcinolona (TA), solos o en combinación, en el proceso de diferenciación condrogénica in vitro de células madre mesenquimales (MSCs). Métodos: Las MSCs fueron divididas en cuatro grupos: Control, HA, TA y HA/TA, y cultivadas por 14 días en medio de diferenciación condrogénica para cada tratamiento. El potencial de diferenciación condrogénica fue analizado por medio de histología e inmunohistoquímica. Resultados: Las MSCs tratadas con HA y HA/TA, presentaron características histológicas similares a los condrocitos nativos, y la matriz extracelular (ECM) de MSCs tratadas con TA fue más compacta y organizada. La tinción de glicosaminoglicanos fue intensa en el Control, moderada en TA, ligera en HA/TA, y sin tinción en HA. La inmunoreactividad para colágeno tipo II fue más alta en las MSCs y ECM tratadas con TA. Conclusión: El análisis histológico muestra que el HA influencia un desarrollo morfológico similar a los condrocitos de las MSCs, pero con baja expresión de moléculas específicas de cartílago. La TA promueve la formación de una ECM compacta y organizada.

Resumo Antecedentes: A osteoartrite é uma doença degenerativa complexa, na qual vários fatores contribuem ao dano articular. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito do ácido hialurônico (HA) e Triancinolona acetonida (TA), só ou combinado no processo de diferenciação condrogênica in vitro de células tronco mesenquimais (MSCs). Métodos: MSCs foram divididas em 4 grupos: Controle, HA, TA y HA/TA e cultivadas por 14 dias com meio de diferenciação condrogênica e seus respectivos tratamentos. O potencial de diferenciação condrogênica foi acessado por meio de histologia e imunohistoquímica. Resultados: Histologicamente, MSCs tratadas com HA e HA/TA apresentaram características semelhantes de condrócitos nativos, e a matriz extracelular de MSCs tratadas com TA foi mais compacta e organizada. A coloração para glicosaminoglicanos foi intensa no Controle, moderada no TA, leve no HA/TA e sem coloração com HA. Para os grupos tratamento, a imunoreatividade para colágeno tipo II foi maior nas células e matriz extracelular tratadas com TA. Conclusão: Mediante análise histológica, o HA influenciou o desenvolvimento morfológico semelhante a condrócitos das MSCs, mas com baixa expressão de moléculas específicas de cartilagem. A TA promoveu a formação de uma matriz extracelular compacta e organizada.

Abstract Background: Osteoarthritis is a complex degenerative disease with several factors contributing to joint damage. Objective: To compare the potential effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA), alone or combined, on the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods: MSCs were divided into four groups: Control, HA, TA, and HA/TA combined. Each treatment group was cultured for 14 days in chondrogenic differentiation medium. The chondrogenic differentiation potential was assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Results: The HA and HA/TA-treated MSCs presented histological characteristics similar to native chondrocytes. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of TA-treated MSCs was compact and organized. Glycosaminoglycan staining was intense in Control, moderate in TA, slight in HA/TA, and undetectable in HA. Type II collagen immunoreactivity was high in the TA-treated ECM and MSCs. Conclusions: Histological analysis shows that HA influences morphological development similar to chondrocytes of the MSCs, but with low expression of specific cartilage molecules. The TA promotes formation of a compact and organized ECM.

ABSTRACT: Mammary carcinomas are relatively common ailments among female canines aged around 10 years old, presenting an important morbidity with an average survival of five years. The cytoinclusion technique is frequently employed in human medicine as the investigative method of choice as it quickly provides resources for the determination of the correct therapeutic response, however, the effectiveness of the technique in canines remains understudied in veterinary medicine. This study aims at evaluating the degree of correlation with immunohistochemical marking for cytokeratin 5 (CK5), oestrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) between the cytoinclusion and the histopathology technique in mammary carcinomas. Twenty-five samples of mammary carcinoma, both for the cytoinclusion and histopathological techniques were submitted for histological processing; microscope slides were created for hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and the immunohistochemical technique (IHC) was assessed for the ER, PR and CK5 receptors. Through the HE staining, we reached a concordance rate of 100% between the cytoinclusion and the histopathological analysis in the diagnosis of carcinomas. The immunohistochemical assay presented sensitivity of 85.71%, 95.45% and 100% and Cohen’s kappa of 0.78, 0.84 and 0.95 for ER, PR and CK5, respectively, as well as 100% specificity and P<0.01 for all three markers. Therefore, cytoinclusion represents an accessible, fast and low-cost method, offering high sensitivity for the cytomorphological and immunohistochemical diagnosis of mammary carcinoma in female canines.

