Resumen: Se evaluó el efecto de la inclusión de afrechillo de arroz en la dieta sobre el comportamiento productivo y características de carcasa en lechones de la raza Pampa Rocha. Se utilizaron 16 animales desde el destete a los 42 días y hasta los 77 días de edad, los cuales se alojaron en boxes en un sistema de cama profunda de paja de trigo. Se empleó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con dos tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en dietas con diferente contenido lipídico (T0 = 0 % de afrechillo de arroz; T15 = 15 % de afrechillo de arroz). Para evaluar el comportamiento productivo se realizó un análisis de varianza y una comparación de medias para las variables consumo diario de ración (CD), ganancia de peso diaria (GD) y eficiencia de conversión (EC). Las características de carcasa evaluadas fueron peso y espesor de grasa dorsal, y se analizaron a través de una comparación de medias por tratamiento. Para GD y EC, se observaron diferencias durante la semana 5, no presentándose diferencias en el promedio del período experimental. Para el CD no se registraron diferencias a través de las semanas y en el promedio del período experimental. Las características de carcasa no difirieron estadísticamente entre tratamientos. En función de los resultados se concluye que el afrechillo de arroz podría considerarse como alternativa en la elaboración de raciones para lechones.

Abstract: This study assessed the effect of bran rice inclusion in the diet on the productive behavior and carcass characteristics of Pampa Rocha piglets. Sixteen animals were used from weaning up to 42 days and 77 days of age, which were housed in boxes in a deep bed system of wheat straw. A randomized complete block design with two treatments and four replications was used. Treatments consisted of diets with different lipid content (T0 = 0 % rice bran; T15 = 15 % rice bran). Productive behavior was evaluated through analysis of variance and comparison of means for daily food consumption (DC), daily weight gain (DG) and conversion efficiency (CE). Weight and backfat thickness were the evaluated carcass traits, and they were analyzed through a comparison of means per treatment. The DG and CE showed differences during week 5, although they showed no differences in the experimental period average. For DC, no differences were recorded during the weeks or the average of the experimental period. Carcass traits did not differ statistically between treatments. Based on the results, rice bran could be considered as an alternative in the preparation of ration for piglets.

This work compared the effects of the two bubaline milk consumption, with low and high ratio of tFA/SFA, on lipemia and the development of hepatic fat degeneration induced by cholesterol in rabbits. Twenty New Zealand males rabbits were randomly separated into a control group (n=10) that received milk with low trans/saturated FA ratio (5.3% tFA and 67.12% SFA) obtained from grazing buffalos; and a high trans group (n=10) that received milk with high tFA/SFA ratio (25.84% tFA and 45.89% SFA) obtained from buffalos with lipid supplementation in their diet. The milk was administered for 75 days and its intake was recorded daily. From day 15, all rabbits were challenged with 0.93 g of cholesterol/day, orally, in order to induce hepatic fat degeneration. The serum lipidogram, ALT and AST were recorded. On the liver, lipid content, sudanophilic area, fibrosis and macrophage infiltration were evaluated. The rabbits voluntarily consumed 9293.13 ml and 9930 ml of milk with low and high tFA/SFA ratio, respectively, without difference between groups (p 0.404). Rabbits in high trans group registered higher serum levels of total cholesterol than the control group (6.08 vs. 5.58 g/l, p 0.049). The ALT were significantly (p <0.0001) higher in the high trans group than the control group. The liver lipids recorded a significant (p 0.0437) increase in the high trans group (10.62%) when it was compared to the control (8.68%).The high trans group recorded a greater extension of the sudanophilic area (37.05 ± 7.53% vs. 26.42 ± 12.55%, p 0.0338), a greater frequency of fibrosis (8 vs. 3 livers, p 0.0247) and more infiltration of macrophages in hepatic parenchyma (94.20 vs. 48 macrophages, p 0.0190) than the control group. In conclusion, milk with high tFA/SFA ratio contributed to increase total cholesterol levels and to increase the hepatotoxic effect of cholesterol, when was compared with milk with a low ratio of tFA/SFA. These effects are possibly related to the tFA content of this milk.

Este trabajo comparó los efectos del consumo de dos leches bubalinas, con baja y alta relación de AGt/AGS, sobre la lipemia y el desarrollo de degeneración grasa hepática inducido por colesterol en conejos. Veinte conejos neozelandeses, machos, fueron aleatoriamente separados en un grupo control (n=10) que recibió leche con baja relación AGt/AGS (5,3% de AGt y 67,12 % de AGS) obtenida de búfalas en sistema pastoril; y un grupo alto trans (n=10) que recibió leche con alta relación AGt/AGS (25,84% de AGt y 45,89% de AGS) obtenida de búfalas con suplementación lipídica en su dieta. La leche fue administrada durante 75 días y su consumo fue registrado diariamente. A partir del día 15 todos los conejos recibieron 0,93 g de colesterol/día, vía oral, para inducir degeneración grasa hepática. Se evaluó el lipidograma sérico y los niveles de ALT y AST. En hígado se midió el contenido de lípidos y, en muestras histológicas, se evaluó el área sudanofílica, la fibrosis e infiltración de macrófagos. Los conejos consumieron 9293,13 ml y 9930 ml de leche con baja y alta relación AGt/AGS, respectivamente, sin diferencia entre grupos (p 0,404). El grupo alto trans registró mayores niveles séricos de colesterol total que el control (6,08 vs. 5,58 g/l, p 0,049). Los valores de ALT fueron significativamente (p <0,0001) mayores en el grupo alto trans. El hígado registró un significativo (p 0,0437) incremento de lípidos en el grupo alto trans (10,62 % de lípidos) cuando se comparó con el control (8,68 % de lípidos). El grupo alto trans registró en el parénquima hepático mayor extensión del área sudanofílica (37,05 % vs. 26,42 %, p 0,0338), mayor frecuencia de fibrosis (8 vs. 3 hígados, p 0,0247) y mayor infiltración de macrófagos (94,20 vs. 48 macrófagos, p 0,0190) que el grupo control. En conclusión, la leche con alta relación AGt/AGS contribuyó a incrementar la colesterolemia y a incrementar el efecto hepatotóxico del colesterol, cuando se comparó con la leche con baja relación de AGt/AGS. Dichos efectos estén, posiblemente, relacionados con el contenido de AGt de esta leche.

Introduction: Obesity in children under 6 years of age, who attend Nursery Schools belonging to INTEGRA Foundation (Chile), may be associated with the diet received at school, their home or both. Objectives: To determine if there is a relationship between children's dietary patterns and their nutritional status. Material and Methods: A descriptive, associative, cross-sectional method was used. Sample (n=33) was children 4 and 5 years old from two Nursery Schools from Valparaiso. It was assessed: i) energy intake provided by nursery school and household's diets, according to the recommendations of the Chilean dietary guidelines and ii) nutritional status, W/A; W/H; H/A; body mass index, growth charts for children under 6 years of age, World Health Organization (Standards of the National Chilean Health Program for Children). Fisher's exact test was used in order to associate food consumption patterns with nutritional status. Results: Nursery school provided the expected caloric contribution, while household provided 67% over the expected percentage (354 additional kcal per capita/day). From 21.2% to 27% of the children were overweight (W/H and BMI). Children with food consumption pattern 1 had normal nutritional status. Those with pattern 2 presented a 50% of malnutrition related to overconsumption. Fisher's exact test was p=0.001. Conclusions: There is an association between dietary pattern and nutritional status of preschool children attending two INTEGRA Nursery Schools. This study is limited due to sample size.

Introducción: La obesidad en menores de 6 años que asisten a Jardines INTEGRA en Chile, puede estar asociada a la alimentación en la institución, en el Hogar o de ambas. Objetivos: Establecer si hay relación entre patrones alimentarios de los infantes con el estado nutricional. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, asociativo, transversal con una muestra (n=33) de infantes de 4 y 5 años de dos Jardines de infancia en Valparaíso, Chile. Se evaluó: i) el aporte energético de alimentación Jardín y Hogar en base a recomendaciones de las guías alimentarias de Chile y ii) el estado nutricional, P/E, P/T, T/E, índice de masa corporal según tablas de crecimiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para menores de 6 años, incluidas en las normas del Programa Nacional Salud de la Infancia (Chile). Para asociar patrones alimentarios y estado nutricional, se usó la prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: El Jardín aporta el valor esperado respecto a las recomendaciones calóricas, mientras que en el Hogar se excede un 67% sobre lo esperado, (más de 354kcal percápita/día). Entre el 21,2% y 27% tiene exceso de peso (P/T e IMC). Los infantes con patrón alimentario 1, tienen estado nutricional normal, mientras que con patrón alimentario 2, un 50% presenta malnutrición por exceso. El test exacto de Fisher arroja un valor de p=0,001. Conclusiones: Hay asociación entre patrón alimentario y estado nutricional de preescolares asistentes a los dos Jardines INTEGRA. El estudio está limitado por el tamaño de la muestra.