RESUMEN: Los carcinomas mamarios son relativamente comunes en hembras caninas con edades de alrededor 10 años y representan un importante factor de morbilidad para estas hembras; la técnica de citoinclusión es frecuentemente empleada en medicina humana como un método de diagnóstico que permite proveer información rápida para la determinación de una conducta terapéutica correcta, sin embargo, la efectividad de esta técnica permanece poco estudiada en medicina veterinaria. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el grado de correlación entre marcadores inmunohistoquímicos para citokeratina 5 (CK5), receptores de estrógenos y progesterona (RE y RP) entre la técnica de citoinclusión y la técnica histopatológica en carcinoma mamario. Veinticinco muestras de carcinoma mamario para la técnica de citoinclusión e histopatológica fueron sometidas a procesamiento histológico, láminas fueron confeccionadas para la tinción mediante hematoxilina y eosina (HE), y la técnica de inmunohistoquímica para identificar la expresión de RE, RP y CK5. Mediante la tinción de la HE fue encontrado una proporción de concordancia del 100% entre el análisis de citoinclusión e histopatológico de carcinoma mamario. El análisis inmunohistoquímico evidenció una sensibilidad del 85,71%, 95,45% y 100% y un índice kappa de Cohen de 0,78, 0,84 y 0,95 para RE, RP y CK5, respectivamente, así como 100% de especificidad P<0,01 en todos los marcadores. De esta forma, la citoinclusión representa un método rápido, accesible y de bajo costo, que ofrece alta sensibilidad para el diagnóstico citomorfológico e inmunohistoquímico en carcinoma mamario de perras.

Introduction Open inguinal lymphadenectomy is the gold standard for the treatment of inguinal metastasis in patients with penile cancer (PC). Recently the Video Endoscopic Inguinal Lymphadenectomy (VEIL) was proposed as an option to reduce the morbidity of the procedure in patients without palpable inguinal lymph nodes (PILN), however the oncological equivalency in patients with PILN remains poorly studied. The aims of this video are the demonstration of VEIL in patients with PILN and present the preliminary experience comparing patients with and without PILN. Materials and Methods The video illustrates the procedure performed in two cases that were previously underwent partial penectomy for PC with PILN. Data from the series of 15 patients (22 limbs operated) with PILN underwent VEIL were compared with our series of VEIL in 25 clinically N0 patients (35 limbs operated). Results The comparison between the groups with and without PILN found, respectively, these outcomes: age 52,45 × 53,2 years, operative time 126,8 × 95,5 minutes, hospital stay 5. × 3.1 days, drainage time 6.7 × 5.7 days, 9 resected lymph nodes on average in both groups, global complications 32% × 26%, cellulitis 4.5% × 0%, lymphocele 23% in both groups, skin necrosis 0% × 3%, myocutaneous necrosis 4.5% × 0%, pN+ 33% × 32%, cancer specific mortality 7% × 5% and mean follow-up 17.3 × 35.3 months. None of the variables presented p < 0.05. Conclusions VEIL is a safe complementary procedure for treatment of PC, even in patients with PILN. Oncological results in patients with PILN seem to be appropriate but are still very premature. Prospective multicenter studies with larger samples and long-term follow-up should be conducted to determine the oncological equivalence of VEIL compared with open surgery in patients with PILN.