Este trabajo consistió en diseñar y validar, mediante simulación experimental por computadora, un sistema de filtraje de linfocitos T en un sistema basado en microfluidos para detección del virus del VIH. Materiales y métodos: se utilizó la herramienta de simulación AutoDesk® Inventor, con la cual se realizó el diseño del sistema de microfluídica. El sistema de filtraje se probó haciendo una simulación por computadora en la herramienta de simulación AutoDesk® Simulation cfd (computational fluid dynamics software) en la cual diferentes partículas con varios diámetros (5 µm, 10 µm, 15 µm) fluían por el sistema a probar. Resultados y conclusiones: los resultados demostraron que el sistema de filtraje permitió el paso de las partículas esperadas, sin embargo, se observó que permitió el paso de partículas más grandes que las deseadas, por lo cual hay que seguir trabajando en el perfeccionamiento del sistema. La eficiencia del sistema de filtraje fue de un 33,33 %.

This work consisted in designing and validating, by experimental computational simulation, a T-Lymphocites filtering system based on microfluidics for hiv virus detection. Material and methods: It was used AutoDesk® Inventor simulation tool was used with which the microfluidic system design was performed. The filter system was tested by a computer simulation in the AutoDesk® Simulation cfd (computational fluid dynamics software, simulation tool in which different particles with different diameters (5 µm, 10 µm, 15 µm) flow through the system to test. Results and conclusions: Results showed that this system allowed to pass the expected particles, however, it also was observed that it allows bigger particles than desired, for this reason it is necessary to keep on working on system perfectioning. Filtering system efficiency was of a 33.33 %.

Este trabalho consistiu em desenhar e validar, mediante simulação experimental por computador, um sistema de filtragem de linfócitos T em um sistema baseado em microfluidos para detecção do vírus do VIH. Materiais e metodos: utilizou-se a ferramenta de simulação AutoDesk® Inventor, com a qual se realizou o desenho do sistema de microfluídica. O sistema de filtragem provou-se fazendo uma simulação por computador na ferramenta de simulação AutoDesk® Simulation CFD (computational fluid dynamics software) na qual diferentes partículas com vários diâmetros (5 µm, 10 µm, 15 µm) fluíam pelo sistema a provar. Resultados e conclusaos: Os resultados demonstraram que o sistema de filtragem permitiu a passagem das partículas esperadas, no entanto, se observou que permitiu a passagem de partículas mais grandes que as desejadas, pelo qual deve-se seguir trabalhando no aperfeiçoamento do sistema. A eficiência do sistema de filtragem foi de 33,33 %.

In this study, we genetically characterized the Uruguayan pig breed Pampa Rocha. Genetic variability was assessed by analyzing a panel of 25 microsatellite markers from a sample of 39 individuals. Pampa Rocha pigs showed high genetic variability with observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.583 and 0.603, respectively. The mean number of alleles was 5.72. Twenty-four markers were polymorphic, with 95.8% of them in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. The level of endogamy was low (FIS = 0.0475). A factorial analysis of correspondence was used to assess the genetic differences between Pampa Rocha and other pig breeds; genetic distances were calculated, and a tree was designed to reflect the distance matrix. Individuals were also allocated into clusters. This analysis showed that the Pampa Rocha breed was separated from the other breeds along the first and second axes. The neighbour-joining tree generated by the genetic distances DA showed clustering of Pampa Rocha with the Meishan breed. The allocation of individuals to clusters showed a clear separation of Pampa Rocha pigs. These results provide insights into the genetic variability of Pampa Rocha pigs and indicate that this breed is a well-defined genetic entity.

Self-injurious acts are understood as transnosologic behaviors, which by their vital risk and psychopathological complexity require a specific medical diagnosis and treatment. Their management should be known by psychiatrists and other medical specialties. There are varied reasons that can trigger these maladaptive behaviors which are coming from the specific difficulties arising from the patient's mental state. It is essential to identify the presence of triggering or concomitant psychiatric disorders for the appropriate guiding of clinical management.

Las conductas autoagresivas pueden comprenderse como comportamientos transnosológicos que, por su riesgo vital y complejidad psicopatológica, requieren de un diagnóstico y manejo médico específicos. Este manejo debe ser conocido tanto por el médico psiquiatra como por facultativos de otras especialidades. Existen variadas motivaciones que pueden desencadenar conductas autolesivas, las que tienen su origen en dificultades específicas relacionadas con el estado mental del paciente. Resulta imperativo identificar la presencia de patologías psiquiátricas desencadenantes, o concomitantes, para orientar el apropiado manejo clínico.

Phytopathogenic fungi of genus Colletotrichum and Botryodiplodia have been recognized for their natural ability to transform natural compounds from plants, as in their processes of colonization as to counteract to the defenses mechanisms from the host (detoxification of phytoalexins). Likewise, they have shown versatility for metabolize some xenobiotics substances. Nowadays, these classes of microorganisms have potential application in biotransformation processes for the organic synthesis of small molecules, which feed the chemical, phannaceutics and agricultural industries. Inside the advantages of the employ of the biological systems for the organic synthesis is in fact that they are processes frequentIy more regio-, chemo- and stereoselectives than the methods of classic synthesis, besides they are carry out under mi Id and soft conditions with the environment. This review describe some of the more relevant recent articles related with the biotransfonnation of substrates aromatic substituted and also some approximations which we have developed in our research group, employed the phytopatogenic fungi of the genus CoIletotrichum and Botryodiplodia like biocatalyst in the synthetic organic chemistry.

Los hongos fitopatógenos de los géneros Colletotrichum y Botryodiplodia han sido reconocidos por poseer la habilidad natural de transformar compuestos presentes en las plantas, tanto en su proceso de colonización como para hacer frente a los mecanismos de defensa del huésped (destoxificación de fitoalexinas). Asimismo, han demostrado su versatilidad para metabolizar algunas sustancias xenobióticas. Actualmente, esta clase de microorganismos poseen aplicación potencial en procesos de biotransformación para la síntesis orgánica de moléculas pequeñas, las cuales nutren la industria química, farmacéutica, y agrícola. Entre las ventajas que presenta el empleo de los sistemas biológicos para la síntesis orgánica, se encuentra el hecho de que son procesos frecuentemente más regio-, quimio- y estereoselectivos que los métodos de síntesis clásica y además, se llevan a cabo bajo condiciones suaves y amigables con el ambiente. Esta revisión describe algunos de los artículos recientes más relevantes relacionados con la biotransformación de sustratos aromáticos sustituidos y también algunas de las aproximaciones que hemos realizado en nuestro grupo de investigación, empleando los hongos fitopatógenos de los géneros Colletotrichum y Botryodiplodia como biocatalizadores en la química orgánica sintética.

Background: In patients with colorectal carcinoma, insertions or deletions of short sequences of DNA, a phenomenon called microsatellite instability, are observed. Aim: To look for microsatellite instability and mutations of MLH1 and MSH2 gene mutations in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Material and Methods: Ten patients with sporadic colorectal carcinoma and 31 patients fulfilling criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), aged 9 to 70 years, were studied. Microsatellite instability was studied in samples of tumor and peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA. Six markers were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis. In samples with microsatellite instability, mutations of MLH1 and MSH2 genes were studied by direct sequencing. Results: Thirty four percent of patients had microsatellite instability and among these, 76% had a high degree of instability. BAT40 marker had the higher frequency of instability. No mutations for MLH1 and MSH2 genes were observed. However a new polymorphism, C399T, was identified in exon 3 of MSH2 gene. This polymorphism was observed both in patients with sporadic colorectal carcinoma and patients with HNPCC. Conclusions: There is a high frequency of microsatellite instability among patients with colorectal cancer. A new polymorphism, not previously reported, was identified in MSH2 gene