Los herpesvirus bovino tipo 1 y 5 (BoHV-1 y BoHV-5), causan enfermedades que producen importantes pérdidas económicas en ganaderías de todo el mundo. Ambos afectan el sistema nervioso de los bovinos, aunque ha sido el BoHV-5 más asociado a este tipo de patogénesis. Teniendo en cuenta la muerte de animales con sintomas nerviosos y negativos a rabia en la zona de estudio, el objetivo de esta investigación se centró en la detección de reactores positivos por seroneutralización al herpesvirus bovino, recolectando 518 muestras de sangre en bovinos sin vacuna contra este agente, en los municipios de Caparrapi (Cundinamarca), Cimitarra (Santander), Honda (Tolima) y Victoria (Caldas). Además, información epidemiológica útil para discutir sobre enfermedad neurológica fue recolectada mediante fuentes de información primarias y secundarias. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la prueba chi-cuadrado identificando la relación entre la evidencia de infección viral y las variables registradas. Los resultados revelaron que 286 casos fueron positivos a infección con herpesvirus, correspondiendo a una prevalencia de 55.5%, sin embargo, no hubo relación estadística (p<0.05) entre la presencia de anticuerpos y las variables que se analizaron. En conclusión, algunos de los casos de enfermedad neurológica en bovinos del área pudieron deberse a la infección con los herpesvirus y se discute sobre la presencia de ellos en el medio, los planes de diagnóstico y control, así como las pérdidas económicas que puedan causar en ganaderías de la zona.

The bovine Herpesvirus type 1 and type 5 (BoHV-1 and BoHV-5), causing diseases and significant economic losses in farms of worldwide. Both affect the nervous system of cattle, although BoHV-5 has been the most associated with this type of pathogenesis. Given the death of animals with nervous symptoms and negative diagnoses for rabies virus in the area of study, this research focused on the detection of positive reactors to bovine herpes virus serum neutralization. We collected 518 blood samples from animals without Herpesvirus vaccine, in the municipalities of Caparrapi, Cimitarra, Honda and Victoria, in the Middle Magdalena River Region. In addition, epidemiological information useful to discuss neurological disease was collected through primary and secondary sources. For the analysis of data was used chi-square test by identification of relationship between evidence of viral infection and the variables recorded. The results revealed that 286 cases were positive for Herpesvirus infection, corresponding to a prevalence of 55.5%, however, there was no statistical relationship (p < 0.05) between the presence of antibodies and the variables analyzed. In conclusion, some cases of neurological disease in cattle in this region could be due to infection with herpes viruses. We discussed about the presence of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 in the ambient, diagnosis and monitoring plans, as well as economic losses, which may cause in herds in this area.

Os herpesvirus bovino tipo 1 e 5 (BoHV-1 e BoHV-5), causam doenças que produzem importantes perdidas econômicas no gado de todo o mundo. Juntos afetam o sistema nervoso dos bovinos, embora tem sido o BoHV-5 mais associado a este tipo de patogênese. Tinindo em conta a morte de animais com sintomas nervosos e negativos à doença da raiva na zona do estudo, objetivo-se esta pesquisa na detecção de reatores positivos pela soro neutralização ao herpesvirus bovino, coletando 518 amostras de sangue em bovinos sem vacina contra este agente, nos municípios de Caparrapi, Cimitarra, Honda e Victoria, zona conhecida como Magdalena Médio Colombiano. Alem disso, informação epidemiológica útil para discutir sobre a doença neurológica foi coletada mediante fontes de informação primarias e secundarias. Para o análise dos dados utilizou-se o teste Ji quadrado, identificando a relação entre a evidencia de infecção viral e as variáveis registradas. Os resultados revelaram que 286 casos foram positivos à infecção com herpesvirus, correspondendo a uma prevalência de 55,5%, embora, não apresentou relação estadística (p<0,05) entre a presencia de anticorpos e as variáveis que se analisaram. Em conclusão, alguns dos casos de doença neurológica em bovinos da área poderiam ter sido causados pela infecção com os herpesvirus e se discute sobre a presencia no médio, os planos de diagnóstico e controle, assim como, as perdas econômicas na região.